蔚县矿区岩溶水供排结合研究

本文从系统观点出发,分析了矿区岩溶水供排结合的水文地质条件,提出了以供代排,合理的规划蔚县矿区地下水资源的供排结合方案。应用有限元数值模拟与最优化技术建立供排结合水量规划的教学模型,求出了蔚县矿区最佳水源地位置和最佳的供水开采量与疏干量,实现了较好的经济效益。     

新郑矿区供排结合可行性浅析

通过对区域及新郑矿区水文地质条件的分析,该文论证了新郑矿区未来开采条件下供排结合的可行性,并提出了“双向截流,中部疏干”的供排结合方案。     

神府矿区柠条塔井田（南翼）水文地质条件及开采方法研究

针对神府矿区柠条塔井田（南翼）含水层的富水性、补径排条件、充水因素、矿井涌水量等水文地质条件，对柠条塔井田（南翼）煤炭开采的影响进行了分析研究，综合该区煤矿床各地段的水文地质条件，提出了留设一定的防水煤柱、预先疏排水、排供结合等各有所侧重的技术途径与开采方法。     

矿井水的资源化与环境保护——以焦作矿区典型地段为例

针对我国煤矿区目前普遍存在的排、供矛盾和环境地质问题,本文首次提出了矿区排水、供水、环境保护三位一体优化结合的经济-水力管理模型。该模型通过布设地面矿坑抽水孔和奥灰(奥陶系灰岩)浅排孔等地上应急取水建筑物,增强了结合系统整体抗御突发性水害的能力,较好地解决了供水水源安全、稳定问题。同时,三位一体结合模型较为圆满地处理了长期以来从地质勘探到评价管理各个不同阶段,排、供和环保3个不同部门各立门户的封闭局面,避免了大量的重复投资,提高了评价、管理、决策的整体水平。本文以焦作矿区典型地段为研究实例。     

矿井水资源评价——以阜新矿区为例

为了合理开发利用矿井水资源,结合当前水资源评价的研究特点和发展方向,将矿井水和生态系统作为整体,提出了"矿井水资源评价"的概念,建立了面向生态的区域矿井水资源评价理论和方法,阐述了它的内涵、研究内容和技术体系。以中国典型的矿业缺水城市阜新为例,运用数学理论、室内试验、现场监测和工程实际应用相结合的研究方法,从水质评价、水量评价、污染评价及开发利用条件评价角度介绍了矿井水资源评价的理论研究和实践成果。通过对阜新矿区矿井水水质、水量、污染及开发利用条件评价,提出矿井水应该进行资源化利用,以解决矿区缺水问题,同时控制矿井水对地下水的污染。      

矿井水的资源化与环境保护

针对我国煤矿区目前普遍存在的排，供矛盾和环境地质问题，本文首先提出了矿区排水，供水，环境保护三位一体优化结合的经济－水力管理模型。该模型通过布设地面矿坑抽水孔和奥灰浅排孔等地上应急取水建筑物，增强了结合系统整体抗御突发性水害的能力，较好地解决了供水水源安全，稳定问题，同时，三位一体结合模型较为圆满地处理了长期以来从地质勘探到评价管理各个不同阶段，排，供和环保３个不同部门各立门户的封闭局面，避免了大     

大同矿区水资源现状及开发利用对策研究

从根本上改变大同矿区供水紧张状况的引黄入晋工程及治理桑干河流域、改善大同生态环境，保证桑干河水质达到适宜地面引水的远、近期对策尚需一定时间实现的情况下，根据大同矿区的水文地质特征及矿区的水资源现状，提出了解决矿区水资源供需之间矛盾的现期对策，即对现有的水资源地实行保护性开采、控制小煤矿的无序开采、实行矿区内的排供结合及水质控制优化管理、加快矿井水回用方案的研究、开发新的水源地等措施。     

