潘谢矿区水文地质特征与缩小防水煤柱机理

淮南潘谢矿区年总设计生产能力为 2 10 0× 10 4t。区内第四系松散层厚 16 9～ 437m ,为巨厚松散强含水层 ,设计留设80m防水煤岩柱 ,防水煤柱储量达 6× 10 8t。通过开展缩小防水煤柱试采研究工作 ,将原设计留设的 80m防水煤柱减小到6 0m左右 ,局部仅 40m。本文通过总结潘谢矿区 10年来缩小防水煤柱工作面成功的开采实践 ,比较系统地阐述了潘谢矿区水文地质特征、覆岩破坏规律及缩小防水煤柱机理。     

岱庄煤矿3煤提高开采上限可行性研究及效益分析

岱庄煤矿现主采煤层为3上煤,通过分析煤层顶板基岩厚度、第四系粘土层厚度和砂层含水性,计算冒落带、导水裂隙带高度,将本矿开采上限提高,从而实现了缩小防水煤柱,从水体下增加煤炭开采上限的可行性,获得了较大的社会和经济效益.     

孙疃煤矿102采区防水煤岩柱留设技术研究

依据准北孙疃煤矿102采区资料,通过分析研究矿区第四系、基岩风化带及10煤层顶板水文地质及工程地质条件,利用规程计算、FLAC3D数值模计算以及临近许疃、桃园两矿的实测资料,最终得出采区的冒落带高度为14m,裂隙带高度为45.6m,从而确定该采区的防水煤岩柱为30m,并对其可靠性进行分析论证。该项研究可以使采区10煤层防水煤柱的留设从90m降低到30m,解放煤炭资源量42万t,产生直接经济效益10500万元。     

兖州横河煤矿防水煤柱工程地质研究有创新

兖州横河煤矿防水煤柱工程地质研究有创新兖州矿务局横河煤矿与中国矿业大学合作，对该矿先期采区厚含水松散层下采煤防水煤柱的国设进行研究。以往兖州煤田３＃煤层分层开采防水煤柱多按导水裂隙带高８０ｍ来设计。研究认为，３＃煤层开采顶分层后的导水裂隙带高度为６０...     

开滦赵各庄矿2137（西下）工作面防水煤柱留设研究

开滦赵各庄矿2137西下工作面为大埋深、急倾斜、特厚煤层开采区。为预防顶板老窑突水灾害,合理留设防水煤柱,采用了FLAC3D模拟方法分析连续介质大变形条件下围岩体积应变分带特征,并与工作面实际情况相结合,确定了该矿冒落带、裂隙带最大高度,合理解释了切眼处采空区上方煤层超高抽冒现象。通过计算决定该矿留设防水煤柱60m,该结果比规程少留煤柱15.75m。经两年的生产实践,证明防水煤柱留设安全可靠。     

红层与煤系复合结构覆岩采动破坏分析及其应用

许多矿区煤层采动影响范围内的覆岩层由红层和煤层共同构成。本文研究了山东省太平煤矿东区二叠系 3号煤层覆岩破坏和防水煤柱留设的问题 ,在对上覆第四系水文地质条件分析的基础上 ,对红层和煤系复合结构覆岩的工程地质特征和破坏状况进行了分析 ,确定了合理的防水煤岩柱高度 ,并经过开采验证 ,避免了水害发生.     

