青藏高原东北缘牛首山-罗山断裂带新生代构造变形与演化

牛首山-罗山断裂带分隔了青藏高原东北缘和鄂尔多斯地块两大构造单元,是青藏高原东北缘最外缘的一条断裂带。通过断裂带内详细的构造变形测量,结合区域构造分析与筛分,获得新生代4期构造应力场。通过年代学的初步研究,提出牛首山-罗山断裂带新生代构造演化序列,即：始新世末-渐新世近N S向挤压逆冲变形、中新世晚期-上新世NWSE向挤压与左行走滑活动、上新世末-中更新世NNESSW向挤压与右行走滑活动、晚更新世以来近E W向挤压与伸展构造。其中强烈的构造变形起始于中新世晚期,表明青藏高原东北缘的边界扩展在中新世晚期已经到达该断裂带。研究结果表明,牛首山-罗山断裂带在不同阶段的构造演化过程与印度欧亚大陆碰撞及青藏高原隆升过程密切相关,同时记录了青藏高原东北缘向外侧扩展和鄂尔多斯地块新生代构造转换的构造过程。     

西秦岭北缘构造带新生代盆地南部边界断层带结构与构造变形演化

西秦岭北缘构造带是青藏高原东北缘的主要构造边界之一,北缘断层及其所控制的新生代沉积盆地是青藏高原东北缘新生代盆—山格局演化、高原扩展隆升与变形的地质记录。因此,西秦岭北缘构造带的断裂构造和断裂控制的沉积盆地研究对于理解青藏高原构造系统形成和高原隆升过程都具有重要的科学意义。本文通过对西秦岭北缘新生代盆地的南部边界断层F1断层结构分带、断层岩类型、几何学—运动学特征分析,获得如下认识：1）F1断层总体走向为290°～300°,倾向北北东,倾角60°～80°,发育近百米宽的由韧性、韧脆性和脆性断层岩等组成的结构复杂的断层带;2）构造分析揭示了F1断层至少经历了 3期构造变形事件,第一期为韧性—韧脆性伸展正断层作用,第二期为脆性高角度挤压逆冲断层作用,第三期为近直立的脆性斜向左旋走滑作用;3）该断层近百米宽的断层带内形成于不同构造层次的韧性、韧脆性、脆性等变形现象叠加交织出现在现今地壳浅表层次,说明该断层带经历了从早期较深层次韧性变形域逐渐抬升而进入晚期较浅层次的脆韧性变形域到现今的脆性变形域的韧—脆性变形机制转换;4）根据F1断层对西秦岭北缘渐新统—中新统漳县含盐红层盆地的空间构造配置、控制和改造以及新生代区域构造变形演化历史分析,认为第一期韧性—韧脆性伸展正断层作用与渐新世—中新世断陷盆地形成相匹配,活动时代为晚渐新世—晚中新世;第二期脆性高角度挤压逆冲作用与渐新世—中新世地层翘起、褶皱和底部抬升剥蚀及上新世磨拉石盆地充填相对应,活动时代应该始于中新世末期或上新世早期,持续至第四纪早期;第三期斜向左旋走滑则与西秦岭北缘断层带第四纪以来广泛发育的左旋走滑作用相对应。综上所述,西秦岭北缘新生代漳县盆地南部边界断层F1,虽然仅是北缘构造带中一条断层,但作为构造敏感带,其多期变形历史应该代表了青藏高原东北缘新生代以来的构造变形演化及构造体制转换过程。如果这一新生代沉积盆地边界断层F1在渐新世—中新世一直处于伸展正断作用,那么西秦岭北缘在这个阶段应该处于地壳伸展拉张状态,渐新世—中新世漳县盆地只能是伸展断陷盆地而不可能是挤压挠曲前陆盆地或压陷盆地。因此,我们认为印度—欧亚板块碰撞汇聚产生的构造挤压缩短和地壳隆升效应在中新世尚未波及到西秦岭北缘区域。F1断层在中新世末—上新世初的构造反转挤压冲断和上新世具有再生前陆磨拉石堆积出现才标志着西秦岭北缘卷入青藏高原挤压构造动力学系统。     

