Lutz Creek watershed,Barro Colorado Island,Republic of Panama

Lutz creek is a small (9.69 ha) catchment located on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), a 1500-ha island in Lake Gatún, the principal freshwater reservoir (425 ha, 26 m above sea level) of the Panama Canal watershed in central Panama. In 1972, a concrete V-notch weir was installed on the creek, located at 9°09′42.8358″N, 79°50′15.6699″W, and hydrological record keeping began. The island was first established as a research station in 1923 and precipitation data collection was initiated in 1925. A meteorological tower, installed in 1972 and located a few meters from the weir, is currently instrumented to collect air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, evapotranspiration and solar radiation. In addition, since 1972, gravimetric soil moisture has been measured at least biweekly at 10 sites located throughout the Lutz Catchment above the location of the weir. Data collection and the administration of BCI are the responsibility of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI; https://stri.si.edu ) which funds the data collection and storage. Data are in the public domain, entitled ‘Lutz Watershed And Meteorological Tower’ and are available at the STRI Physical monitoring website https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/physical_monitoring/ .     

Reports from the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Network, January 2010

Information included in this summary is based on more detailed reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 35, no. 1, January 2010 (on the Internet at http://www.volcano.si.edu/). Edited by scientists at the Smithsonian, this bulletin includes reports provided by a worldwide network of correspondents. The reports contain the names and contact information for all sources. Please note that these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. The Global Volcanism Program welcomes further reports of current volcanism, seismic unrest, monitoring data, and field observations.     

Properties of the Variability of the Solar Constant as an Index of Solar Activity

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The properties of the solar constant variability are considered according to the results of satellite observations ( http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/sorce/data/tsi-data/...     

Reports from the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Network,May 2009

Information included in this summary is based on more detailed reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 34, no. 5, May 2009 (on the Internet at http://www.volcano.si.edu/). Edited by scientists at the Smithsonian, this bulletin includes reports provided by a worldwide network of correspondents. The reports contain the names and contact information for all sources. Please note that these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. The Global Volcanism Program welcomes further reports of current volcanism, seismic unrest, monitoring data, and field observations.     

Reports from the Smithsonian’s Global Volcanism Network,March 2009

Information included in this summary is based on more detailed reports published in the Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, vol. 34, no. 3, March 2009 (on the Internet at http://www.volcano.si.edu/). Edited by scientists at the Smithsonian, this bulletin includes reports provided by a worldwide network of correspondents. The reports contain the names and contact information for all sources. Please note that these reports are preliminary and subject to change as events are studied in more detail. The Global Volcanism Program welcomes further reports of current volcanism, seismic unrest, monitoring data, and field observations.     

Patuxent landscape model: 1. Hydrological model development

We developed a spatially explicit, process-based model of the 2352 km² Patuxent river watershed in Maryland, and its subwatersheds to integrate data and knowledge over several spatial, temporal and complexity scales, and to serve as an aid to regional management. The model was developed using the Library of Hydro-Ecological Modules (LHEM, http://giee.uvm.edu/LHEM), which was designed to create flexible landscape model structures that can be easily modified and extended to suit the requirements of a variety of goals and case studies. The LHEM includes modules that simulate various aspects of ecosystem dynamics. In this paper we consider modules that represent the physical conditions in the environment (climatic factors, geoporphology), and hydrologic processes, both locally and spatially. Where possible the modules are formulated as Stella(R) models, spatial transport processes are presented as C++ code.     

中国电离层TEC现报系统

作为最重要的电离层参量之一,电离层电子浓度总含量(TEC)可以通过当前广泛使用的全球定位系统(GPS)的信标进行观测.我们在我国北起漠河、经北京和武汉、南到三亚四个观测站建立了GPS接收站,经单站数据处理后将原始的单站GPS TEC观测数据上载到北京数据处理中心;采用我们发展的经验基函数模式算法,用实测数据估算格点TEC并提供给用户,同时生成覆盖中国疆域的TEC地图并在因特网上实时发布.这一电离层TEC现报系统是我国首个类似的技术系统,在观测站布局和TEC地图算法上有所创新.该系统已用于实时监测我国电离层环境,并可为我国卫星定位导航和测控等技术系统的电波修正提供实测电离层数据.     

