Two-dimensional modeling of contaminant transport in porous media in the presence of colloids

It has long been known that colloids can facilitate the transport of contaminants in groundwater systems by reducing the effective retardation factor. A significant effort has been devoted to study colloid-facilitated contaminant transport during the past decade. Many of the previous studies were restricted to one-dimensional analyses and comparisons with finite-column experiments. In this work, a two-dimensional numerical model is developed and used to study the different interactions between colloids, contaminants, and porous media under homogeneous conditions. The numerical formulation of the model is based on discretizing mass balance equations and reaction equations using finite differences having a third-order, total variance-diminishing scheme for the advection terms. This scheme significantly reduces numerical dispersion and leads to greater accuracy compared to the standard central-differencing scheme. The model is tested against analytical solutions under simplified conditions as well as against experimental data, and the results are favorable. The model is used to investigate the impact of the various reaction rates and parameter values on the movement of contaminant plumes in two dimensions. The model is also used to investigate the hypothesis that colloids may increase the effective retardation factor of contaminant plumes. The analysis shows that assuming kinetic mass exchange between contaminant and colloids with constant reaction rate coefficients that are not related to the concentrations may lead to inaccurate results. These inaccurate results are exemplified in the finding that under the kinetic assumption the ratio of the initial concentration of colloids to the initial concentration of contaminant does not affect the amount of facilitation or retardation that occurs in the system. It is also found that colloids can increase the effective retardation factor for the contaminant under certain combinations of reaction rates and distribution coefficients. A quantitative empirical expression to identify whether colloids retard or facilitate the contaminant movement is presented.     

The Analytic Element Method for rectangular gridded domains,benchmark comparisons and application to the High Plains Aquifer

Groundwater studies face computational limitations when providing local detail (such as well drawdown) within regional models. We adapt the Analytic Element Method (AEM) to extend separation of variable solutions for a rectangle to domains composed of multiple interconnected rectangular elements. Each rectangle contains a series solution that satisfies the governing equations and coefficients are adjusted to match boundary conditions at the edge of the domain and continuity conditions across adjacent rectangles. A complete mathematical implementation is presented including matrices to solve boundary and continuity conditions. This approach gathers the mathematical functions associated with head and velocity within a small set of functions for each rectangle, enabling fast computation of these variables. Benchmark studies verify that conservation of mass and energy conditions are accurately satisfied using a method of images solution, and also develop a solution for heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity with log normal distribution. A case study illustrates that the methods are capable of modeling local detail within a large-scale regional model of the High Plains Aquifer in the central USA and reports the numerical costs associated with increasing resolution, where use is made of GIS datasets for thousands of rectangular elements each with unique geologic and hydrologic properties, Methods are applicable to interconnected rectangular domains in other fields of study such as heat conduction, electrical conduction, and unsaturated groundwater flow.     

Evidence of distinct contaminant transport patterns in rivers using tracer tests and a multiple domain retention model

Solute transport in rivers is controlled by surface hydrodynamics and by mass exchanges with distinct retention zones. Surface and hyporheic retention processes can be accounted for separately in solute transport models with multiple storage compartments. In the simplest two component model, short term storage can be associated to in-channel transient retention, e.g. produced by riparian vegetation or surface dead zones, and the long-term storage can be associated to hyporheic exchange. The STIR (Solute Transport In Rivers) multiple domain transport model is applied here to tracer test data from three very different Mediterranean streams with distinctive characteristics in terms of flow discharge, vegetation and substrate material. The model is used with an exponential residence time distribution (RTD) to represent surface storage processes and two distinct modeling closures are tested to simulate hyporheic retention: a second exponential RTD and a power-law distribution approximating a known solution for bedform-induced hyporheic exchange. Each stream shows distinct retention patterns characterized by different timescales of the storage time distribution. Both modeling closures lead to very good approximations of the observed breakthrough curves in the two rivers with permeable bed exposed to the flow, where hyporheic flows are expected to occur. In the one case where the occurrence of hyporheic flows is inhibited by bottom vegetation, only the two exponential RTD model is acceptable and the time scales of the two components are of the same magnitude. The significant finding of this work is the recognition of a strong signature of the river properties on tracer data and the evidence of the ability of multiple-component models to describe individual stream responses. This evidence may open a new perspective in river contamination studies, where rivers could possibly be classified based on their ability to trap and release pollutants.     