青藏高原东西向伸展及其地质意义

东西和南北向伸展是青藏高原最显著的地质特征之一。南北向伸展形成的东西走向伸展构造,主要包括藏南拆离系(STDS),和沿喀喇昆仑—嘉黎断裂带(KJFZ)发育的正断层体系。东西向伸展形成数目众多的南北走向伸展构造,它们切割青藏高原几乎所有的东西走向构造单元,包括羌塘地块、KJFZ和STDS等,说明东西向伸展以整体形式发生并同时波及整个青藏高原,而不是由以KJFZ和STDS为边界的不同地块的不均匀挤出所致。南北走向伸展构造在地表呈之字形,为南北向挤压形成的追踪张断裂;剖面上表现为被后期高角度正断层叠加的拆离断层,拆离断层形成于中-晚中新世而高角度正断层形成于上新世及以后。导致拆离断层的东西向伸展可能是南北向挤压的变形分解,后期高角度正断层作用可能是高原隆升后的垮塌所致。东西向伸展是控制青藏高原新生代浅色花岗岩和盆地形成的主要因素。     

大陆构造变形与地震活动——以青藏高原为例

大陆内部构造变形和地震活动往往突显出复杂的、区域性的特征,很难用板块构造理论来解释。青藏高原是大陆构造变形的典型实例,具有不同构造变形的分区特征,不仅表现在物质组成、地形地貌和断裂组合等方面的不同,而且还表现出不同的地震活动特征。东昆仑断裂带以北的青藏高原北部地块,主要发育一系列挤压环境下的盆岭构造,表现为以连续变形为特征的上地壳挤压缩短变形;高原中北部巴颜喀拉地块,具有整体向东运动的特点,变形主要集中在其边缘,表现为刚性块体运动特征。在东部,由于稳定的四川盆地(扬子地块)的阻挡,位于龙日坝和龙门山断裂带之间相对坚硬的龙门山地区受到东西向强烈挤压,西部边界为伸展变形;在高原中央腹地羌塘地块西部,由于上地壳物质在向东挤出的驱动下不断变形,沿一系列小型正断层和走滑断层以伸展变形为主,表现为弥散型变形特征。相比之下,羌塘地块的东部向东-南东方向挤出,在大型走滑断层之间形成一个刚性块体;高原南部地块以东西向伸展的南北向裂谷系为主要变形特征,高原南缘以南北向挤压的大型逆冲断裂系为特征。历史地震和仪器记录的大地震(M≥8)只发生在高原东北和东南部的大型走滑带,以及东部和南部边缘的大型逆冲断裂上,沿...     

青藏高原东北缘何时卷入现今青藏高原构造系统?——来自西秦岭北缘漳县盆地新生代沉积记录的约束

新生代以来印度-欧亚板块持续碰撞汇聚形成号称世界第三极的青藏高原。青藏高原的扩展生长和构造变形系统形成的动力学过程是地球科学研究的重大科学问题。青藏高原东北缘新生代以来构造演化过程及其与印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的动力学耦合关系研究对于揭示青藏高原扩展生长过程具有重要地质意义。尽管前人已经开展了大量研究探索,提出各种构造-隆升模型,但青藏高原东北缘何时卷入印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的青藏高原构造系统尚未达成共识。作为青藏高原东北缘组成部分的西秦岭北缘构造带漳县地区不仅新生代地层记录齐全,而且断裂构造发育,构造变形现象丰富,是研究青藏高原东北缘新生代构造演化及印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚远程构造响应的良好区域。通过对西秦岭北缘构造带漳县地区新生代沉积盆地地层构造格架、沉积地层序列和沉积旋回等详细野外观测研究,结合区域断裂带几何学-运动学及变形历史分析,取得如下认识:(1)西秦岭北缘漳县地区新生代沉积地层主要由为不整合分隔的两套构造性质完全不同的构造地层单元组成,即渐新世—中新世伸展断陷盆地沉积和上新世再生前陆磨拉石盆地沉积;(2)渐新世—中新世时期的地壳伸展拉张构造环境与印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的挤压环境相悖,指示了西秦岭北缘在渐新世—中新世尚未卷入现今的印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚构造系统;(3)上新世磨拉石盆地的发育标志着西秦岭北缘构造带从伸展到挤压的构造体制转换,可能指示了印度-欧亚碰撞汇聚的挤压构造作用这时才波及西秦岭北缘;(4)上新世粗砾岩、西秦岭造山带地层和中生代沉积地层共同经历了抬升剥蚀作用,形成了西秦岭北缘广泛发育的夷平面。第四纪以来夷平面的抬升和解体、现代河流侵蚀系统和多级河流阶地的出现,指示了青藏高原东北缘整体的不均匀大规模抬升而进入现今青藏高原构造系统。     

