埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层有利区带预测

埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层裂缝十分发育,非均质性强。以地震、钻井、测井和室内分析化验资料研究为基础,深入分析碳酸盐岩储层岩性特征、储集空间特征,明确裂缝性储层发育和分布的控制因素。从叠后地震资料出发,采用地震属性技术和地震反演技术2种地震方法,优选方差体属性、振幅包络属性和频率衰减属性,对埕海潜山奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层的裂缝、孔洞的发育程度和分布进行平面和空间预测,最终结合构造、烃源岩等控制埕海潜山油气成藏的因素,确定碳酸盐岩裂缝型储层的有利区带。     

渤海PL油田花岗岩潜山储层发育特征及控制因素

PL油田为渤海最大潜山油田,发育孔缝型花岗岩储层,储层特征、分布规律及其控制因素复杂。综合岩矿和测井资料,分析了花岗岩储层的岩性特征、储集空间类型及物性特征。据孔缝发育程度和风化强弱,将花岗岩潜山纵向上分为极强风化带、强风化带、次风化带和弱风化带。对比研究多种地震属性与实钻储层发现,最大波谷振幅属性与储层之间具有良好的线性相关关系,据此预测了储层的平面展布。在此基础上,对岩性、构造应力、古地貌等因素对于该油田潜山储层发育的控制作用进行了机理分析。该研究为后期开发寻找优质储层奠定了基础,对同类型潜山油藏的勘探开发具有指导意义。     

渤中凹陷428构造中生界火山岩优质储层主控因素

渤海湾盆地中生界火山岩广泛发育,岩性变化快,储层非均质性强,优质储层主控因素认识不清.为探索火山岩优质储层控制因素,充分利用岩芯、薄片、实验等数据,系统分析了研究区火山岩储层岩性特征、储集空间特征及储层控制因素.分析表明:研究区火山岩主要发育安山岩、玄武岩、火山角砾岩和凝灰岩4种岩石类型,储集空间类型为"裂缝-孔隙型"...     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷碳酸盐岩潜山储层特征与主控因素分析

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷已发现多个碳酸盐岩潜山油田和含油构造,运用岩心、薄片、钻井、测井、地震等资料,对石炭系碳酸盐岩储层特征及主控因素进行了综合分析。研究认为涠西南凹陷碳酸盐潜山主要分布在一号断裂带至二号断裂带附近,其中一号断裂带碳酸盐岩潜山主要为上石炭统黄龙组,岩性为浅灰色灰岩、白云质灰岩、白云岩互层,沉积微相以碳酸盐台地-台缘生屑灰岩滩为主,发育裂缝、溶孔、溶洞等储集空间;二号断裂带碳酸盐岩潜山主要为下石炭统下部石磴子段、孟公拗段,岩性为灰色、深灰色灰岩,沉积微相以台内灰岩滩沉积和台缘生屑灰岩滩为主,发育良好的裂缝型储集层。碳酸盐岩潜山储层发育程度主要受碳酸盐岩沉积环境、地下水活动、古构造应力以及潜山上覆地层岩性等内因和外因诸多因素影响,在这些因素共同作用下,涠西南凹陷碳酸盐岩潜山发育孔隙、裂缝、溶洞等多种储集空间,具备良好的储集条件。     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷灰岩潜山储层特征及分布规律

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷经过多年勘探,常规碎屑岩领域勘探潜力越来越小,灰岩潜山勘探程度低,剩余资源潜力大,1,2号断裂带周缘已发现多个潜山油田或含油构造,展示了其良好的勘探前景。综合利用岩心观察、薄片分析、测井分析、测试分析等,结合区域构造演化及海平面波动研究灰岩潜山储层特征,深入剖析灰岩潜山有利储层控制因素及展布规律,研究表明,涠西南凹陷1号断裂带灰岩潜山主要为碳酸盐岩台地边缘滩相储层,发育颗粒灰岩,为后期构造破裂作用和岩溶作用提供了良好的物质基础,储层储集空间为孔隙+缝、洞型,强烈白云岩化明显改善孔隙型储层,同时,1号断裂带周缘(廉江-信宜断裂向海延伸)经历中生代早期左旋压扭及晚期右旋张扭的复杂构造演变,晚期的张扭型裂缝可为岩溶提供良好的渗流通道,加速了风化淋滤的进程,形成沟通良好的溶蚀孔洞。指出涠洲E近似于涠洲A区,位于强应力的构造裂缝发育区,白云化及溶蚀作用发育,为有利勘探方向,为涠西南凹陷灰岩潜山勘探提供地质依据。     