A numerical study of the effect of the marginal sea on coastal upwelling in a non-linear inertial model

Inertia theory and the finite element method are used to investigate the effect of marginal seas on coastal upwelling. In contrast to much previous research on wind-driven upwelling, this paper does not consider localized wind effects, but focuses instead on temperature stratification, the slope of the continental shelf, and the background flow field. Finite element method, which is both faster and more robust than finite difference method in solving problems with complex boundary conditions, was developed to solve the partial differential equations that govern coastal upwelling. Our results demonstrate that the environment of the marginal sea plays an important role in coastal upwelling. First, the background flow at the outer boundary is the main driving force of upwelling. As the background flow strengthens, the overall velocity of cross-shelf flow increases and the horizontal scale of the upwelling front widens, and this is accompanied by the movement of the upwelling front further offshore. Second, temperature stratification determines the direction of cross-shelf flows, with strong stratification favoring a narrow and intense upwelling zone. Third, the slope of the continental shelf plays an important role in controlling the intensity of upwelling and the height that upwelling may reach: the steeper the slope, the lower height of the upwelling. An additional phenomenon that should be noted is upwelling separation, which occurs even without a local wind force in the nonlinear model.     

大地电磁三维交错网格有限差分数值模拟的并行计算研究

为了更有效的提高大地电磁三维正演的计算速度,引入了并行处理技术.大地电磁三维交错网格有限差分数值模拟是按照不同频率来计算的,各频率之间求取电磁场值的过程是相互独立的.根据这一特点,可以将多个频率的计算任务平均划分为一个或者几个频率的计算子任务,分配到各个计算节点去并行执行,计算完成后将结果汇总.本文通过采用主从并行模式、分频并行计算的方案,在曙光TC5000A高性能并行平台上实现了基于MPI的大地电磁三维正演的并行计算.通过两个理论模型对实现的大地电磁三维正演并行算法进行试算,对比分析了多个节点机下程序的执行效率.测试结果表明,所实现的三维正演并行算法是正确的、高效的,为进一步的大地电磁三维反演并行算法研究奠定了重要基础.     

A simple model accounting for the uptake,transport, and deposition of wind‐eroded mineral particles in the hyperarid coastal Atacama Desert of northern Chile

As previously observed in marine sediments collected downwind of African or South American continental sources, recent studies of sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay in north Chile (23°S) show a laminated structure in which the amount of particles of aeolian origin and their size create significant differences between the layers. This suggests inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the strength of the local southerly winds responsible for (1) the erosion of the adjacent hyperarid surface of the Mejillones Pampa, and (2) the subsequent transport of the eroded particles towards the bay. A simple model accounting for the vertical uptake, transport, and deposition of the particles initially set into motion by wind at the surface of the pampa is proposed. This model, which could be adapted to other locations, assumes that the initial rate of (vertical) uptake is proportional to the (horizontal) saltation flux quantified by means of White's equation, that particles are lifted to a height (H), increasing with the magnitude of turbulence, and that sedimentation progressively removes the coarsest particles from the air column as it moves towards the bay. In this model, the proportionality constant (A) linking the vertical flux of particles with the horizontal flux, and the injection height (H) control the magnitude and size distribution of the deposition flux in the bay. Their values are determined using the wind speed measured over the pampa and the size distribution of particles collected in sediment traps deployed in the bay as constraints. After calibration, the model is used to assess the sensitivity of the deposition flux to the wind intensity variations. The possibility of performing such quantitative studies is necessary for interpreting precisely the variability of the aeolian material in the sediment cores collected at the bottom of Mejillones Bay. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于GPS和大气传输模型的InSAR大气改正方法研究

利用GPS数据改正InSAR大气影响中,GPS站网的低空间密度是限制改正精度的一个主要因素.文中引入大气传输模型（ATM）来考虑大气状态在时间上的演化,并兼顾了风向的估计,把GPS-ZWD（GPS湿延迟）时间序列观测值转换为空间上分布比较稠密的GPS-ZWD网络,然后利用该稠密网络在空间上内插产生水汽延迟图,来更好地模拟InSAR影像获取时刻的水汽场,提高大气改正精度.实验结果表明,在研究地区有限的数据条件下（即只有6个GPS点的情况下）,GPS+ATM算法在重现大气信号能力方面比单纯的使用影像获取时刻的GPS-ZWD数据要强,并且其对长波的大气误差去除更明显;用来做实验的三幅差分干涉图中,GPS+ATM算法对两幅以长波信号为主的干涉图中的大气影响分别降低了21.7%和22.6%,比仅使用SAR过境时刻GPS-ZWD数据时的结果分别改进了4.5%和8.7%.而对以短波信号为主的干涉图没有明显提高.     