西秦岭北缘漳县新生代伸展断陷盆地确定及其地质意义

西秦岭北缘断裂带新生代以来挤压逆冲变形起始于何时?挤压逆冲变形之前是否经历过伸展拉张过程?北缘断裂带北侧的新生代红层盆地到底是类前陆压陷挠曲盆地还是拉张断陷盆地?上述问题对西秦岭新生代盆-山构造格局重建和印度-欧亚板块碰撞汇聚的远程构造响应的时间与方式等科学问题的认识具有重要的地质约束。本文通过对西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县渐新世—中新世含盐红层盆地沉积序列和沉积旋回特征以及盆地边界断裂之间的几何学-运动学关系分析,认为西秦岭北缘构造带内漳县含盐红层盆地具有拉张伸展动力学背景下形成的断陷盆地的地质特征。西秦岭北缘构造带内渐新世—中新世断陷盆地的确定,指示了印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的青藏高原构造挤压缩短作用至少在盆地沉积充填阶段尚未扩展到西秦岭北缘及以北地区。而漳县含盐红层盆地沉积地层褶皱缩短变形以及之后角度不整合在漳县含盐红层盆地之的上新统韩家沟粗砾岩,可能记录了西秦岭北缘由伸展边界向挤压缩短逆冲边界的转换过程。因此,青藏高原东北缘真正成为青藏高原体系组成部分是在上新世的漳县含盐红层盆地封闭-构造反转之后。这一认识对地学界长期以来认为印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚而导致的高原隆升和构造挤压早在渐新世就已经波及西秦岭北缘的观点提出了挑战。     

青藏高原多向碰撞─揳入隆升地球动力学模式

论证了青藏高原形成与隆升过程中的变形构造格局。岩石圈结构、青藏高原隆升与周边前陆沉积盆地耦合关系、高原隆升的地球动力学模式等。提出青藏高原碰撞-隆升过程中,高原边缘以走滑-挤压构造为主,高原内部以伸展构造为主;高原隆升过程中,岩石圈变形总体是：上部以伸展变形为主,中部以挤压变形为主,下部以伸展变形为主。通过青藏高原及周边岩石圈结构及隆升过程变形作用时-空耦合关系的对比研究,建立起青藏高原隆升机制的多向碰撞-入隆升地球动力学模式。     

青藏高原多向碰撞─揳入隆升地球动力学模式

论证了青藏高原形成与隆升过程中的变形构造格局。岩石圈结构、青藏高原隆升与周边前陆沉积盆地耦合关系、高原隆升的地球动力学模式等。提出青藏高原碰撞-隆升过程中,高原边缘以走滑-挤压构造为主,高原内部以伸展构造为主;高原隆升过程中,岩石圈变形总体是：上部以伸展变形为主,中部以挤压变形为主,下部以伸展变形为主。通过青藏高原及周边岩石圈结构及隆升过程变形作用时-空耦合关系的对比研究,建立起青藏高原隆升机制的多向碰撞-入隆升地球动力学模式。     

喜马拉雅造山带亚东地区晚新生代剥露历史及其构造意义：来自磷灰石和锆石(U- Th)/He数据的约束

喜马拉雅造山带中部亚东地区位于藏南拆离系与南北向裂谷交汇处，是研究青藏高原南北向伸展和东西向伸展构造体制转换的关键地区，该地区新生代构造变形与冷却剥蚀过程对理解青藏高原的隆升历史和深部- 浅部动力学机制具有重要意义。本文对亚东地区开展两个剖面的磷灰石和锆石(U- Th)/He低温热年代学以及QTQt热史模拟分析，结果显示亚东地区大喜马拉雅结晶岩系剖面的10个磷灰石(U- Th)/He年龄分布范围为11.23~4.87 Ma，亚东- 谷露裂谷剖面的锆石和磷灰石(U- Th)/He年龄分别介于9.02~6.48 Ma和8.63~6.13 Ma。综合区域热年代学资料提出亚东地区大喜马拉雅结晶岩系自中新世以来经历了两期快速冷却事件：第一期为中新世中期(16~11 Ma)，由藏南拆离系（哲古拉拆离断层）伸展拆离作用控制的快速冷却，11 Ma前后冷却速率的明显转折变化指示了剥蚀驱动机制的转变，高原伸展体制开始向东西向伸展转换；第二期为中新世晚期到上新世(10~5 Ma)，期间存在由于亚东- 谷露裂谷伸展活动而导致的构造剥露，产生了9~6 Ma极快速冷却，平均冷却速率为290 ℃/Ma，约束了亚东- 谷露裂谷的启动时间为10 Ma左右。沿亚东藏南拆离系向南剖面上，磷灰石(U- Th)/He年龄数据总体呈现“老—新—老”的变化趋势，暗示了经历过部分熔融的大喜马拉雅结晶岩系通过中下地壳渠道流侧向挤出。综合已有的大喜马拉雅结晶岩系的结晶、冷却年代数据，提出大喜马拉雅结晶岩系的剥蚀冷却过程呈现多阶段和不等速特征，即存在25~11 Ma、10~5 Ma以及约3 Ma以来三个主要快速冷却阶段，受控于区域构造活动或者气候剧烈变化。     