中国电离层TEC同化现报系统

数据同化是在基于物理机制的背景模型上,融合时空不规则分布的观测数据的一种现报方法.同化能够有效弥补数据的时空局限和模型的精度偏差,使二者相互匹配从而获得更加合理可信的模拟效果.本研究利用电离层数据同化方法,针对中国及周边区域（15°N-55°N,70°E-140°E）构建了电离层总电子含量（TEC）同化现报系统.系统使用国际参考电离层（IRI）作为背景场,利用中国科学院空间环境监测网和国际GNSS服务组织（IGS）的部分地基GNSS台站数据作为观测值,并采用三维变分与Gauss-Markov卡尔曼滤波相结合的算法进行背景场和观测值的数据同化,生成覆盖中国及周边区域的电离层TEC和GPS单频接收机延迟误差的格点化准实时现报地图,并在中国科学院空间环境预报中心（http：//sepc.ac.cn/TEC_chn.php）网上发布,每15 min进行更新.该系统是我国基于同化算法的电离层现报系统之一,已用于中国及周边区域的电离层环境实时监测,可为卫星导航、雷达成像、短波通信等科学研究和工程应用提供相对及时、准确、有效的电离层TEC和误差修正信息.     

New model simulations of the global atmospheric electric circuit driven by thunderstorms and electrified shower clouds: The roles of lightning and sprites

Several processes acting below, in and above thunderstorms and in electrified shower clouds drive upward currents which close through the global atmospheric electric circuit. These are all simulated in a novel way using the software package PSpice. A moderate negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharge from the base of a thunderstorm increases the ionospheric potential above the thundercloud by 0.0013%. Assuming the ionosphere to be an equipotential surface, this discharge increases the current flowing in the global circuit and the fair-weather electric field also by 0.0013%. A moderate positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharge from the bottom of a thunderstorm decreases the ionospheric potential by 0.014%. Such a discharge may trigger a sprite, causing the ionospheric potential to decrease by . The time scales for the recovery of the ionospheric potential are shown to be , which is of the same order as the CR time constant for the global circuit. Knowing the global average rate of lightning discharges, it is found that negative cloud-to-ground discharges increase the ionospheric potential by only 4%, and that positive cloud-to-ground discharges reduce it by 3%. Thus, overall, lightning contributes only 1%—an almost insignificant proportion—to maintaining the high potential of the ionosphere. It is concluded that the net upward current to the ionosphere due to lightning is only . Further, it is concluded that conduction and convection currents associated with “batteries” within thunderclouds and electrified shower clouds contribute essentially equally ( each) to maintaining the ionospheric potential.     

Curvelet阈值迭代法地震随机噪声压制(英文)

本文将近些年发展起来的多尺度分析技术——Curvelet变换与求解优化反演问题的阈值迭代法相结合,研究了基于Curvelet变换的阈值迭代法在地震数据随机噪声衰减中的应用。充分利用了Curvelet变换对地震数据表示的稀疏性,提出将地震数据随机噪声压制问题转化为基于Curvelet稀疏变换的L1范数最优化问题,并采用前人提出的阈值迭代法求解。通过与常规的中值滤波、FX反褶积和小波阈值法去噪方法对比,理论合成数据和实际数据试算表明,Curvelet阈值迭代法去噪法具有优势,该法不仅能够获得较高的信噪比,而且对有效信号的损失较小。为充分利甩Curvelet的多尺度、多方向特性,提出了在Curvelet阈值迭代法去噪结果的基础上再进行方向控制,进一步提高了数据信噪比。     

Conference listing

• Fifth International Conference on Hydroinformatics
• Cardiff School of Engineering,
• Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
• 1–5 July 2002
• Contact: Cherrie Summers, Hydroinformatics 2002
• Secretariat
• Tel/Fax: +44 (0)29 2087 4421
• E‐mail: SummersC@cardiff.ac.uk
• Website: http://www.cf.ac.uk/engin/news/confs/hydro/index.html

• ICID Congress and Executive Council Meeting
• Montreal, Canada
• 21–28 July 2002
• The 18th Congress and 53rd International Executive Council Meeting will focus on the theme: Food production under conditions of water scarcity, increasing population and environmental pressures.
• Website: http://www.icd.org

• Stockholm Water Week 2002
• “Balancing Competing Water Uses ‐ Present status and New Prospects”
• Stockholm, Sweden
• 12–15 August 2002
• The Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) Water Symposium First Announcement and Call for Papers is now available.
• E‐mail: siwi@siwi.org