逐阶段安全提高巨厚松散含水层下煤层开采上限研究

为最大限度回收煤炭资源,安全缩小防水煤柱,针对淮北矿区煤层普遍上覆巨厚第四系松散含水层,煤层顶板不稳定情况,淮北刘东煤矿把提高开采上限工作分为防水、防砂两个阶段推进。首先通过研究分析西三采区第四系底部含水层和黏土隔水层等水文地质资料,确定西31000工作面第四系底部含水层为弱富水性,水体采动等级为Ⅱ级;然后通过数值模拟、物理模拟和对比分析等方法研究开采后的覆岩破坏高度,并与井下实际观测值进行对比,确定西31000工作面采后导水裂缝带的发育高度为41.3 m;据此提出了安全、合理的防水开采上限高度。安全回采后,成功解放呆滞储量22万t,为下一步进行防砂安全开采打下了良好的基础。     

金乡煤矿松散含水层下开采的水文地质研究

讨论了巨厚松散含水层下开采合理留设煤柱的问题。在分析金乡煤矿底部含水层水文地质条件的基础上,模拟实际开采情况,用数值法求得合理的防水煤柱尺寸为59m。应用地下水动力学原理,求得留25m防砂煤柱时的疏于水量为192m³/h。指出在金乡煤矿留设防砂煤柱是最合理的。     

煤层顶板"两带"高度的微地震监测技术

主要介绍了中国和澳大利亚两个煤矿在长壁开采过程中的微地震监测成果，并进行了深入的理论分析和研究。该监测的主要目的是动态测定煤层开采过程中顶板岩石“两带”（冒落带和裂隙带）的发展规律和高度，以指导相邻采区留设合理的防水或防砂煤柱。观测结果表明：研究区域“两带”的最大高度均没有到达煤层上方的含水层，顶板突水的可能性非常小，这一结果与实际情况符合；同时也表明微地震监测是确定“两带”高度及设计防水和防砂煤柱的一种可靠手段。     

陕北某矿双煤层开采对覆岩影响的模拟对比

多煤层开采条件下煤层覆岩破坏具有独特的特征,影响矿井生产布置。以陕北某矿为例,以该矿地质采矿条件为基础,采用相似材料模拟实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,通过建立模拟模型,开展了双煤层开采对覆岩的破坏影响研究。结果显示：留设不同宽度的煤柱,采用相似材料模拟和数值模拟2种方法得到的煤层覆岩垮落带高度、裂隙带高度都基本一致;在双煤层开采时,留设的煤柱宽度越大,两个煤层的叠置区域就越小,煤层开采对覆岩的破坏程度就越小。在工作面布置时,建议增大两个煤层的开采距离,并尽量增加煤柱宽度,以减缓覆岩移动破坏范围和破坏程度。研究成果为类似双煤层开采工作面的设计及覆岩破坏控制提供技术支撑。     

Subsidence prediction in shallow room and pillar mines

Summary A mathematical model has been developed utilizing the relative flexural strength of the strata overlying a coal seam to predict the vulnerability of shallow room and pillar mined areas to subsidence. The model assumes the failure of the immediate roof as the precursor of a subsidence event in shallow room and pillar mines. After the roof fails, either a sink hole subsidence event develops if the unconsolidated material is thin and dry; or a subsidence trough forms if the unconsolidated material is thick and wet. The model relates the Missavage number (Mn), which is dependent only on the stratigraphy and rock strength, to the extraction number, which is dependent only on the extraction ratio and maximum span of the opening. A high correlation coefficient (r=0.78) betweenMn and the extraction number for 27 subsidence events in a southern Illinois mine showed potential for using this model to delineate areas more vulnerable to subsidence. The developed and validated model was then subjected to a blind test on a 12.9 square kilometer area of an Illinois Coal Basin mine. The model successfully predicted 10 out of 12 subsidence events in the blind half of the study area and two of three additional subsidence events in the known half of the study area.     