西秦岭北缘一个新生代伸展型角度不整合及其地质意义

通过对西秦岭北缘漳县地区渐新统—中新统含盐红层地层与下伏造山带地层之间的角度不整合及其之上的砾岩、地层序列、沉积旋回等特征研究,提出了该角度不整合为伸展型角度不整合的认识。该伸展型角度不整合的存在指示了西秦岭北缘漳县渐新统—中新统含盐红层盆地具有伸展断陷盆地的属性,意味着在渐新世—中新世漳县含盐盆地形成和沉积充填时期,青藏高原东北缘(至少西秦岭北缘)一直处于伸展构造环境。这与印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞汇聚动力学作用向东北缘扩展形成的以挤压缩短和隆升为主的构造环境不协调,也就是说,青藏高原东北缘在渐新世—中新世可能尚未卷入现今青藏高原构造系统。     

Tertiary compressional structures on the Faroe–Rockall Plateau in relation to northeast Atlantic ridge-push and Alpine foreland stresses

A number of compressional anticlinal structures are identified in the western and northern part of the Faroe–Rockall Plateau. These structures occur on that part of the Faroe–Rockall Plateau which was above sea level during the latest phase of Paleocene plateau basalt extrusion. Three post-basalt compressional phases have affected the plateau. Most of the compressional structures in the northern part of the plateau are related to NE–SW- to ENE–WSW-oriented stress which we date to Late Paleocene–Early Eocene. The Oligocene phase is interpreted as resulting from N–S-directed compressional stress which also mainly affected the compressional structures on the northern part of the plateau. Compressional stress from the northwest seemed to affect the whole of the Faroe–Rockall Plateau and we suggest it to be of Miocene age. It is proposed that during the Late Paleocene–Early Eocene phase of compression local structure, and anomalously oriented gravitational ridge-push from the now extinct Aegir Axis contributed to a local NE–SW compressional stress system. The two later deformation phases were apparently connected to the regional northwest European stress system with small local modifications.     

Aspects of the structural evolution of the Lusitanian Basin in Portugal and the shelf and slope area offshore Portugal

The study provides a regional seismic interpretation and mapping of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession of the Lusitanian Basin and the shelf and slope area off Portugal. The seismic study is compared with previous studies of the Lusitanian Basin. From the Late Triassic to the Cretaceous the study area experienced four rift phases and intermittent periods of tectonic quiescence. The Triassic rifting was concentrated in the central part of the Lusitanian Basin and in the southernmost part of the study area, both as symmetrical grabens and half-grabens. The evolution of half-grabens was particularly prominent in the south. The Triassic fault-controlled subsidence ceased during the latest Late Triassic and was succeeded by regional subsidence during the early Early Jurassic (Hettangian) when deposition of evaporites took place. A second rift phase was initiated in the Early Jurassic, most likely during the Sinemurian–Pliensbachian. This resulted in minor salt movements along the most prominent faults. The second phase was concentrated to the area south of the Nazare Fault Zone and resulted here in the accumulation of a thick Sinemurian–Callovian succession. Following a major hiatus, probably as a result of the opening of the Central Atlantic, resumed deposition occurred during the Late Jurassic. Evidence for Late Jurassic fault-controlled subsidence is widespread over the whole basin. The pattern of Late Jurassic subsidence appears to change across the Nazare Fault Zone. North of the Nazare Fault, fault-controlled subsidence occurred mainly along NNW–SSE-trending faults and to the south of this fault zone a NNE–SSW fault pattern seems to dominate. The Oxfordian rift phase is testified in onlapping of the Oxfordian succession on salt pillows which formed in association with fault activity. The fourth and final rift phase was in the latest Late Jurassic or earliest Early Cretaceous. The Jurassic extensional tectonism resulted in triggering of salt movement and the development of salt structures along fault zones. However, only salt pillow development can be demonstrated. The extensional tectonics ceased during the Early Cretaceous. During most of the Cretaceous, regional subsidence occurred, resulting in the deposition of a uniform Lower and Upper Cretaceous succession. Marked inversion of former normal faults, particularly along NE–SW-trending faults, and development of salt diapirs occurred during the Middle Miocene, probably followed by tectonic pulses during the Late Miocene to present. The inversion was most prominent in the central and southern parts of the study area. In between these two areas affected by structural inversion, fault-controlled subsidence resulted in the formation of the Cenozoic Lower Tagus Basin. Northwest of the Nazare Fault Zone the effect of the compressional tectonic regime quickly dies out and extensional tectonic environment seems to have prevailed. The Miocene compressional stress was mainly oriented NW–SE shifting to more N–S in the southern part.     