• HELP Symposium
• Sweden
• 19–22 August 2002

• The 11th International Conference for Science Editors Global Science Communication in the New Century
• Beijing, China
• 24–29 August 2002
• Contact:
• Tel: 86 10 68597750/68597751
• Fax: 86 10 68597748
• E‐mail: cllan@cashq.ac.cn
• Website: http://www.cessp.org.cn/ifse.htm

• World Summit on Sustainable Development
• Johannesburg, South Africa
• 26 August–4 September 2002
• In its decision, the UN General Assembly called for the ten year review of progress achieved in the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 2002 at the Summit level to reinvigorate, at the highest political level, the global commitment to sustainable development.
• Website: http://www.johannesbugsummit.org and http://www.earthsummit2002.org

• 2nd International Symposium on Flood Defence
• Beijing, China
• 10–13 September 2002
• Organisers: IAHR, UNESCO, IAMS
• Website: http://www.irtces.org and http://www.tsinghua.edu.cn

• Annual Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration: “Restoration Across Borders”
• Niagra Falls, Ontario
• 4–6 October 2001
• E‐mail: SER2001@niagrac.on.ca
• Website: http://www.river‐management.org/conferences.html

• Wetland Soils and Hydrology
• Albuquerque, New Mexico
• 7–10 October 2001
• Registration: $875
• Information: Wetland Training Istitute, Post Office Box 31, Glenwood, New Mexico, 88039
• Tel: 877/792‐6482
• E‐mail: getinfo@wetlandtraining.com
• Website: http://www.river‐management.org/conferences.html

• 2002 Annual Water Resources Conference
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 4–7 November 2002
• Website: http://www.spatialhydrology.com/

• ICWRD—2002 International Conference on Water Related Disasters
• 5–6 December 2002
• Organised by Indian Association of Hydrologists
• Roorkee and West Bengal Regional Centre
• Contact: Sri S. K. Banerjee/Professor S. C. Das
• Organising Secretary/Co‐Chairman (ICWRD—2002, IAH, WBRC)
• 12D/18 Naktala lane
• Kolkata—700047, WB,
• INDIA
• Tel: ?241 6240 (R)/210 0085 (O)
• Fax: ?033 241 6329
• E‐mail: wb5rp@calz.vsnl.net.in or d‐subhas@mailcity.com

• 2002 AGU Fall Meeting
• San Francisco, California, USA
• 6–10 December 2002
• Sponsor: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
• Contact: AGU Meetings, 2000 Florida Avenue, NW,
• Washington, DC 20009 USA
• Tel: +1‐202‐462‐6900
• Fax: +1‐202‐328‐0566
• E‐mail: meetinginfo@agu.org
• Website: www.agu.org/meetings

If you would like your conference included please E‐mail details to Anne Flynn. E‐mail: aflynn@wiley.co.uk Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring the water balance of Lake Victoria, East Africa, from space

Using satellite gravimetric and altimetric data, we examine trends in water storage and lake levels of multiple lakes in the Great Rift Valley region of East Africa for the years 2003–2008. GRACE total water storage estimates reveal that water storage declined in much of East Africa, by as much as , while altimetric data show that lake levels in some large lakes dropped by as much as 1–2 m. The largest declines occurred in Lake Victoria, the Earth’s second largest freshwater body. Because the discharge from the outlet of Lake Victoria is used to generate hydroelectric power, the role of human management in the lake’s decline has been questioned. By comparing catchment water storage trends to lake level trends, we confirm that climatic forcing explains only about 50decline. This analysis provides an independent means of assessing the relative impacts of climate and human management on the water balance of Lake Victoria that does not depend on observations of dam discharge, which may not be publically available. In the second part of the study, the individual components of the lake water balance are estimated. Satellite estimates of changes in lake level, precipitation, and evaporation are used with observed lake discharge to develop a parameterization for estimating subsurface inflows due to changes in groundwater storage estimated from satellite gravimetry. At seasonal timescales, this approach provides closure to Lake Victoria’s water balance to within . The third part of this study uses the water balance of a downstream water body, Lake Kyoga, to estimate the outflow from Lake Victoria remotely. Because Lake Kyoga is roughly 20 times smaller in area than Lake Victoria, its water balance is strongly influenced by inflow from Lake Victoria. Lake Kyoga has been shown to act as a linear reservoir, where its outflow is proportional to the height of the lake. This model can be used with satellite altimetric lake levels to estimate a time series of Lake Victoria discharge with an rms error of about .     

