湖北峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石的新材料

通过对牛坪剖面和新测的晓峰河剖面燧石结核和条带的切片研究,进一步证实峡东地区陡山沱组下部和上部分别含有不同的微体化石组合。下组合以大型具刺疑源类Tianzhushania为主,包括疑源类Appendisphaera magnifica、Leiosphaeridia tenuissima、Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis、Tanarium sp.、Tianzhushania fissura、T.spinosa、T.sp.、Unnamed A;丝状蓝藻Oscillatoriopsis longa、Polytrichoides induviatus、Salome hubeiensis、Siphonophycus kestron、S.robustum;多细胞藻类Sarcinophycus palilloformis、Unnamed multicelluar alga A。上组合以出现大量个体介于50～140μm的呈聚集保存的球状膜壳为特征,包括疑源类Leiosphaeridia tenuissima、Knollisphaeridium maximum、K.sp.、Meghystrichosphaeridium perfectum及Unnamed B、C。本文的两个微体化石组合与Yin等(2011)和Liu等(2013)的组合特征基本一致。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪地区陡山沱组地层划分与对比

华南峡东地区（黄陵隆起南缘）的陡山沱组是国际上埃迪卡拉纪地层和生物与环境事件的研究热点之一,但近在咫尺的黄陵北缘陡山沱组地层研究相对较少,已有的研究不足以反映黄陵北缘陡山沱组地层的特征,甚至与黄陵南缘地区未能建立起明确的对比关系.选取了黄陵北缘樟村坪及其周边地区的4个完整的陡山沱组剖面进行研究,以完整连续的钻孔剖面为依据,配合露头剖面的宏观沉积现象,对埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组进行详细的划分和对比.将樟村坪地区陡山沱组岩石地层划分出4个岩性段,并在层序地层学上划分出两个半三级层序,层序界面分别位于陡山沱组底界、陡山沱组第二段第二亚段顶界和陡山沱组第三段与第四段分界处.通过与黄陵隆起南缘陡山沱组各段岩性比较分析,建立了南、北缘地层对比联系,从而为黄陵北缘磷矿区的地层学研究奠定了基础.      

鄂西宜昌地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组页岩沉积环境及其页岩气地质意义

基于鄂西宜昌黄陵隆起周缘不同古地理部位埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组剖面的野外调查,岩石矿物和碳同位素样品的成分分析,页岩地球化学分析和物性实验结果,系统研究宜昌地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段页岩地层格架与分布、形成环境、地球化学和页岩气储集层特征.结果表明峡东宜昌地区在埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段下部页岩沉积于氧化环境,而中上部黑色页岩沉积形成于还原环境,碳酸盐是甲烷泄漏的结果.陡山沱组二段暗色泥页岩地层厚度超过50 m,有机碳含量(TOC)普遍大于1%,局部地区超过2%,有机质类型以Ⅰ型和Ⅱ 1型为主,成熟度(Ro)变化于1.58% ~ 2.38%之间,平均1.98%;矿物成分主要为碎屑矿物.与美国和中国页岩气主产区的页岩指标相比较,宜昌地区陡山沱组二段泥页岩具有形成页岩气良好地质条件.     

华南黄陵背斜西翼兴山地区乡儿湾剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石

本文首次报道并描述了华南黄陵背斜西翼湖北宜昌兴山县乡儿湾剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段中上部的燧石结核和条带中的疑源类微体化石,经系统鉴定共识别出8属8种,包括Appendisphaera grandis,Crassimembrana multitunica,Leiosphaeridia minutissima,Megasphaera inornata,Schizofusa zangwenlongii,Symphysosphaera basimembrana,Urasphaera nupta,Variomargosphaeridium gracile。该化石组合包含Liu Pengju and Moczyd?owska (2019)所建立的第二生物组合带(Tanarium tuberosum-Schizofusa zangwenlongii组合带)的特征分子Schizofusa zangwenlongii,因此,可尝试性地与第二生物组合带相对比,但未见黄陵背斜东南翼陡山沱组二段的常见属Tianzhushania,据此推测黄陵背斜两翼在古环境上可能有所差异。     

湖北长阳古城埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部的疑源类化石组合

本文系统报道长阳地区陡山沱组底部硅质结核中发现的疑源类微体化石,并在陡山沱组二段中首次发现 Hocosphaeridium scaberfacium.研究发现,长阳古城剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组底界之上13.9-22.6 m处产丰富的疑源类化石,目前己发现大型具刺疑源类化石9属11种(含1个未定种),包括:Distosph...     