Subsidence prediction method of solid backfilling mining with different filling ratios under thick unconsolidated layers

Solid backfill mining for coal pillar recovery in industrial squares has to ensure that the mine infrastructure, such as the shafts and substations, is not degraded or has its utility impaired by that mining. At the same time, it is important to recover as much coal as possible. As a result, it is necessary to predict mining subsidence during solid backfilling mining of coal pillars in industrial squares and to optimize the design of the working faces. At the Baishan coal mine in Anhiu province, China, there are thick layers of unconsolidated overburden above the coal seam so it is not appropriate to use the surface subsidence prediction method of equivalent mining height to predict subsidence during the mining of the coal pillars there. In order to find a reasonable coal pillar recovery scheme for the Baishan mine, a numerical simulation method is used to determine the relationships between the compression ratio of the backfilling material and the surface subsidence prediction parameters. Research was done to determine the appropriate parameters, and based on the final prediction parameters and taking the mandated protection standards for buildings and structures into account, surface subsidence is predicted and a backfill mining scheme for pillar recovery is proposed. The results show that of the six mining schemes considered, scheme 5 is the best scheme for coal pillar recovery in the industrial square at the Baishan mine. The research results are significant for similar mines with thick unconsolidated overburden anywhere in the world.     

特厚煤层小煤柱沿空掘巷数值分析及应用

沿空掘巷开采技术成功的关键主要取决于采场覆岩稳定的时间和沿空掘巷的位置。采场采动岩体运动导致围岩应力重新分布,动态采场应力作用于围岩并使其状态发生灾变是发生矿山灾害的根本原因。特厚煤层分层综采巷道布置（包括内错、外错和垂直）,合理确定煤柱尺寸、巷道支护方式和参数选择能够最大可能发挥围岩的自承能力,是提高巷道稳定的重要保证。在稳定的内应力场范围内布置小煤柱护巷,能够明显提高巷道围岩稳定状态,减少巷道维护费用。通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场实测等方法,对特厚煤层下分层沿空掘巷小煤柱不同巷道布置设计,通过煤柱的应力、应变和位移进行对比分析,确定特厚煤层下分层沿空掘巷合理的巷道位置和煤柱尺寸及上覆岩层防控技术,并得到工程验证是正确可靠的,从而为特厚煤层小煤柱开采技术提供了重要的科学依据。     

应用模糊综合评判原理评价安全煤柱的留设

勘探阶段如何定量评价在厚度较大的新生界下采煤时,如何确定留设安全煤柱的水文工程地质条件,目前尚无完善的方法。以新郑矿区煤田地质勘探获取的水文地质及工程地质资料为例,选取新生界底部含水层、隔水层、风化带、煤层上覆岩组的水文地质及工程地质特征及区域地应力状态五个指标,采用模糊综合评判方法,对矿区留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程地质条件进行综合评价。评价结果表明:研究区安全煤柱留设条件的优良级得分为48分,中等级得分为33分,较差级得分为19分,表明该矿二1煤层留设安全煤柱的水文地质及工程条件较好。研究结果可为矿区留设安全煤柱提供参考。     

基于巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形的煤柱稳定性

采前煤柱稳定性研究是工作面冲击危险性评估和开采方案设计的关键。以山东某矿深井巨厚砾岩条件工作面开采遗留煤柱为背景,采用案例调研、理论分析、数值模拟和工程实践等方法,对巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形机制及其煤柱稳定性进行了研究,建立了巨厚岩层-煤柱协同变形的简化力学模型,探讨了引起煤柱变形的主要应力来源和变形形式,推导了在协同变形条件下煤柱的应力-应变关系。以此为基础,综合煤柱煤体应力、围岩稳定性和变形特征等条件,提出了煤柱整体失稳的力学判据。研究结果表明：巨厚岩层-煤柱失稳诱发冲击与煤柱的位置、尺寸和上覆岩层运动或变形关系密切,上覆岩层运动或变形是诱发煤柱失稳的动力因素;巨厚岩层-煤柱的变形主要包括受集中力F压迫的协同挠曲压缩变形和受集中力G作用的重力沉降变形,二者保持内在协调性;巨厚岩层下煤柱整体失稳的工程判据为煤柱煤体平均支承应力p超过其平均极限支承强度Rc（p≥Rc）;评估得到遗留的50 m煤柱具有强冲击危险性,并通过优化开采设计,取得了良好的效果。该研究成果对相似条件煤柱留设及其稳定性分析具有参考意义。     