Modeling the impact of climate change on sediment transport and morphology in coupled watershed-coast systems:A case study using an integrated approach

Climate change is an issue of major concern nowadays.Its impact on the natural and human environment is studied intensively,as the expected shift in climate will be significant in the next few decades.Recent experience shows that the effects will be critical in coastal areas,resulting in erosion and inundation phenomena worldwide.In addition to that,coastal areas are subject to ＂pressures＂ from upstream watersheds in terms of water quality and sediment transport.The present paper studies the impact of climate change on sediment transport and morphology in the aforementioned coupled system.The study regards a sandy coast and its upstream watershed in Chalkidiki,North Greece;it is based on：（a）an integrated approach for the quantitative correlation of the two through numerical modeling,developed by the authors,and（b）a calibrated application of the relevant models Soil and Water Assessment Tool（SWAT）and PELNCON-M,applied to the watershed and the coastal zone,respectively.The examined climate change scenarios focus on a shift of the rainfall distribution towards fewer and more extreme rainfall events,and an increased frequency of occurrence of extreme wave events.Results indicate the significance of climatic pressures in wide-scale sediment dynamics,and are deemed to provide a useful perspective for researchers and policy planners involved in the study of coastal morphology evolution in a changing climate.     

Development and application of a coupled-process parameter inversion model based on the maximum likelihood estimation method

The coupled flow-mass transport inverse problem is formulated using the maximum likelihood estimation concept. An evolutionary computational algorithm, the genetic algorithm, is applied to search for a global or near-global solution. The resulting inverse model allows for flow and transport parameter estimation, based on inversion of spatial and temporal distributions of head and concentration measurements. Numerical experiments using a subset of the three-dimensional tracer tests conducted at the Columbus, Mississippi site are presented to test the model's ability to identify a wide range of parameters and parametrization schemes. The results indicate that the model can be applied to identify zoned parameters of hydraulic conductivity, geostatistical parameters of the hydraulic conductivity field, angle of hydraulic conductivity anisotropy, solute hydrodynamic dispersivity, and sorption parameters. The identification criterion, or objective function residual, is shown to decrease significantly as the complexity of the hydraulic conductivity parametrization is increased. Predictive modeling using the estimated parameters indicated that the geostatistical hydraulic conductivity distribution scheme produced good agreement between simulated and observed heads and concentrations. The genetic algorithm, while providing apparently robust solutions, is found to be considerably less efficient computationally than a quasi-Newton algorithm.     

山脊线与坡度和峰值速度放大系数的相关性研究

地形效应是地震工程和地震学的重要研究内容.数值方法是研究地形效应的重要工具.然而以往关于地形特征对地形效应的影响的研究大多是基于二维简单模型.对三维真实地形特征和地震动放大的关系缺乏详细的研究.为了更好地描述三维地形特征,本文将地形用不同的地形特征因子来描述,并用算法将它们从地形数据中提取出来.从而使地形和放大系数的相关性的研究转换为不同地形特征因子和放大系数的相关性的研究上.本文中,我们选择芦山地区作为研究对象,用算法提取出特征因子山脊线和坡度.它们分别表征了山脊形态和山体的陡峭程度.我们又用谱元法分别模拟三种不同主频Ricker子波的地震波在起伏地表和水平地表模型中的传播,并得到了它们各自的峰值速度(PGV)放大系数.通过分析三个主频的PGV放大系数在山脊线上分布,我们发现放大系数幅值在山脊线上分布不均匀.放大系数较高的地方位于山脊线弯曲或宽度发生变化的附近.我们又统计了三个放大系数在滑动平均坡度上分布,并得到了放大系数均值和坡度的正相关曲线.结果表明坡度和放大系数两者在幅值分布上具有正相关性.     