瞬变电磁虚拟波场的三维曲面延拓成像

根据瞬变电磁场扩散方程与波动方程间存在的数学对应形式,将已知瞬变电磁场数据转换为虚拟波场数据,在此基础上,提出了用克希霍夫积分法将所转换的波场从地面向地下反向延拓的方法.在延拓的数值计算中,为提高计算效率,采用三维边界元技术,把边界积分分解为诸三角单元积分的积分之和, 建立了曲面延拓方程式;通过地面测点的波场值,求出地下某一点的波场值,实现了地表为曲面的向下延拓成像计算.通过对理论模型计算和实际资料处理,证明了该方法可以增强瞬变电磁法识别地下电性分界面的能力,使瞬变电磁法对地下目标体的三维精细探测成为可能.     

任意空间取向TI介质中长排列非双曲动校正公式优化(英文)

常规长排列非双曲动校正公式是在VTI介质中得到的,它不能满足任意空间取向TI(ATI)条件下的扩展.本文以VTI介质中非双曲动校正公式为基础,基于我们推导得出的ATI介质中精确四次时差系数解析解和NMO速度解析解,给出ATI介质中长排列优化的非双曲动校正公式.通过与各向异性射线追踪方法计算所得出的"精确走时"结果对比,研究表明优化后的非双曲动校正公式能精确地描述任意强弱、ATI介质中随测线方位变化的走时曲线,可以用来替代耗时、多偏移距、多方位的射线追踪方法正演拟合ATI介质中长偏移距反射走时,为利用非双曲时距的各向异性参数反演提供理论基础性认识。     

A 14-year monthly climatology and trend in the 35–65 km altitude range from Rayleigh Lidar temperature measurements at a low latitude station

A sodium resonance lidar at 589 nm has been operated in São José dos Campos, Brazil (23°S, 46°W) since 1972 mainly for studies related to the origin, chemistry and dynamics of the mesospheric sodium layer. Beginning in 1993, the improved laser capability has also enabled the processing of the Rayleigh signal from which the temperatures from 35 to 65 km are retrieved on a nightly mean basis. We used these nightly profiles to determine the monthly temperature profiles from 1993 to 2006. The mean temperature characteristics for each year and for the whole period are obtained. Seasonal thermal amplitude is small (6 K peak to peak at 40 and 60 km). Compared with the MSISE-90 model, a large difference is noted, with temperature lower than the model below the stratopause and higher above. Also the seasonal variation has a large difference with better agreement occurring around local winter, but with temperatures higher by 8–10 K at the equinoxes. The semiannual component is dominant over the annual at all altitudes. Linear trends with decreasing temperature of 1.09, 2.29 and 1.42 K/decade are observed at 40, 50 and 60 km, respectively.     

A comparison of atmospheric CO2 concentration GOSAT-based observations and model simulations

Satellite observations of atmospheric CO2 are able to truly capture the variation of global and regional CO2 concentration.The model simulations based on atmospheric transport models can also assess variations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations in a continuous space and time,which is one of approaches for qualitatively and quantitatively studying the atmospheric transport mechanism and spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CO2 in a global scale.Satellite observations and model simulations of CO2 offer us two different approaches to understand the atmospheric CO2.However,the difference between them has not been comprehensively compared and assessed for revealing the global and regional features of atmospheric CO2.In this study,we compared and assessed the spatio-temporal variation of atmospheric CO2 using two datasets of the column-averaged dry air mole fractions of atmospheric CO2(XCO2)in a year from June 2009 to May 2010,respectively from GOSAT retrievals(V02.xx)and from Goddard Earth Observing System-Chemistry(GEOS-Chem),which is a global 3-D chemistry transport model.In addition to the global comparison,we further compared and analyzed the difference of CO2 between the China land region and the United States(US)land region from two datasets,and demonstrated the reasonability and uncertainty of satellite observations and model simulations.The results show that the XCO2 retrieved from GOSAT is globally lower than GEOS-Chem model simulation by 2 ppm on average,which is close to the validation conclusion for GOSAT by ground measures.This difference of XCO2 between the two datasets,however,changes with the different regions.In China land region,the difference is large,from 0.6 to 5.6 ppm,whereas it is 1.6 to 3.7 ppm in the global land region and 1.4 to 2.7 ppm in the US land region.The goodness of fit test between the two datasets is 0.81 in the US land region,which is higher than that in the global land region(0.67)and China land region(0.68).The analysis results further indicate that the inconsistency of CO2concentration between satellite observations and model simulations in China is larger than that in the US and the globe.This inconsistency is related to the GOSAT retrieval error of CO2 caused by the interference among input parameters of satellite retrieval algorithm,and the uncertainty of driving parameters in GEOS-Chem model.     