泾河下综放开采隔离煤柱对覆岩破坏控制作用的物理模拟

根据地质资料,分析了下沟煤矿泾河下特厚煤层大面积综放开采的地质特点,为实现水体下安全回采,确定了在各工作面间留设一定宽度隔离煤柱的开采方案。通过相似材料模拟试验,分析了改本区地质条件下各综放工作面间留设一定宽度隔离煤柱对覆岩破坏的影响。研究证实,隔离煤柱对覆岩破坏起到有效的控制作用。根据试验得出的单工作面最大裂采比,通过最小防水安全煤岩柱垂高的计算,认为地质条件满足泾河下安全回采的要求。且研究成果成功指导了5个工作面安全回采,可为该区及类似条件其他矿井的开采提供参考     

Numerical modelling-based pillar strength estimation for an increased height of extraction

Underground extraction of total thickness of a thick coal seam in single lift by bord and pillar method increases pillar height during retreat. Field studies found that the increase in pillar height affects the depillaring operation adversely, especially, during caving of the strong/massive roof strata. Dilution in strength due to the increased pillar height caused catastrophic failure of barrier pillars and goaf overriding. This warrants a systematic study of pillar strength variation for the different heights of pillar. A review of different pillar strength estimation approaches for an analysis of the dilution in strength of the heightened pillar suggested that numerical modelling provides a better option for such a systematic study. Accordingly, investigations are conducted on simulated models in laboratory adopting a recognised numerical modelling procedure. The observed nature of variations in pillar strengths with the increase in its height in the numerical models and empirical formula is found to be matched. But a mismatch is found between the strength values of the two approaches with an increase in height of the pillar. Considering validity of the empirical formulation in Indian coalfields, a relationship is developed to incorporate a correction in the strength values of the numerical models. The suggested correction on the basis of this simple study of the pillar strength variation would be helpful for the use of the established simulation tool during the depillaring of a thick coal seam.     

Study on the Fracture of Hard and Thick Sandstone and the Distribution Characteristics of Microseismic Activity

The movement of hard and thick key stratum during underground coal extraction via longwall top coal caving differs from that of other types of overlying strata. Therefore, numerous problems such as roadway instability, rock burst and strong mining-induced mine seismicity will be encountered as a result of the fracture of a hard and thick key stratum. The key to controlling the behavior of strata is to understand the movement and fracture pattern of the hard and thick key stratum. Taking the 103_up02 working face of Baodian coal mine as a case study in this study, according to the in situ measured microseismic data, the rule of fracture of overlying hard and thick sandstone caused by working face mining is studied, and the mechanism of dynamic pressure impact induced by hard and thick strata fracture is explained. Finally, the dynamic pressure control technology is put forward. The research results are of great significance for coal mining under hard and thick strata, mastering the fracture rules of hard and thick strata and predicting dynamic disasters.     

Water inrush and environmental impact of shallow seam mining

Shallow seam mining is very common in China for enhancing coal recovery. However, this may cause a series of severe problems in environment and mining safety in some cases, because the alluvium aquifers are directly above the shallow coal seams. Some typical water and sand inrush incidents resulting from shallow mining in China are analyzed. Based on in-situ observation, the mining-induced strata failures are investigated. The height of the fractured zone decreases as the size of the outcrop pillar or mining depth decreases. The spatial distributions of the failure zones in the shallow mining have specific features compared to the deep mining. These provide an advantageous condition for the shallow mining under alluvial aquifers. Optimal designs for outcrop pillar sizes are also given in different hydrogeological conditions for environment friendly and production-safe mining at shallow depths. According to in-situ mining experiments in several coalfields, technical measures for shallow mining are presented. These primarily include the lift mining for thick seams and reduction of the thickness of extraction in the first lift, short-wall mining, and detection of faults and other potential hazards prior to mining.