A quasi three-dimensional model for flow and transport in unsaturated and saturated zones: 1. Implementation of the quasi two-dimensional case

A quasi three-dimensional (QUASI 3-D) model is presented for simulating the subsurface water flow and solute transport in the unsaturated and in the saturated zones of soil. The model is based on the assumptions of vertical flow in the unsaturated zone and essentially horizontal groundwater flow. The 1-D Richards equation for the unsaturated zone is coupled at the phreatic surface with the 2-D flow equation for the saturated zone. The latter was obtained by averaging 3-D flow equation in the saturated zone over the aquifer thickness. Unlike the Boussinesq equation for a leaky-phreatic aquifer, the developed model does not contain a storage term with specific yield and a source term for natural replenishment. Instead it includes a water flux term at the phreatic surface through which the Richards equation is linked with the groundwater flow equation. The vertical water flux in the saturated zone is evaluated on the basis of the fluid mass balance equation while the horizontal fluxes, in that equation, are prescribed by Darcy law. A 3-D transport equation is used to simulate the solute migration. A numerical algorithm to solve the problem for the general quasi 3-D case was developed. The developed methodology was exemplified for the quasi 2-D cross-sectional case (QUASI2D). Simulations for three synthetic problems demonstrate good agreement between the results obtained by QUASI2D and two fully 2-D flow and transport codes (SUTRA and 2DSOIL). Yet, simulations with the QUASI2D code were several times faster than those by the SUTRA and the 2DSOIL codes.     

基于粒子群优化算法与厄米多项式构建地震综合预测投影寻踪回归模型

在地震综合预测投影寻踪研究工作中,投影寻踪回归算法是其中应用最多的一种方法．但一般投影寻踪回归算法构造技术较为复杂,采用多次局部光滑回归,计算量较大,外推较为繁杂,容易陷于局部解．在综合考虑传统投影寻踪回归算法特点的基础上,针对投影寻踪回归计算中存在的一些不利因素,给出了一定的解决思路:采用粒子群优化算法代替高斯 牛顿算法优化投影方向;采用厄米多项式代替分段线性光滑回归来拟合岭函数,以简化优化过程;参数优化无需分组,获得全局优化的岭函数．利用数值仿真技术进行基于粒子群优化算法与厄米多项式构建的投影寻踪回归模型建模能力与计算精度的检验,再将其应用于多维地震时间序列和一般多维无序地震样本回归综合建模预测中．通过计算和分析表明,基于粒子群优化算法与厄米多项式构建的投影寻踪回归模型具有简单、快速、有效的特点,在实际地震综合预测建模中取得了满意的效果,可作为地震预测的一种综合分析方法．      

在频率域基于小波变换和Hilbert解析包络的CSEM噪声评价

传统CSEM一般只提取主频信号,或以谐波与主频的振幅比为依据提取部分低阶谐波信号,但缺乏判断标准,实际操作中存在很大的不确定性.本文基于小波变换和希尔伯特解析包络提出一种新的CSEM信号噪声评价方法,首先在时间域中基于混合基快速傅里叶变换获得原始信号准确功率谱;其次在频率域中根据CSEM频率位置相邻频率幅值进行频谱预处理,基于离散小波变换将预处理后的频谱分成低频部分和高频部分,基于希尔伯特变换识别高频部分的上包络线,并与低频部分重构得到频谱的整体上包络线;最后根据包络线与对应CSEM频率振幅的比值估计噪声的影响幅度,根据阈值筛选出高信噪比的主频和谐波信号.本方法不需增加野外工作量即可提取大量的频率信号,特别是高阶谐波信号,实现频率加密,提高CSEM的纵向分辨能力和能源利用率.

     

波浪和风生浪流作用下的近岸海底泥沙运移模型的推广和应用

本文利用数值计算和经验公式相结合的方法,获得了在波浪和风生流和波浪共同作用下海底泥沙输移的二维模型.在此基础上,讨论了海底泥沙输移在风速、风向和泥沙粒径不同等三种情况下的变化特征;指出了经验公式对泥沙输移规律的适用范围以及风速、风向对于近岸处泥沙输移重要性.这一研究结果对近岸结构物的选址设计具有实际应用价值.     

基于CHAMP卫星与地面矢量数据联合建立中国地磁模型

首先对地面台站以及CHAMP卫星的矢量磁测数据进行预处理,结合12个子午工程台站最新的磁测数据,并利用第十二代国际地磁参考场模型（IGRF12）对不同数据归算至统一时间点,再结合第四代地磁场综合模型（CM4）计算并移除主磁场、磁层磁场、电离层磁场、感应磁场及较为微弱的环形场,最后通过球冠谐（SCH）模型联合建立了中国地区岩石圈磁场（地磁要素X、Y、Z和总强度F）的球冠谐模型（SCH2000）,结合IGRF12得到了中国地磁模型（CGRF2000）.建模同时考虑了测点数据海拔高度的影响,并讨论了截断阶数的选取以及边界效应的控制问题.通过比较均方偏差（RMS）,认为8阶SCH2000模型可较好地反映中国地区岩石圈磁场,其分布与SCH1936、CM4以及Taylor多项式模型具有一定的相似性.从位置和强度来看,SCH2000模型所反映的岩石圈磁场更为准确,而与CM4存在一定差异,除了测点不同,截断阶数也是原因之一.通过验证,SCH2000模型各要素随高度的变化与CM4模型较为一致,所建立的CGRF2000与IGRF12模型的分布也较为相似.