辽东湾—下辽河盆地新生代构造的运动学特征及其演化过程

辽东湾－下辽河盆地是一个富含油气的新生代裂陷盆地。裂陷作用使盆地区的地壳或岩石圈被不同尺度的断裂肢解为形体各异的断块体,并使这些断块体在复杂而有规律的运动过程中形成了裂陷盆地及盆地中的两个相对独立而又有关联的新生代构造系统──伸展构造和走滑构造。盆地构造的运动学特征可以用断块间的相对运动和断块体本身的运动来描述,包括水平伸展运动、差异升降运动、相对走滑运动和断块体掀斜运动等四种主要形式。本文描述和讨论了各种形式的“运动”在辽东湾－下辽河盆地中的表现特征,测算了新生代盆地的伸展量、沉降量等主要构造运动学参数,并在此基础上将盆地的新生代构造演化划分为早第三纪裂陷阶段和晚第三纪－第四纪后裂陷阶段。早第三纪的裂陷事件具有分期次、呈幕式的特点,进一步可以分为始新世和渐新世两个具不同特色的伸展幕。     

南海北部陆缘盆地形成的构造动力学背景

摘要：南海北部陆缘盆地处于印度板块与太平洋及菲律宾海板块之间,但三大板块对南海北部陆缘盆地的影响是不同的。通过对三大板块及古南海演化的研究,可知南海北部陆缘地区应力环境于晚白垩世发生改变。早白垩世处于挤压环境,晚白垩世以来转变为伸展环境并且不同时期的成因不同。晚白垩世-始新世,华南陆缘早期造山带的应力松弛、古南海向南俯冲及太平洋俯冲板块的滚动后退导致其处于张应力环境。始新世时南海北部陆缘裂陷盆地开始产生,伸展环境没有变,但因其是由太平洋板块向西俯冲速率的持续降低及古南海向南俯冲引起的,南海北部陆缘盆地继续裂陷。渐新世-早中新世,地幔物质向南运动及古南海向南俯冲导致南海北部陆缘地区处于持续的张应力环境;渐新世早期南海海底扩张;中中新世开始,三大板块开始共同影响着南海北部陆缘盆地的发展演化。     

Cretaceous to Neogene structural evolution of the Lampedusa Shelf (Pelagian Sea, Central Mediterranean)

Studies of multichannel seismic reflection profiles, calibrated with borehole data, have been carried out in the Tunisian shelf surrounding the islands of Lampione and Lampedusa, in order to define the Mesozoic-Cenozoic stratigraphie and structural evolution of this sector of the Pelagian foreland. The stratigraphy and subsidence history show a subsiding Upper Jurassic carbonate platform buried, by syn- and post-rift neritic to deep marine siliciclastics, marls and limestones of Neocomian-early Eocene age. Thick Middle-Upper Eocene shallow-water carbonates (Halk el Menzel Fm.), lie unconformably over the deep-water sediments and exhibit progradational geometries.
Messinian evaporites are confined to the deepest parts of the Neogene basins and Plio-Quaternary sediments are widespread over the area. Several unconformities affect the stratigraphic column and have been interpreted as related to compressive events during Late Cretaceous-early Tertiary times. These compressive events produced uplift, folding and reverse faulting, trending about NW-SE and partly reactivating Lower Cretaceous extensional structures. The uppermost regional unconformity indicates widespread emergence and erosion during Oligocene and Miocene tintes and was probably related to a younger compressional phase. A strong Upper Miocene-Quaternary extension event also affected the area, characterized by WNW-ESE trending normal faults, parallel to faults flanking the main grabens of the Sicily Strait rift zone. Since the Messinian, the structural evolution of the area has been controlled by rift-related processes which triggered crustal extension in the Pelagian foreland.     