3DMove裂缝预测技术在埕北30潜山裂缝预测中的应用

裂缝的准确描述和预测是裂缝性储层有效开发的关键,由于裂缝性储层具有极强的非均质性和致密低渗透性,储层发育的控制因素很多,因此裂缝储层空间分布预测的难度非常大,给裂缝油藏的进一步勘探开发带来很大困难。本文应用3DMove构造正反演裂缝预测技术预测古生界潜山顶和太古界顶两套地层的裂缝分布和方位,并从应力场的角度对裂缝的开启性作出分析。将该技术应用于胜利油田埕北30潜山,通过与已钻井资料对比分析,预测结果与实际井的裂缝发育情况有较好的一致性。     

埕岛地区中生界储层特征及控制因素

中生界是埕岛地区下一步勘探的重要层系,而有利储层预测是制约勘探的关键。为了明确中生界储层发育的控制因素,综合利用岩心描述、薄片分析、测井解释、物性测试等资料,对储层类型及物性特征进行了分析,并通过与相关地质因素对比,揭示了有利储层发育的影响因素。结果发现,埕岛地区中生界主要发育碎屑岩和火成岩两类储层,储集空间以次生孔隙为主,储层物性在空间上的分布具有很强的非均质性;储层物性受岩性、不整合面、断裂及成岩作用的控制,岩性上含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩、砾岩、火成岩物性依次变差;不整合面对储层物性的影响距离大约为100m,纵向上100m范围内离不整合越近物性越好,横向上距主干断层越近物性越高;溶蚀、溶解性成岩作用是次生孔隙发育的重要原因。     

风化壳型花岗岩潜山有效储层预测——以平湖斜坡宝云亭地区为例

平湖斜坡是东海盆地西湖凹陷的油气重点勘探区域,随着勘探开发的不断深入,深部和基底潜山油气藏成为重要的油气勘探接替领域。为进一步指导该区油气勘探,综合利用录井、测井、地震、岩心与实验分析等多种资料,对平湖斜坡宝云亭油气区花岗岩潜山储层发育主控因素及有效储层分布开展研究。结果表明,矿物成分为花岗岩储层的形成提供物质基础,风化淋滤控制溶蚀孔隙形成,构造活动形成大量裂缝提升储层物性,三者共同控制着花岗岩潜山储层展布。利用古地貌恢复、蚂蚁体属性提取等手段,预测风化溶蚀强度和裂缝发育程度,对宝云亭油气区花岗岩潜山储层进行了综合评价。     

渤海湾盆地深层油气藏特征及其勘探前景

渤海湾盆地深层发育潜山、火成岩和碎屑岩三大类储集体,控制了深层可形成潜山、火成岩和碎屑岩三大类油气藏。据不同类型油气藏成藏主控因素,进一步归纳出渤海湾盆地深层具有源下潜山风化壳溶孔—裂缝、源下潜山内幕裂缝、源内火成岩裂缝、源内超压砂岩孔隙—裂缝和源外砂砾岩裂缝5种亚类油气藏。潜山油气藏分布较广,火成岩油气藏分布较为局限,碎屑岩的源内超压砂岩孔隙—裂缝油气藏主要分布于盆地中、东部,源外砂砾岩裂缝油气藏发现较少。系统对比分析认为,潜山和欠压实碎屑岩油气藏是深层现实的勘探领域,火山岩油气藏是深层重要的勘探领域,具有较好的勘探前景。     

南黄海盆地海相储层成岩作用与储层发育特征

南黄海盆地与下扬子陆域具有较为一致的沉积构造演化史,全区具有良好的油气成藏条件,油气资源潜力大,特别是中—古生界海相地层有可能是下一步油气勘探的突破新区。以南黄海盆地为主体的下扬子地区海相储层类型包括砂岩储层、碳酸盐岩储层和泥页岩储层三大类。基于岩性特征、成岩作用、储集空间和物性条件等分析,认为砂岩储层有利的储集体主要为裂缝—次生孔隙型,碳酸盐岩储层中未被胶结物充填或者部分充填的孔、缝、洞可作为有利储集体,泥页岩储层中的有利储集空间为高有机质丰度层段中的无机孔隙、有机孔隙和裂缝较发育带。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.