湖北王集磷矿淹井事故原因分析

本文介绍了王集磷矿井的基本情况,结合矿区水文地质条件,利用观测数据及综合调查,对矿井淹井原因进行了分析,揭示了张扭性横断层的突水特点及其对矿井涌水量突增的影响,指出了导致淹井的4方面因素,并提出了预防措施。     

蔚县矿区奥灰水突水规律分析及防治水对策探讨

蔚县矿区煤系基底奥灰含水层是煤层开采底板进水的主要充水含水层,已发生多次突水灾害,造成了巨大的经济损失。在分析矿区水文地质条件的基础上,对矿区奥灰岩的富水性进行了分区。通过对多年来矿区生产矿井奥灰水突入矿井资料收集整理及突水点的时空特征的研究,得出了矿区生产矿井奥灰水突水规律：首先与奥灰含水层富水性有关;其次是断层,即使是落差不大的小断层也是突水的薄弱地段;开采1号煤层,底板隔水层厚度与水头压力是控制奥灰水突入矿井的主要因素。提出了以防为主、带压开采、封堵结合,避免强行疏排的奥灰水防治水对策,并对矿井防治水措施提出了建议。     

大同矿区口泉沟南地下水资源的合理开发研究

矿山地区一方面采矿存在着水患,另一方面又因疏干排水而使日常生活缺水。目前我国有关矿区供排结合的实例并不多见。以大同矿区口泉沟南为例,分析了该区的地质、水文地质条件,并用数学模型的有限元法评价了地下水资源的允许开采量。同时提出和论证了最佳开采方案。     

基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论的改良膨胀土非线性流变研究

为研究膨胀土非线性流变,取水泥改良膨胀土样进行长期一维压缩试验,得到了改良膨胀土在不同应力水平下的应力-应变等时曲线簇。将曲线反映的非线性流变分解为线性黏弹性蠕变变形、线性黏塑性蠕变变形和非线性黏塑性蠕变变形三部分。基于模型理论和遗传蠕变理论建立了各部分流变模型,其中在线性黏弹性蠕变变形和线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分采用模型理论建立元件模型,在非线性黏塑性蠕变变形部分运用遗传蠕变理论建立积分蠕变方程,结合试验数据拟合出材料和方程参数,用该模型得到的蠕变曲线与实测结果能较好吻合。     

非线性破坏准则与岩土材料地基承载力研究

根据线性Mohr-Coulomb破坏准则,前人运用极限平衡法、滑移线理论或极限分析等方法求解地基承载力问题,但实际上岩土在剪切破坏过程中破坏准则具有非线性。因此,为了研究非线性破坏准则对地基承载力的影响,基于上限定理,通过“切线法”引进变量,根据能量耗散情况,将承载力问题转变为非线性规划问题,运用“序列二次规划算法”求出地基承载力的最优解。数值计算结果表明,当非线性破坏准则转变为线性破坏准则时,非线性参数对地基承载力有重要影响。     

A method of time-dependent analysis using elastic solutions for nonlinear materials

The formulation of viscoelastic solutions from elastic equations using the ‘correspondence principle’ and an inverse Laplace transform has been discussed extensively in the literature. Because this method has been developed, many time-dependent solutions can be obtained from closed form elastic solutions and conditions have been delineated in which the ‘quasi-elastic’ approximation of the viscoelastic solution is within acceptable tolerance. This communication shows the feasibility of the application of these methods to formulate approximate nonlinear viscoelastic solutions with nonlinear stress-strain materials, and for want of a specific nonlinear model to demonstrate this, the hyperbolic model was selected. The ‘power law’ is used to model the relaxation modulus of the viscoelastic materials. There are five related development that are discussed here using a simple numerical example to illustrate each of them and they are: (1) a linear elastic solution, (2) a linear viscoelastic solution, (3) a nonlinear elastic solution, (4) a nonlinear viscoelastic solution and finally, (5) a ‘regression’ approximation of the nonlinear viscoelastic solution which is suggested by the series form of the elastic solution. All of these are related to one another and each provides an acceptably accurate solution of the problem it addresses. The latter is of particular practical interest since it can be used to provide answers to problems involving nonlinear viscoelastic materials while requiring only very small calculation times. The problem used as an example is the calculation of the displacement of a circular hole in an infinite plate made of a material with a nonlinear time-dependent stress-strain relationship. The nonlinear elastic form of the solution was developed by matching results from nonlinear finite element analysis.     

