Public perceptions of foreign and Chinese real estate investment: intercultural relations in Global Sydney

Moving foreign human and financial capital through landed property is not a new phenomenon in Sydney. It is a recurring geopolitical strategy that is replete with intercultural tension and deep colonial roots. In contemporary Australia, there is an assumption in public policy and media rhetoric that there is a high level of public concern about foreign investment. However, there is little empirical data that examines public perceptions. In this study, we are interested in whether the dominant voices in this debate represent broad public views about this issue. We sought to fill this gap by conducting a survey of almost 900 Sydney residents, looking at their perceptions of foreign and Chinese investment. We find high levels of public concern and discontent about foreign investment amongst Sydneysiders, with Chinese investors being a key target of this discontent. In the context of high housing prices in Sydney, there were widely held concerns about housing affordability. Survey respondents had a sophisticated understanding of what influences house prices, but with an overemphasis on the role of foreign investment. There is a general lack of support for policy that encourages foreign investment, and a lack of confidence in how the government is regulating foreign investment. Half of our participants reported that they would not welcome Chinese foreign investment in their suburb.     

Cities on the global real estate marketplace: urban development policy and the circulation of financial standards in two French localities

ABSTRACT

Departing from localized accounts of the role of local governments in the financialization of the built environment, this article outlines their contribution to the process through increasing attendance at global real estate fairs such as the Marché international des professionnels de l’immobilier (Mipim), where they showcase investment opportunities. Following urban political economy approaches centered on the transcalar intermediations of financialization, Mipim is conceptualized as a site of the circulation of the expectations of investors that involves spatial and temporal dimensions. Based on a comparison of two local authorities in France, namely the Grand Lyon metropolitan authority and Saint-Ouen municipality, the article examines the motives, modalities, and outcomes of their attendance. If both committed to the event despite opposite political agendas, the impact of Mipim has been more significant in the case of the Grand Lyon, where the metropolitan authority adjusted not only the type of showcased projects over the years, but also their content as well as its local planning strategy. The article explains why and how, and discusses under which conditions Mipim is not a mere display showcase, but instead can actively contribute to the adjustment of urban space and governance to the requirements of financial markets.     

空间分析方法在房地产市场研究中的应用--以北京市为例

基于北京市2003年普通住宅数据,利用空间分析中点模式分析、空间自相关分析和空间插值方法等,对北京市房地产,尤其是普通住宅的空间格局进行分析。研究表明,北京市房地产发展在空间上具有强烈的集聚特点,而房价的空间自相关特性也非常明显。空间分析方法提供了准确认识、评价和综合理解空间位置和空间相互作用的手段,为定量研究空间格局提供了支持。在房地产发展等社会经济现象研究中,空间分析方法强调了“位置”因素的重要性,是刻画房地产空间格局的理想工具。     

长三角地区城市投资联系水平的时空动态及影响因素

基于2003—2018年企业股权关联投资数据,融合社会网络分析、马尔可夫链分析和空间计量方法,从全球、全国和区域尺度探析长三角地区城市投资联系水平的时空动态特征及影响因素。研究发现：① 长三角地区各尺度的城际投资规模大幅提升,与关境外地区、关境内地区和长三角区域内的投资联系分别呈现服务业驱动型、制造业驱动型和行业均衡型特征。② 各尺度城市投资网络呈现区域指向性和多中心演化特征,上海、杭州、南京等在长三角地区逐渐发挥对外辐合全球和全国投资、对长三角地区内部辐射区域的作用。③ 与关境外、关境内和区域内的城市投资联系水平空间分布不均,以沪宁合杭甬发展廊道为支撑的空间结构逐渐凸显,并分别呈现低水平区集中连片分布、改善空间先沿海后内陆扩张、中低水平区广域化扩张的突出特征。④ 城市投资联系水平整体呈现向邻近较高水平方向转移态势,很难实现跨越式转移,存在显著的俱乐部趋同效应和马太效应。随着空间尺度的扩大,向较高水平方向转移的难度随之增大,俱乐部趋同效应和马太效应也随之增强。地理空间格局在各尺度的城市投资联系水平状态转移中发挥着重要作用,发展水平较高和较低的城市对周边城市分别产生正向和负向的空间溢出效应。⑤ 产业基础、劳动力成本、城市行政级别对各尺度的城市投资联系水平均有显著影响,创新能力对各尺度的城市投资联系水平均未产生显著影响,时间距离对全球和全国尺度的城市投资联系水平影响显著,经济全球化仅对全球尺度的城市投资联系水平产生显著影响。     