North‐eastward subduction followed by slab detachment to explain ophiolite obduction and Early Miocene volcanism in Northland,New Zealand

Oligocene–Miocene models for northern New Zealand, involving south‐westward subduction to explain Early Miocene Northland volcanism, do not fit within the regional Southwest Pacific tectonic framework. A new model is proposed, which comprises a north‐east‐dipping South Loyalty basin slab that retreated south‐westward in the Eocene–earliest Miocene and was continuous with the north‐east‐dipping subduction zone of New Caledonia. In the latest Oligocene, the trench reached the Northland passive margin, which was pulled it into the mantle by the slab, resulting in obduction of the Northland allochthon. During and after obduction, the slab detached from the unsubductable continental lithosphere, inducing widespread calc‐alkaline volcanism in Northland. The new model further explains contemporaneous arc volcanism along the Northland Plateau Seamount Chain and sinking of the Northland basement, followed by uplift and extension in Northland.     

塔里木盆地塔北隆起叠加构造分析

对叠加构造变形构造,变形时序、叠加构造形成的地球动力学背景及其与油气关系的综合研究表明,塔北隆起的叠加构造可以划分出：以二叠纪为形成高峰期的北西－南东走向的挤压构造,以三叠纪为形成高峰期的北东－南西走向的挤压构造,主要形成于渐新世－中新世的拉张构造,这三期构造在空间上、时间上复合叠加,从而在塔北隆起形成了轮南构造带、南喀－英买力叠加褶皱带以及羊塔克－提尔根负反转构造带等叠加构造变形区。上述叠加构造变形区均是有利的油气勘探区。     

Analyses of fault mechanisms and expansion of southwestern Anatolia since the late Miocene

Neotectonic field studies and detailed analyses of Neogene and Quaternary fault mechanisms in southwestern Anatolia enable us to recognize a succession of compressional and extensional events, and to characterize the direction of corresponding regional stresses. The three most important compressive phases occurred during the Miocene, and a much smaller one near the Plio-Quaternary boundary. The last one or two interrupted a widespread extension of much greater duration and amplitude. The whole tectonic evolution resembles that of the Aegean. The large extension by normal faulting is consistent with a minimum stress along a NNE-SSW average direction. It appears that this direction was N-S during the Pliocene and changed to NE-SW sometime during the Quaternary. This dominant NNE-SSW extension, which began during late Miocene or earliest Pliocene, was related to the development of the southwestern Anatolian graben system.     

青藏高原腹地班戈—双湖一带晚新生代伸展构造 及动力学机制

在青藏高原腹地,晚新生代以来除发育南北向的伸展构造以外,还发现有一系列时代较新的近东西向正断层控制的伸展构造,空间上呈现出平行排列的宽缓凹槽及其间相对狭窄的山梁相互间隔的活动地貌结构特点,称这种地貌结构为"槽梁地貌"。数字高程模型(DEM)的研究表明,研究区近东西向的伸展构造在地貌上切割了近南北向的双湖盆地。结合断层运动学、年代学及盆地沉积作用的研究,认为近东西向的伸展构造的发育最早可能始于中新世,与近南北向的伸展构造交织发育,断裂的活动性在第四纪随着高原腹地海拔抬升得到了显著的增强。青藏高原隆升后重力作用导致了不同方向断陷盆地的发育。     

青藏特提斯沉积地质演化

组成青藏高原的主要微板块在不同的阶段经历了各具特色的地质演化历程和发展特点，形成了不同的地壳结构。青藏高原的沉积地质历史演化 经历了区内各主要微板块的基底形成与盖层沉积演化 的前特提斯阶段；以板块汇聚边缘与碰撞时期的构造背景为基础，划出古特提斯、中特提斯和新特提斯三个沉积叶质历史发展及其所形成的弧盆体系格架的特提斯形成演化阶段；随着始新世末期残留海的消失，青藏地区形成统一大陆，并进入统一应力场的青藏统－陆壳形成阶段；从中上新世开始的青藏高原隆升阶段，青藏高原上发育了一些大中型中新生代沉积盆地，如羌塘盆地、措勤盆地、昌都盆地等都经历过从弧后向盆地向前陆盆地转化的演化阶段，并具有受喜马拉雅运动统一改造的特征，这些沉积盆地中油气藏前景良好。