A study of the geochemistry of suspended particulate matter in coastal waters

The concentrations of Si, Al, Ti, Fe, K, Ca, Mg, P and Mn, before and after chemical leaching, in particulate matter from waters off the west coast of Scotland have been measured in vertical profiles at two seasons. The distribution of Si and Ca are shown partly to reflect temporal changes in biological production in different waters. The distributions of Al, Ti, Fe, K and Mg have been used to distinguish different sources and types of suspended alumino-silicates, and to trace probable circulation patterns in the water mass.While Si and Ti contents of the particulate matter are unaffected by mild chemical leaching, large amounts of other elements, notably Mg, K and Al, can be removed by this treatment. Presumably, these losses indicate preferential release of these elements from octahedral and interlayer sites in clay mineral lattices.The distribution of particulate P covaries with non-silicate Fe in the surface waters, while in bottom waters, high concentrations of particulate Fe and Mn are associated. The relationship of Fe and P is considered to be due to the presence of particulate ferriphosphates derived from runoff. The particulate Mn and Fe in deep waters is produced by the precipitation of dissolved metals released from bottom sediments by diagenesis.     

Scavenging of particulate matter in coastal waters

The uptake of a suite of 19 metals from coastal seawaters upon both glass and Teflon surfaces reflected primarily the sorption of particulate matter derived from crustal rock weathering. Uptake for all elements was greater in the light than in the dark. Based upon these and earlier results, a new definition of scavenging for environmental systems is proposed.     

Relationship between the suspended particulate matter and microorganisms in the White Sea waters

During the summer periods of 2003–2005, the spatial and vertical distributions of the suspended particulate matter and bacteria in stratified and homogeneous waters of the White Sea was studied. The results of the study of various quantitative characteristics of the suspended particulate matter (first of all, the area of the surface and the volumetric and mass concentrations) and the abundance of microorganisms in the water are discussed. A direct correlation between the value of the surface area of the suspended particulate matter and the total number of bacteria in the water is revealed. However, it was manifested only during the early summer period of the observations and was not expressed at the end of the summer. The enhanced surface area of the suspended particulate matter can indicate the higher biochemical activity of its particles. The influence of the pelitic fraction on the bacteria abundance in different parts of the sea during the summer is estimated.     

浙江近岸海域悬浮颗粒物中磷的赋存形态及分布特征研究

磷元素是海洋基础营养盐之一,其赋存形态及分布直接影响海区的初级生产力,是海洋生物地球化学循环的重要驱动力。但大河河口与近海等重要的水生关键带水动力循环过程复杂,导致悬浮颗粒物(SPM )中磷元素的赋存形态和分布特征变化多端,亟须深入研究。根据2016年春季(4−5月)、夏季(7月)和秋季(9−10月)对浙江近岸海域的调查结果,本研究分析了浙江近岸海域SPM中总磷(TPP)、无机磷(PIP)和有机磷(POP)的含量水平、空间分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,浙江近岸海域SPM中TPP含量范围为0.13～66.13 μmol/L,均值为3.35 μmol/L;PIP含量范围为0.03～34.19 μmol/L,均值为1.97 μmol/L;POP含量范围为0.06～31.94 μmol/L,均值为1.39 μmol/L。PIP是浙江近岸海域水体中TPP的主要存在形式,占52.3%。春季浙江近岸海域表层TPP含量占总磷(TP)含量的19.3%～97.7%。春、秋季的SPM中,TPP、PIP和POP含量空间分布相似,均呈现由内湾向外海逐渐降低的变化趋势。PIP、POP与SPM呈显著的正相关性,表现出高SPM含量的海区有着较高的颗粒态磷含量,说明其受陆源输入的影响。春季盐度大于28且SPM含量小于20 mg/L的外侧远海海域,POP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率均明显高于PIP与Chl a的相关系数和斜率,说明该区域浮游植物是POP的主要贡献来源。     

Chemical forms and dynamics of amino acid-containing particulate organic matter in Pacific surface waters