Estimation of heavy rainfall during cyclonic storms from microwave observations using nonlinear approach over Indian Ocean

In this study, an effort has been made to study heavy rainfall events during cyclonic storms over Indian Ocean. This estimate is based on microwave observations from tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). Regional scattering index (SI) developed for Indian region based on measurements at 19-, 21- and 85-GHz brightness temperature and polarization corrected temperature (PCT) at 85?GHz have been utilized in this study. These PCT and SI are collocated against Precipitation Radar (PR) onboard TRMM to establish a relationship between rainfall rate, PCT and SI. The retrieval technique using both linear and nonlinear regressions has been developed utilizing SI, PCT and the combination of SI and PCT. The results have been compared with the observations from PR. It was found that a nonlinear algorithm using combination of SI and PCT is more accurate than linear algorithm or nonlinear algorithm using either SI or PCT. Statistical comparison with PR exhibits the correlation coefficients (CC) of 0.68, 0.66 and 0.70, and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.78, 1.96 and 1.68?mm/h from the observations of SI, PCT and combination of SI and PCT respectively using linear regressions. When nonlinear regression is used, the CC of 0.73, 0.71, 0.79 and RMSE of 1.64, 1.95, 1.54?mm/h are observed from the observations of SI, PCT and combination of SI and PCT, respectively. The error statistics for high rain events (above 10?mm/h) shows the CC of 0.58, 0.59, 0.60 and RMSE of 5.07, 5.47, 5.03?mm/h from the observations of SI, PCT and combination of SI and PCT, respectively, using linear regression, and on the other hand, use of nonlinear regression yields the CC of 0.66, 0.64, 0.71 and RMSE of 4.68, 5.78 and 4.02?mm/h from the observations of SI, PCT and combined SI and PCT, respectively.     

Nonlinear Analysis of Local Site Effects on Seismic Ground Response in the Bam Earthquake

The influence of local geologic and soil conditions on the intensity of ground shaking is addressed in this study. The amplification of the ground motion due to local site effects resulted in severe damage to dwellings in the Bam area during the 2003 Bam Earthquake. A unique set of strong motion acceleration recordings was obtained at the Bam accelerograph station. Although the highest peak ground acceleration recorded was the vertical component (nearly 1 g), the longitudinal component (fault-parallel motion) clearly had the largest maximum velocity as well as maximum ground displacement. Subsurface geotechnical and geophysical (down-hole) data in two different sites have been obtained and used to estimate the local site condition on earthquake ground motion in the area. The ground response analyses have been conducted considering the nonlinear behavior of the soil deposits using both equivalent linear and nonlinear approaches. The fully nonlinear method embodied in FLAC was used to evaluate the nonlinear soil properties on earthquake wave propagation through the soil layer, and compare with the response from the equivalent linear approach. It is shown that thick alluvium deposits amplified the ground motion and resulted in significant damage in residential buildings in the earthquake stricken region. The comparison of results indicated similar response spectra of the motions for both equivalent and nonlinear analyses, showing peaks in the period range of 0.3–1.5 s. However, the amplification levels of nonlinear analysis were less than the equivalent linear method especially in long periods. The observed response spectra are shown to be above the NEHRP building code design requirements, especially at high frequencies.     