华南埃迪卡拉(震旦)系陡山沱组生物地层学研究的新进展

本文重点介绍华南地区埃迪卡拉(震旦)系陡山沱组生物地层学研究的新进展:(1)贵州江口陡山沱组上部黑色页岩中发现保存完美的八辐射螺旋结构的埃迪卡拉型动物化石--八臂仙母虫,首次确立陡山沱组上部庙河生物群层位有埃迪卡拉型动物化石的存在,为该层位与澳大利亚典型埃迪卡拉动物群层位对比提供了重要证据.(2)陡山沱组第二段首次发现有饰天柱山藻,确立了陡山沱组中下部出现的以Tianzhushania属为特征的具刺疑源类下组合带,为同期地层的对比提供了新依据.(3)在峡东地区陡山沱组第三段发现以Tanarium属为特征的具刺疑源类上组合带,它们与断面呈圆形和方形的管状化石共生,层位稳定,分布广泛.这些新古生物的发现,不仅进一步完善了我国埃迪卡拉(震旦)系陡山沱组的生物地层序列,而且为解决全球埃迪卡拉系划分和对比提供了可靠的古生物依据.     

湖北宜昌樟村坪陡山沱组沉积的氧化还原环境及其成磷意义——来自微量元素的约束

通过分析湖北宜昌樟村坪万家沟剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段岩石样品的主量、微量元素,对该区域埃迪卡拉纪海洋的氧化还原状态进行了制约。氧化还原敏感元素的富集系数以及U/Th比值存在着明显的演化趋势,这些趋势显示陡山沱组二段沉积时期海水至少经历了3次含氧量明显减少的过程,并与磷含量显著增加相对应,分别沉积磷质条带、磷块岩和硅质结核白云岩。樟村坪地区下磷矿层沉积于水体由氧化快速转变为缺氧的环境之中。本文研究表明水体的氧化还原状态是影响埃迪卡拉纪成磷的关键因素之一。     

贵州瓮安埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上段底部和下段的遗迹化石

贵州瓮安地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上段产有保存良好的具有生物多样化特征、包含多种门类磷质球粒状化石库的“瓮安生物群”,成为地球早期生物特别是早期后生动物和动物胚胎化石研究的焦点地区。描述了产自瓮安陡山沱组“瓮安生物群”产出层位底部和之下层位的3个后生动物遗迹：Wenganichnus nanbaoensis（ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov.）为具有衬里和半月形回填构造的微弯曲的潜穴管; Doushantuoichnus curvatus（ichnogen. et ichnosp. nov. ）为具有细小横纹脊的中沟和两排呈叠瓦状排列的小羽叶状凸起的表生迹;?Planolites ichnosp. 为任意弯曲的、与围岩岩性略有区别的长线状底迹突起。遗迹化石的形态特征表明它们的造迹生物为沿一定方向运动的、背部与腹部以及前部与后部分化的、两侧对称的蠕虫状后生动物,而非沉积构造。“瓮安生物群”中后生动物的卵和胚胎化石可能系不易保存的软躯体动物的卵和胚胎在水动力作用下与沉积物一起被搬运、沉积,埋藏于较高能浅水环境并处于休眠状态,且被保存。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组C同位素变化及成因

以宜昌樟村坪地区万家沟和白鹭垭2个陡山沱组剖面为研究对象,开展了黄陵背斜北缘浅水沉积区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组C稳定同位素研究。建立了黄陵背斜北缘陡山沱组C稳定同位素曲线,并识别出4次负漂移(ZN1~ZN4),3次正漂移事件(ZP1~ZP3)。其中3次负漂移可以全球对比,1次负漂移(ZN3)在峡东地区可以显著识别。确认了ZN4与DOUNCE事件的对应关系,且该区缺失峡东典型剖面陡山沱组四段。认为ZN1是全球性甲烷渗漏事件的反映;ZN2是区域性海平面下降的反映,与全球WANCE事件有很好的对应关系,而对应年代值要远比Gaskeris冰期时间早;ZN3应当是区域性洋流上升带来贫13C沉积物引起的;ZN4则可以非常好地用埃迪卡拉纪海洋有机碳库氧化来解释。     