Groundwater-level forecasting under climate change scenarios using an artificial neural network trained with particle swarm optimization

Abstract

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have recently been used to predict the hydraulic head in well locations. In the present work, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm was used to train a feed-forward multi-layer ANN for the simulation of hydraulic head change at an observation well in the region of Agia, Chania, Greece. Three variants of the PSO algorithm were considered, the classic one with inertia weight improvement, PSO with time varying acceleration coefficients (PSO-TVAC) and global best PSO (GLBest-PSO). The best performance was achieved by GLBest-PSO when implemented using field data from the region of interest, providing improved training results compared to the back-propagation training algorithm. The trained ANN was subsequently used for mid-term prediction of the hydraulic head, as well as for the study of three climate change scenarios. Data time series were created using a stochastic weather generator, and the scenarios were examined for the period 2010–2020.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz; Associate editor L. See

Citation Tapoglou, E., Trichakis, I.C., Dokou, Z., Nikolos, I.K., and Karatzas, G.P., 2014. Groundwater-level forecasting under climate change scenarios using an artificial neural network trained with particle swarm optimization. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(6), 1225–1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.838005     

2016年全球火山活动综述

通过对2016年全球活动火山监测信息的统计,2016年共有96座火山记录到喷发活动,主要分布在环太平洋俯冲带及印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界上。火山预警等级共有4个,可以标识火山的危险程度,本文根据火山每个预警等级在全年52次监测信息报道中的出现次数,将96座活动火山按危险程度划为4类,并对每类的火山活动作出了详细描述。2016年的火山喷发也造成了人员伤亡和财产损失,印度尼西亚是受火山灾害影响最严重的国家。此外,根据火山灰柱海拔高度的整理及近年活动火山数量的调查,推测2016年的火山活动仅会使火山附近区域的天气受到影响,应不会引起全球性的气候异常。      

A multi-resolution global land cover dataset through multisource data aggregation

Recent developments of 30 m global land characterization datasets(e.g., land cover, vegetation continues field) represent the finest spatial resolution inputs for global scale studies. Here, we present results from further improvement to land cover mapping and impact analysis of spatial resolution on area estimation for different land cover types. We proposed a set of methods to aggregate two existing 30 m resolution circa 2010 global land cover maps, namely FROM-GLC(Finer Resolution Observation and Monitoring-Global Land Cover) and FROM-GLC-seg(Segmentation), with two coarser resolution global maps on development, i.e., Nighttime Light Impervious Surface Area(NL-ISA) and MODIS urban extent(MODIS-urban), to produce an improved 30 m global land cover map—FROM-GLC-agg(Aggregation). It was post-processed using additional coarse resolution datasets(i.e., MCD12Q1, GlobCover2009, MOD44 W etc.) to reduce land cover type confusion. Around 98.9% pixels remain 30 m resolution after some post-processing to this dataset. Based on this map, majority aggregation and proportion aggregation approaches were employed to create a multi-resolution hierarchy(i.e., 250 m, 500 m, 1 km, 5 km, 10 km, 25 km, 50 km, 100 km) of land cover maps to meet requirements for different resolutions from different applications. Through accuracy assessment, we found that the best overall accuracies for the post-processed base map(at 30 m) and the three maps subsequently aggregated at 250 m, 500 m, 1 km resolutions are 69.50%, 76.65%, 74.65%, and 73.47%, respectively. Our analysis of area-estimation biases for different land cover types at different resolutions suggests that maps at coarser than 5 km resolution contain at least 5% area estimation error for most land cover types. Proportion layers, which contain precise information on land cover percentage, are suggested for use when coarser resolution land cover data are required.