Versatile Two-Level Schwarz Preconditioners for Multiphase Flow

Numerically modeling groundwater flow on finely discretized two- and three-dimensional domains requires solution algorithms appropriate for distributed memory multiprocessor architectures. Multilevel and domain decomposition algorithms are appropriate for preconditioning or solving linear systems in parallel and have, therefore, been applied to linear models for saturated groundwater flow. These algorithms have also been incorporated into more complex nonlinear multiphase flow models in the context of a linearization procedure such as Newton's method. In this work, we study a class of parallel preconditioners based on two-level Schwarz domain decomposition applied in a nonlinear two-phase flow numerical model. The restriction and interpolation operators are based on an aggregation approach that has a straightforward implementation for a variety of applications arising in subsurface modeling: structured and unstructured discretizations, finite elements and finite differences, and multicomponent model equations. We present model formulations, results from numerical experiments, and a comparison of a standard one-level Schwarz method to three two-level aggregation-based methods.     

A comparative study on linear and nonlinear site response analysis

Site response analysis is usually the first step of any seismic soil-structure study. Geotechnical earthquake engineers and engineering geologist have been trying to find both practical and most appropriate solution techniques for ground response analysis under earthquake loadings. The paper attempts to give a critical overview of the field of site response analysis. In this paper, the influences of nonlinearity on the site response analysis summarized and were evaluated with a numerical example. Site response of a two layered soil deposit with the assumption of linear and rigid base bedrock (or viscoelastic half-space) was analyzed by using linear and nonlinear approaches. The amplification spectrum of the soil column is computed between the top and the bottom of this soil deposit. Nonlinear analysis was compared with the linear method of analysis. Steps involved in ground response analyses to develop site-specific response spectra at a soil site are briefly summarized. Some of the well-known site response analysis methods are summarized and similarities and differences between linear and nonlinear methods are compared by a numerical example.     

刘家峡水电站扩机工程调压井结构研究

基于三维有限元法,对刘家峡水电站扩机工程调压井结构进行了静力、反应谱分析及非线性有限元分析,评价了结构的荷载效应。首先根据线弹性有限元分析结果,采用拉应力图法对调压井衬砌结构进行了配筋;然后以考虑混凝土开裂的非线性有限元方法校核结构强度和裂缝宽度。通过调整配筋面积,提出了适合于该水电站扩机工程调压井结构的最优结构型式和配筋方案。     

Application of the Fourier method to the numerical solution of moving boundary problem in heat conduction

An algorithm for the solution of a nonlinear problem of phase boundary movement and evolution of temperature distribution due to the perturbation in the basal heat flux has been discussed. The reduction of the problem to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of a Fourier series method leads to a stiff system. This stiffness is taken care of by the use of a modified Euler’s method. Various cases of basal heat flow variation have been considered to show the performance and stability of the technique for such a nonlinear system. The first case of step-wise function is taken to analyse the performance of the technique, and the study has been extended to other general cases of linear increase, periodic variation, and box and triangular function type variations in the heat flux. In the step-wise case the phase boundary attains a constant position rapidly if the supplied heat flux is sufficiently large. The effect of periodicity in the heat flow is clearly depicted in the phase boundary movement, where the phase boundary oscillates about the mean position at large times. The absence of any constant level in the case of linear increase in heat flux is due to a very large value of heat flux. In the cases of box car and triangular heat flux the boundary starts moving downward after the cessation of excess heat flux but does not immediately return to its original preperturbation state, instead approaches it at large times. This technique may be applied to more general cases of heat flow variation.     

地形对不同反演的影响

[摘 要]根据观测数据和模型参数之间的关系,将求误差函数的最优问题的方法通常分为线性反演和非线性反演; 线性反演要求有相当准确的背景介质模型的条件,这和地球物理问题中的实际情况相矛盾。特殊情况下,线性反演甚至出现发散的情况。而非线性反演不用求目标函数的偏导数,全局随机搜索模型空间的最优解的办法,避免了问题的线性化,在山区复杂地形条件下,通过对比论证,非线性反演能够获取更合理的真实地电模型,从而说明由于非线性反演适应性较强、精度较高已被广泛的应用于地球物理的各个领域。