Particulate combined amino acids (PCAA) are the most abundant identified constituents of particulate organic matter (POM) in Pacific Ocean surface waters, but their chemical forms are unclear. In the present study, chemical characterization of amino acid-containing materials in surface POM from subarctic to subtropical waters along 165 °E in the Pacific was carried out by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. At least four chemical forms of amino acid-containing POM were distinguished: proteins, acidic materials containing peptides, protein/peptide-specific dye-stainable low-molecular-mass materials (stainable materials) and non-stainable materials, all of which were considered to be major components of detrital POM. Seventeen distinct protein containing components were distinguished in samples across the transect. A majority of stainable materials was estimated to comprise 6–8 amino acid residues, while less than six amino acid residues made up the non-stainable materials. Among the four chemical forms, acidic materials and non-stainable materials were major components, accounting for 31–42% and 49–63% of PCAA, respectively, along the transect. Proteins were common, but they were quantitatively less than 2% of PCAA. Stainable materials were regionally variable and more abundant in subarctic waters than in subtropical waters. The mechanistic processes by which such amino acid-containing POM occurs as detrital POM are discussed.     

Phosphorus distribution in sinking oceanic particulate matter

Despite the recognition of the importance of phosphorus (P) in regulating marine productivity in some modern oceanic systems and over long timescales, the nature of particulate P within the ocean is not well understood. We analyzed P concentration in particulate matter from sediment traps and selected core tops from a wide range of oceanic regimes: open ocean environments (Equatorial Pacific, North Central Pacific), polar environments (Ross Sea, Palmer Deep), and coastal environments (Northern California Coast, Monterey Bay, Point Conception). These sites represent a range of productivity levels, temporal (seasonal to annual) distributions, and trap depths (200–4400 m). P associations were identified using an operationally defined sequential extraction procedure. We found that P in the sediment traps is typically composed of reactive P components including acid-insoluble organic P ( 40%), authigenic P ( 25%), and oxide associated and/or labile P ( 21%), with lesser proportions of non-reactive detrital P depending on location ( 13%). The concentrations and fluxes of all particulate P components except detrital P decrease or remain constant with depth between the shallowest and the deepest sediment traps, indicating some regeneration of reactive P components. Transformation from more labile forms of P to authigenic P is evident between the deepest traps and core top sediments. Although for most sites the magnitudes of reactive P fluxes are seasonally variable and productivity dependent, the fractional associations of reactive P are independent of season. We conclude that P is transported from the upper water column to the sediments in various forms previously considered unimportant. Thus, acid-insoluble organic P measurements (typically reported as particulate organic P) likely underestimate biologically related particulate P, because they do not include the labile, oxide-associated, or authigenic P fractions that often are or recently were biologically related. Organic C to reactive P ratios are typically higher than Redfield Ratio and are relatively constant with depth below 300 m suggesting that preferential regeneration of P relative to C occurs predominantly at shallow depths in the water column, but not deeper in the water column (> 300 m). The view of P cycling in the oceans should be revised (1) to include P fractions other than acid-soluble organic P as important carriers of reactive P in rapidly sinking particles, (2) to include the efficient transformation of labile forms of P to authigenic P in the water column as well as in sediments, and (3) to consider the occurrence of preferential P regeneration at very shallow depths.     

西北太平洋春、秋季悬浮颗粒物的粒径变化与物质组分

为了解日本以东的西北太平洋200m以浅上层水体悬浮颗粒物的粒径变化与物质组分,分别于2015年5月和9月在该海区应用LISST-100X型现场激光粒度仪进行了悬浮体粒径分布的测量,并采集悬浮体水样采用扫描电镜及能谱分析悬浮颗粒物的物质组分.结果表明,研究区的悬浮颗粒物主要由大粒径颗粒(大于133μm)组成,并在100m以浅的上表层集中分布,其余层位颗粒含量较少.秋季悬浮体浓度远高于春季,但大粒径颗粒所占的比重明显降低,中等大小的颗粒(36~133μm)所占比重相应增加,中等粒径颗粒和细小粒径颗粒(小于36μm)在200m水层以浅分布较均匀,并有随着粒径的增大悬浮体浓度逐渐增加的趋势.悬浮颗粒物组成成分主要为单矿物碎屑、生物碎屑、絮凝体,主要来源于海洋浮游生物和陆源输入.悬浮体浓度及粒径分布特征主要受生物生长、大陆风尘和洋流输送等因素的影响.     