宜昌埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组中—下部旋回地层学研究

华南埃迪卡拉纪早期地层记录了多次碳同位素负漂移事件(例如:EN1/CANCE、WANCE、EN2/BAINCE),并产出"蓝田生物群"、"瓮安生物群"和大型带刺疑源类等化石生物群。然而由于缺乏高分辨率的年代格架,使得这些地质事件的年龄及地层对比问题长期存在争议。本研究使用自然伽马测井曲线作为古气候替代指标,对宜昌地区九龙湾岩芯陡山沱组中—下部沉积地层进行了高分辨率旋回地层学研究,发现该段约1m的沉积旋回代表405 kyr的长偏心率周期。根据长偏心率周期进行天文年代校准,并采用九龙湾岩芯陡山沱组Ⅱ段底部火山灰层的锆石TIMSU-Pb年龄(635.2±0.6Ma)作为绝对年龄锚点,得到陡山沱组Ⅱ段顶部年龄为591.4±0.6Ma,并将EN2/BAINCE结束年龄约束为约591 Ma,这远早于Gaskiers冰期发生的时间(约580 Ma)。本研究为进一步探讨陡山沱组中—下部所记录的古环境和生物演化事件提供了高分辨率年代格架。     

Acanthomorph Biostratigraphic Succession of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the East Yangtze Gorges, South China

Large acanthomorphic acritarchs have been found in chert of the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at several localities in South China, including the East Yangtze Gorges of Hubei Province, Weng’an area of Guizhou Province, and elsewhere. However, their potential for biostratigraphic subdivision and correlation of Ediacaran successions is limited by facies control, taphonomic biases, and taxonomic problems. In the Yangtze Gorges, the Doushantuo Formation is generally subdivided into four lithologic members. However, in the Weng’an area, the Doushantuo Formation comprises just a lower and upper part separated by a mid-Doushantuo erosional surface. In the Yangtze Gorges at the Zhangcunping section, the Doushantuo succession is similar to that at Weng’an. So far, the correlation between the Yangtze Gorges and Weng’an area, and elsewhere has been an issue of debate. To resolve the debate, we selected eight sections in the Yangtze Gorges area and systemically sampled chert nodules of the Doushantuo Formation, focusing in particular on the upper Doushantuo Formation. Our data confirm two different assemblages appearing separately in the second and third members, which are separated by a negative δ13C excursion (EN2). The lower assemblage is characterized by Tianzhushania and a diverse suite of large acanthomorphic acritarchs. The upper assemblage is distinguished from the lower assemblage, by (1) absence of Tianzhushania; (2) occurrence of abundant, 100–150 μm, smooth-walled spherical microfossils; (3) occurrence of highly diverse acanthomorphic acritarchs including species extending from the second member and new forms in this member; (4) occurrence of unnamed new forms of protist; and (5) occurrence of the tubular microfossil Sinocyclocylicus guizhouensis. Since the Tianzhushania-dominated assemblage is not present in Australia, it seems that only the upper acanthomorph assemblage is present and thus the lower Doushantuo acanthomorph assemblage is missing in Australia.     

峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组碳同位素特征研究进展与国内外对比

本文重点通过研究峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组碳同位素的变化规律,来探讨其全球地层对比意义.峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组经历了三次比较显著的碳同位素负漂移(EN1~EN3)和两次正漂移(EP1、EP2).第一次碳同位素负漂移(ENI)发生在南沱冰期之后陡山沱组底部盖帽碳酸盐岩层位及其上部的白云岩,与世界其他地区Marinoan冰期之后盖帽碳酸盐岩的碳同位素负漂移可进行对比;第二次碳同位素负漂移(EN2)发生在陡山沱组中部;第三次负漂移(EN3)发生在陡山沱组顶部,是该地质历史时期持续时间最长的一期碳同位素负漂移,同澳大利亚、阿曼、纳米比亚、加里福尼亚、西伯利亚、苏格兰等地碳同位素异常均可进行对比.两次正漂移(EP1、EP2)分别位于第二段中部和第三段的下部,分别与陡山沱组所含的两个疑源类组合具有很好的对应关系;而EN3则与陡山沱组上部所含的宏体化石组合(庙河生物群)相对应;表明碳同位素的变化与生物演化具有一定的对应关系.研究表明,利用碳同位素变化特征进行埃迪卡拉纪地层洲际对比是行之有效的手段之一.     

Quantitative evaluation of the biostratigraphic distribution of acanthomorphic acritarchs in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China