外来投资与西部城市发展的关系——以兰州市为例

通过外来投资与城市发展关系的理论分析,研究了外来投资对西部城市发展的影响机制和影响模式,认为随着外资投入类型、方式和规模的差异,将对所投入城市造成不同程度的影响。并以兰州市为例,利用近年来兰州市外来投资的资料,分析了外来投资对兰州市发展可能造成的直接和间接影响,对前述理论进行了实证,最后提出了兰州市引进外来投资的政策建议。     

Ornamental plants and the production of nature(s) in the Spanish real estate boom and bust: the case of Alicante

The Spanish real estate boom and bust of the 2000s caused immense economic, social, and environmental changes across the country. Massive urbanization, however, does not necessarily entail the end of nature and natural processes, instead marking a radical transformation of environments and societies. Through a political ecology approach, we analyze how ornamental species have become a fundamental part of new natures induced by urbanization in the Spanish province of Alicante. We connect the economic and ecological characteristics of ornamental plants like the palm tree to urbanization and real estate trends in Alicante. Our evidence indicates that, in Alicante, economic recession and environmental crises (manifested in the pests affecting palm trees) have mutually reinforced one other, creating a new geography of ecological desolation in many areas.     

中国北方农牧交错带城市扩展过程对植被净初级生产力影响研究——以呼包鄂地区为例

评价中国北方农牧交错带城市扩展过程对植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）的影响是揭示区域城市扩展过程生态效应的基础。以正在经历快速城市化的呼包鄂地区为例,基于空间分辨率为30 m的土地利用/覆盖数据,评价了该地区2000-2015 年城市扩展过程对NPP的影响。研究结果表明,呼包鄂地区城市扩展导致NPP明显增加,2000-2015 年城市扩展区域NPP均值从429.67 NDVI·PAR增加到489.71 NDVI·PAR,增加了13.97%。呼包鄂地区以城市土地占用草地为主要特征的城市扩展方式是城市扩展区域NPP增加的主要原因。     

中国城市用地与人口规模分布时空动态比较——以环渤海地区为例

复合1992-2012年DMSP/OLS稳定夜间灯光等多源遥感数据和统计数据,运用多种城市规模分布理论方法,对城市用地与人口规模分布时空演变特征进行系统比较。结果表明：环渤海地区城市用地规模增长速度明显快于城市人口规模增长速度,城市人口规模分布比城市用地规模分布更为均衡;城市用地规模呈首位型分布但首位优势在减弱,城市人口规模呈位次型分布但首位优势在增强;位序迅速上升的城市主要位于山东省和河北省,位序显著下降的城市主要位于辽宁省。环渤海地区城市规模空间分布呈显著的区域差异和空间极化特征,且城市用地规模分布空间特征比城市人口规模分布更为突出。研究结论可为优化区域城市空间开发格局、促进人地系统可持续发展提供参考。     

城市群金融等别视角下的长三角金融资源流动研究——以城市商业银行异地扩张为例

金融资源在节点间无障碍流动不仅有利于金融资源更有效的利用,而且对于缓解地区金融资源的供需矛盾,推动地区经济发展意义重大。基于金融等别城市空间作用理论、以长三角城市商业银行异地扩张为例构建城市金融资源流动网络,借助社会网络分析工具和Dagum方法研究各等别城市2008-2014年金融资源的流动程度、流动路径选择和流动协调性问题。研究发现：① 地级市之间流动密度最大,随着时间增长较快,其次是县级市流往地级市,其他类城市间的流动密度相对较小;② 地级市之间的流动呈现“均匀扩散”特征,而地级市到县市之间的流动则存在“条件扩散”特征。省级边界影响最大,其次是城市间经济水平差距和金融发展水平差距;③ 县级市内部的金融资源流入差异程度最大,各市县城市内金融资源的流入存在“马太效应”的倾向。表明：长三角目前仅仅是地级中心城市之间存在一体化的趋势,中心城市对金融腹地的辐射作用不强,有待挖掘。因此,一方面,宏观层面的一体化政策要做到县市,另一方面,各县市自身（特别是落后县市）也要加大力度改善目前经济金融环境。     