A comparison of suspended particulate matter from nepheloid and clear water

Particulate matter from the nepheloid layer and from regions of clearer water have been examined under the light microscope to determine particle concentration, size and composition. The total count of suspended particles is a basic difference between water samples from nepheloid layers of the North American and Brazil basins, and samples from the clearer water over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in both the North and South Atlantic. The nepheloid layer of the North American Basin has four times, and the Brazil Basin three times the particle density of clearer water over the mid-ocean ridge. A greater percentage of particles of < 2 μ size prevails in nepheloid water ranging from 85–96% as compared to a range of 76–87% in the clear water. Non-opaque mineral grains form the major constituent.     

Mineral composition of the suspended particulate matter in the White Sea

The mineral composition of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) was studied for the White Sea area. The comparative analysis of the composition of the marine SMP and the SPM of the rivers of the White Sea catchment area was performed, including the Severnaya Dvina River, one of the major sources of the terrigenous suspended matter to the sea. The research of such kind is faced with numerous methodological difficulties, which slows down the study process. Data on the mineral composition of the SPM are scarce. Applying the method of X-ray powder diffractometry, we assessed the bulk mineral composition of the SPM with special regard to its clay fraction.     

δ13C analyses of oceanic particulate organic matter

Seventy-nine δ¹³C analyses of oceanic particulate matter (> 0·μ) from semi-tropical (Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean and Atlantic) and polar (South Indian Ocean) waters showed that the carbon isotope composition of the particulate matter from the cold polar surface waters was lighter ($\text{?24·7}\text{to}\text{?26·0‰}$) than that from the surface in the semi-tropical regions ($\text{?19·8}\text{to}\text{?22·3 ‰}$), reflecting the temperature effect on the photosynthetic fixation of carbon. δ¹³C for deep samples (> 330 m) were generally more negative than the surface samples, except in some well-mixed polar areas.A difference both in organic carbon isotopic composition and percentage organic carbon in the POM and the tops of sediment cores was also apparent; a loss of approximately 95 % of incoming carbon and an increase in ¹³C of several per mille being observed during deposition of particulate matter. This indicates that after settling on the bottom there is extensive diagenesis of the POM by organisms, indicating the non-refractory nature of the organic matter.     

The origin of the suspended particulate matter in the seagrass meadow of tropical waters, an evidence of the stable isotope signatures

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) has been known as an important variable in the organic matter flow of coastal ecosystem. Half of burial carbon in seagrass meadows is contributed by allochthonous sources that compose the SPM such as phytoplankton, seagrass detritus, marine snow aggregates and terrestrially derived particles. Each composition of the SPM contributes different roles and is important to be identified, for instance, the exact contribution of seagrass detritus will be useful for determination of carbon export through the detritus form in seagrass meadows. Here, the SPM of seagrass meadows is studied in Bintan Island and the Selayar Archipelago. The aim of this research is to determine the source origin of the SPM using a stable isotope signature. In order to fulfill this aim, the objectives are defined as: (1) to specify the stable isotope signature (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) of the SPM, and (2) to determine the proportional distribution of the SPM''s prospectus sources. The result shows that the possibility of the source origin of the SPM includes a seagrass fraction (Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii), terrestrial C4 plant, macroalgae, and terrestrial C3 plant. The SPM lies between the marine- and terrigenous-end members. However, it seems that the SPM is more to be terrigenous-end and allochthonous. According to a Bayesian mixing model, the terrestrial C4 has the highest contribution of the SPM at all sites except Barugaia and Pasi Island in Selayar (i.e., the highest contribution of the SPM is from the detritus of E. acoroides). The second contribution has been contributed by either seagrass detritus (E. acoroides or Th. hemprichii) or terrestrial C3 plant. The finding of this study indicates that there is a strong influence of the terrigenous sources in the SPM of the seagrass meadows.     

Petroleum hydrocarbons and particulate organic matter in the Sea of Azov waters

The paper discusses the results of investigations on contamination of the Sea of Azov by petroleum hydrocarbons and particulate organic matter. After cessation of open sea observations in 1992, the contamination of the sea by petroleum hydrocarbons is predicted for the period from 1993 to 1997. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

海水悬浮颗粒物中不同形态磷的测定

分别采用硫酸过硫酸钾作为氧化剂进行高压消解和用浓度为1 mol/dm³盐酸浸泡提取,然后用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定海水悬浮颗粒物、沉积物中的总磷和无机磷,用差减法得到有机磷。悬浮颗粒物总磷(PTP)和无机磷(PIP)质量浓度分别为(632.4～651.7)×10^-6和(436.6～452.6)×10^-6时,其相对标准偏差小于1.44%。悬浮颗粒物总磷、无机磷和有机磷的回收率分别为97.2%～101.3%,97.8%～100.4%和97.3%～102.3%。所建立的分析方法可用于海水、河口水悬浮颗粒物及沉积物中不同形态磷的测定。     