Doushantuo acanthomorphic acritarchs are large morphologically complex organic-walled microfossils broadly constrained between the 635 Ma Nantuo glaciation and the 551 Ma Miaohe Biota. They are potential biostratigraphic tools for subdivision and correlation of the Ediacaran System in South China. However, major variations in sedimentary facies and stratigraphic thickness present challenges in understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of these acritarchs. Further, the distribution of acritarchs in the Doushantuo Formation is associated with the presence of early diagenetic chert and phosphate, implying a certain degree of preservational bias and/or environmental control. The purpose of this paper is to document the stratigraphic distribution of Doushantuo acritarchs and to quantitatively evaluate their biostratigraphic significance and possible taphonomic–environmental biases, based on high-resolution paleontological data from six sections over 100 km in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China.A total of 1082 acritarch fossils were recorded from 84 chert horizons in the six sections of the study area. These chert horizons are not uniformly distributed throughout the Doushantuo Formation, thus the presence/absence of early diagenetic chert does play a role in controlling the distribution of acritarchs. The sampled chert horizons can be grouped into two stratigraphic intervals in the lower and upper Doushantuo Formation, respectively, based on regional stratigraphic correlation. Quantitative analysis shows that the two intervals are distinct taxonomically and largely independent of taphonomic or facies controls. Thus, the two intervals can be regarded as assemblage biozones. The lower biozone (biozone 1) is numerically dominated by Tianzhushania spinosa (n = 587; 68.3%) and Meghystrichosphaeridium magnificum (n = 74; 8.6%), whereas the upper biozone (biozone 2) is dominated by Ericiasphaera rigida (n = 104; 47.1%) and Tianzhushania spinosa (n = 34; 14.1%). The three most common genera, Meghystrichosphaeridium, Tianzhushania, and Ericiasphaera, have been identified in all sections. Correspondence analysis (CA), detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), discriminant analysis (DA), and pairwise comparisons of samples (Spearman rank coefficient and Jaccard–Chao index), all consistently support biostratigraphic zonations. Thus, the distribution of the Doushantuo acanthomorphs is primarily controlled by biostratigraphic position of samples, with facies and taphonomic differences playing a secondary role. Our case study suggests that acanthomorphic acritarchs can offer a viable tool for regional correlation of the Ediacaran System.     

Megascopic Symmetrical Metazoans from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Northeastern Guizhou, South China

In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo (陡山沱)Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran.The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological annelid, for many metameres, parapodia, one possible tentale, an alimentary canal, and a dorsal vessel. The triradiate discoidal fossil is belong to Trilobozoa, and the octaradiate discoidal fossil might be Ctenophora. All these fossils indicate that the megascopic metazoans have appeared in the Doushantuoian of Eidacaran and imply that the symmetrical metazoans must have originated at least 550 Ma ago.     

扬子板块埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)陡山沱组层序地层划分与对比

在对扬子板块埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组不同相区的25条代表性剖面野外研究基础上,通过沉积岩石学和岩相序列特征的系统分析,认为陡山沱组沉积时期曾发生3次二级海平面升降事件。依据3个海平面升降转换面,可识别出3个层序底界面:(1)陡山沱组底部与下伏南华系南沱组及其同期层位的冰碛杂砾岩之间的界面;(2)在浅水沉积区陡山沱组中部和上部分别出现喀斯特侵蚀面;(3)在深水沉积区相应层序界面为岩相结构转换面。依据火山灰锆石U-Pb同位素年龄,可将陡山沱组层序地层划分为2个半二级层序或超层序(SS1,SS2和SS3-TST),其中SS1时限为35Ma(635~600Ma),SS2时限为35Ma(600~565Ma),SS3-TST时限为14Ma(565~551Ma)。陡山沱组底部广泛发育的盖帽白云岩底和3个层序内的最大海泛面可以作为4个相对等时面,结合事件沉积标志层,可建立扬子板块陡山沱组从浅水沉积区至深水沉积区等时性二级层序地层划分对比格架。研究结果表明,三峡地区陡山沱组四段式划分方案不适用于整个扬子板块内陡山沱组的区域地层划分和对比。因而,建议扬子板块陡山沱组应该以二级层序地层为基础,结合化学地层和生物地层进行综合划分和对比。陡山沱组新的地层划分对比格架为研究陡山沱组古地理演变和编制该时期高精度的岩相古地理图奠定了基础。     

峡东陡山沱组一些微化石的再研究

陡山沱期在生物进化中是一个重要的阶段,这一时期不仅在动物界而且在植物界均有明显的变化.峡东陡山沱组多种多样的微化石已有众多报道.这个生物群落包括浮游的球形体、底栖的藻丝体和瓶状微化石.最近笔者重新研究了陡山沱组薄片中的微化石,这些微生物三维地保存在几乎未蚀变的条件下,以丰富的具剌疑源类为特征,主要者有Baltisphaeridium,Filisphaeridium,Tianzhushania和Comaspheridium等.陡山沱组的碳酸盐岩相具刺疑源类和瓶状微化石与产自Spitsbergen的化石近似.这似乎说明陡山沱组与位于Spitsbergen东北部的Svanbergfjellet组沉积可以对比.但由于化石只发现在少数薄片中,因此上述结论可能是片面的,这些化石可能只代表峡东陡山沱组生态环境的一部分.