基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题

社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权（housing rights）、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。     

Drivers of water pollutant discharge in urban agglomerations and their scale effects: Empirical analysis of 305 counties in the Yangtze River Delta

Revealing the drivers and scale effects of water pollutant discharges is an important issue in the study of the environmental consequences during urban agglomeration evolution. It is also a prerequisite for realizing collaborative water pollutant reduction and environmental governance in urban agglomerations. This paper takes 305 counties in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) as an example and selects chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) as two distinctive pollutant indicators, using the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) and Spatial Error Model (SEM) to estimate the drivers of water pollutant discharges in 2011 and 2016. Then the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression (MGWR) model is constructed to diagnose the scale effect and spatial heterogeneity of the drivers. The findings show that the size of population, the level of urbanization, and the economic development level show global-level increase impacts on water pollutant discharges, while the level of industrialization, social fixed assets investment, foreign direct investment, and local fiscal decentralization are local-level impacts. The spatial heterogeneity of local drivers presents the following characteristics: Social fixed assets investment has a strong promoting effect on both COD and NH₃-N discharges in the Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou region and the coastal area of the YRD; industrialization has a promoting effect on COD discharges in the Taihu Lake basin and Zhejiang province; foreign direct investment has a local inhibitory effect on NH₃-N discharge, and the pollution halo effect is more prominent in the marginal areas of the YRD such as northern Jiangsu, northern Anhui, and southern Zhejiang; local fiscal decentralization has a noticeable inhibitory effect on COD discharge in the central areas of the YRD, reflecting the positive impacts on improved local environmental awareness and stronger constraints of multilevel environmental regulations in the urban agglomeration. Therefore, it is recommended to guide greener development to reduce the water pollutant discharge; to embed an environmental push-back mechanism in the fields of industrial production, capital investment, and financial income and expenditure; and to establish a high-quality development pattern of urban agglomerations systematically compatible with the carrying capacity of the water environment.     

创新政策环境对外商直接投资区位选择的影响——以珠江三角洲核心区六市为例

外商直接投资(FDI)企业按知识基础类型可分为解析型、合成型和象征型,从政策工具维度对珠江三角洲核心区六市2007-2016年的创新政策进行文本分析,以创新政策强度和创新政策协同度两个指标量化评估珠三角核心区六市创新政策环境,利用多项式逻辑回归模型识别和检验创新政策环境对异质性知识基础的外商直接投资企业区位选择的影响....     

Driving factors and spatiotemporal effects of environmental stress in urban agglomeration: Evidence from the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China

Environmental stress is used as an indicator of the overall pressure on regional environmental systems caused by the output of various pollutants as a result of human activities. Based on the pollutant emissions and socioeconomic databases of the counties in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, this paper comprehensively calculates the environmental stress index(ESI) for the urban agglomeration using the entropy weight method(EWM) at the county scale and analyzes the spatiotemporal patterns and the differences among the four types of major functional zones(MFZ) for the period 2012–2016. In addition, the socioeconomic driving forces of environmental stress are quantitatively estimated using the geographically weighted regression(GWR) method based on the STIRPAT model framework. The results show that:(1) The level of environmental stress in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region was significantly alleviated during that time period, with a decrease in ESI of 54.68% by 2016. This decrease was most significant in Beijing, Tangshan, Tianjin, Shijiazhuang, and other central urban areas, as well as the Binhai New Area. The level of environmental stress in counties decreased gradually from the central urban areas to the suburban areas, and the high-level stress counties were eliminated by 2016.(2) The spatial spillover effect of environmental stress increased further at the county scale from 2012 to 2016, and spatial locking and path dependence emerged in the cities of Tangshan and Tianjin.(3) Urbanized zones(development-optimized and development-prioritized zones) were the major areas bearing environmental pollution in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region in that time period. The ESI accounted for 65.98% of the whole region, where there was a need to focus on the prevention and control of environmental pollution.(4) The driving factors of environmental stress at the county scale included population size and the level of economic development. In addition, the technical capacity of environmental waste disposal, the intensity of agricultural production input, the intensity of territorial development, and the level of urbanization also had a certain degree of influence.(5) There was spatial heterogeneity in the effects of the various driving factors on the level of environmental stress. Thus, it was necessary to adopt differentiated environmental governance and reduction countermeasures in respect of emission sources, according to the intensity and spatiotemporal differences in the driving forces in order to improve the accuracy and adaptability of environmental collaborative control in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.     