Vertical distribution of suspended particulate matter in the Caspian Sea in early summer

The features of the vertical distribution of chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and its isotopic composition, total suspended particulate matter (SPM), and the structure of the phytoplankton community in the Middle and South Caspian Sea in May–June 2012 are discussed. The subsurface chlorophyll a maximum (SCM) was found everywhere at depths of ~20 to 40–60 m. The position of this layer is confined to the depth of the seasonal thermocline, which is determined by the development of a cold-water (dark) phytocenosis. The genesis of this layer was studied. The increase in chlorophyll a concentration in this layer is caused by an abundance of phytoplankton or an increased concentration of this phytopigments per algal cell. The highest values of the studied organic compounds and phytoplankton biomass are revealed as close to the seasonal thermocline extending from the southern periphery of the Derbent Depression to the Apsheron Sill, which is determined by the bottom topography. The presence of chlorophyll a at depths exceeding 300 m (up to ≥1 mg/m³) was revealed. This was supported by findings of individual algal cells containing chlorophyll a and even their accumulations in the deep water layer. The most probable mechanisms responsible for the presence of these cells at the deep water level are discussed in the paper. The vertical distribution of the values of the organic carbon isotopic composition is primarily controlled by the vertical structure of phytoplankton and chlorophyll a in the water column up to ~500 m and by biogeochemical processes at the redox barrier (~600 m layer). The relative stability of chlorophyll a and the stability of pheophytin a in anaerobic environments were verified. A significant amount of weakly transformed chlorophyll a was found close the sea bottom.     

黄、东海边界悬浮物输运量的卫星遥感估算

利用2002—2015年的中等分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS)第4波段反射率产品对黄、东海边界的悬浮物输运情况进行了分析, 同时利用黄、东海2003年现场实测的悬浮物含量数据和这期间准实时的MODIS影像数据, 建立了基于MODIS第4波段遥感反射率的悬浮物含量遥感反演模型。基于该模型, 反演黄、东海表层悬浮物浓度, 并计算悬浮物扩散面积。利用反演得到的表层悬浮物浓度和悬浮物浓度垂向预测模型, 获取垂直方向上的悬浮物浓度, 同时结合水深、扩散面积数据, 计算特定时刻水体中的悬浮物含量。利用插值方法获得整个输运过程中各时刻水体中的悬浮物的含量, 计算各个时刻悬浮物含量的总和作为悬浮物的输送量。对2002年10月至2003年4月黄海向东海的悬浮输送量进行估算, 估算结果为153Mt。     

Light scattering and suspended particulate matter in the Arctic Ocean north of Ellesmere Island

Light scattering profiles and water samples for filtration of suspended particulate matter were obtained during fall, 1973, from Ice Island T-3, then located about 50 miles north of Ellesmere Island. The profiles reveal almost no variability in scattering, either in the water column, or in time during our two weeks of field work. Gravimetric analysis of the filtered suspended particulate matter shows that mass concentrations are low, averaging about 7g l^–1, and that they too remain very constant. The four water masses present in the Arctic Ocean could not be distinguished by our observations of light scattering and mass concentration of suspended particulates.     

普里兹湾水体悬浮颗粒物天然15N

本文研究了南极普里兹湾海域悬浮颗粒物中的天然15N丰度,并就δ15N与POC、PON等生化要素之间的相关性进行了讨论,对δ15N含量分布特征的形成机制及其与物理、生物学过程的耦合进行了探讨,给出了南极普里兹湾悬浮颗粒物中的δ15N与POC、PON含量呈负相关关系;表层水中δ15N、POC和PON的分布和δ15N的垂直分布可能与涡流有关.     

Methodology of X-ray fluorescence analysis of suspended matter in estuarine waters

Twenty-seven samples of suspended sediments collected on Millipore filters from the St. Lawrence estuary were directly analysed for Si, Al, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Ti, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr and Zn by X-ray fluorescence using standards prepared from suspended matter collected by continuous flow centrifugation. Calibration curves prepared from the analysis of these standards could be directly used in calculating the weight percent of elements for the unknown samples, if the weight of the total suspended matter on the filters did not exceed 25 mg.