     

A field study of the coupled effects of aquifer stratification,fluid density,and groundwater fluctuations on dispersivity assessments

A number of experimental studies have tackled the issue of solute transport parameter assessments either in the laboratory or in the field. But yet, the behavior of a plume in the field under density driven forces, is not well known due to possible development of instabilities. Some field tracer tests on the fate of plumes denser than native groundwater such as those encountered under waste disposal facilities, have pointed out the processes of sinking and splitting at the early stage of migration. The process of dispersion was widely investigated, but the range of dispersivity values obtained from either experimental tests, or numerical and theoretical calculations is still very large, even for the same type of aquifers. These discrepancies were considered to be essentially caused by soil heterogeneities and scale effects. In the meantime, studies on the influence of sinking and fingering have remained more scarce. The objective of the work is to analyze how transport parameters such as dispersivities can be affected by unstable conditions, which lead to plume sinking and fingering. A series of tracer tests were carried out to study under natural conditions, the transport of a dense chloride solution injected in a shallow two-layered aquifer. Two types of experiments were performed: in the first type, source injection was such that the plume could travel downward from one layer to the other of higher pore velocity, and in the second one, the migration took place only in the faster layer. The results suggest some new insights in the processes occurring at the early stages of a dense plume migration moving in a stratified aquifer under groundwater fluctuations, which can be summarized through the following points: (i) Above a stability criterion threshold, a fingering process and a multi modal plume transport take place, but local dispersivities can be cautiously derived, using breakthrough curves matching. (ii) When water table is subject to some cycling or rising, the plume can be significantly distorted in the transverse direction, leading to unusual values of the ratio between longitudinal and transverse dispersivities. (iii) Under stable conditions, for example in the case of straightforward injection in the faster aquifer layer, longitudinal dispersivity is greater than the transverse component as usually encountered, and the obtained transport parameters are closed to macro dispersivity values, which reach their asymptotic limit at very short distances. (iv) The classical scale effect about the varying dispersivity at short distances could be a process mainly due to the distance required for a plume stabilization.     

小波束叠前深度偏移和照明:基于Marmousi模型的测试

小波束源有很强的局部性和方向性,它可以很容易的实现局部照明和偏移,除此之外,它的偏移效果也要好于常规的偏移方法。本文介绍了基于框架理论的小波束叠前深度偏移的基本原理。我们解释了基于Gaussian函数的G-D框架。小波束分解提供了局部空间和方向上的信息。我们在小波域中,分别应用矩形窗和Gaussian窗合成了小波束源和小波束记录,并基于傅立叶有限差分算子,对marmousi模型进行了叠前深度偏移试算。通过对单个,以及多个小波束源偏移结果对比分析,验证了Gaussian小波束叠前深度偏移方法的有效性。     

A 2D well-balanced,coupled model of water flow,sediment transport,and bed evolution based on unstructured grids with efficient variable storage strategy

In recent decades,a few Godunov-type,finite volume two-dimensional(2D)unstructured grid,coupled flow,and sediment models(GF2DUCM)have been developed for flows over erodible beds.These kinds of models are generally analyzed as a Vertex Model(VM)that define topography at the cell vertex,which can lead to the non-conservation of mass regarding flow,sediment,and bed evolution.Here,a full cellcantered variable storage method(Central Model or CM)is applied as the solution of the GF2DUCM.In this method,terrain elevation is defined at the cell centroids;this accurately describes the physical relations between the water depth and topography deformation.This approach can fully eliminate calculation errors in topography deformation at local cells caused by the interpolation of topography deformation at the cell vertex,and reduced uncertainty in the computation of the GF2DUCM.The model performance is systematically tested using a series of laboratory experiments,which demonstrate the mass conservation feature and high accuracy in reproducing hydrodynamic and morphological processes.