Hog Daddy and the Walls of Steel: Catch Shares and Ecosystem Change in the New England Groundfishery

The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration implemented market-based fishery management in the New England groundfishery as catch shares, controlling aggregate harvests through tradable annual catch quotas allocated to fishing groups called sectors. Policy supporters assert that resulting markets raise conservation incentives. In compliance with the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, species assessments permit catch shares to replace more spatially and temporally specific constraints on fishing gear, time, areas, and daily harvest limits. Qualitative evidence from field interviews and participant observation questions the efficacy of catch shares. Fishing industry members observe that increased presence of large trawl vessels in previously protected areas damages fish subpopulations and benthic habitat. Regulatory bioeconomic models fail to consider these lay observations. The consequent inability of quota markets to recognize the materiality of human–environment relationships at the spatiotemporal scales of fishing activity, and to internalize associated externalities, may have devastating consequences for the fishery.     

2000-2013年中国城市群经济绩效动态实证分析——基于DEA和Malmquist生产率指数法

在全球化和新型城镇化大背景下,城市群是辐射面最广、潜力最大、活力最强的核心增长极,但其高速成长背后是各类要素的大量投入,客观评估城市群经济绩效对于推动中国城镇化持续健康发展意义深远。在总结既有研究的基础上,选取中国13个典型城市群为样本,以2000-2013年为研究时段,采用资本、土地、劳动、科技和经济五大要素长时间序列数据,在全要素生产率(TFP)分析框架下,通过数据包络分析方法(DEA)静态评价时间截面的城市群投入产出效率,进而运用Malmquist生产率指数法动态分析城市群TFP年际变化,探讨其时空格局和内在演化机制。研究发现：城市群经济绩效进步明显,但空间分布仍不均衡;科技进步贡献的滞后在一定程度上抵消了通过规模扩张和资源配置优化带来的正效应,只有长三角、珠三角和京津冀三大城市群初步实现依靠科技进步促进发展,表明各城市群所处发展阶段和动力机制差异显著。据此,提出针对不同地区、不同发展阶段城市群的发展策略。     

中国城市日企的同业与同源效应——以京、沪、广、深为例

日本外商直接投资(Foreign Direct Investment, FDI)企业在中国北京、上海和广深等典型城市高度集聚,现有研究一方面将FDI均质化处理,缺乏精细的产业划分,另一方面缺少国家内部的同源集聚分析,同时对典型城市集聚的异同性关注不够。为弥补研究不足,论文在集聚的研究基础上,重点关注日企集中分布的典型城市,对比其同业集聚效应和同源集聚效应。选取1984—2017年日本在北京、上海和广深的FDI企业级数据,利用多项Logistic回归分析方法,以广深为参照系,建立分别包括7个方程在内的同业集聚效应模型和同源集聚效应模型,同步考虑企业所属行业和价值链环节、进入模式与时间等企业异质性控制变量,分析京、沪、广深两效应的异同。研究结果表明：日企在中国典型城市的同业效应和同源效应异同性明显。具体表现在：第一,上海同业效应和异业效应最为显著,且结果稳健,广深同业效应略强于北京,但结果稳健性较差;第二,上海同源和异源效应结果稳健且显著,企业的追随效应较强,北京和广深差异较小;第三,企业属性变量的引入,有效提升了模型的解释力度。上海的日企进入时间较早,各地企业规模整体差别不大。上海日企进入模式以独资为主,北京和广深以合资为主,但独资化趋势明显;北京行业结构中服务业占比较高,广深制造业独大;广深和上海产业链环节中侧重生产制造和进出口贸易环节,北京商务服务和研发设计布局较多。