温度控制下的煤层气储层物性动态演化研究

为研究热对煤储层的改造作用,采用不同煤级具有代表性的12件煤样。考虑煤级差异、温度作用差异以及核磁共振(NMR)在研究孔隙流体中的技术优势等,对煤样进行了显微组分、镜质体反射率、孔渗测试以及孔隙结构的压汞和NMR实验,研究了煤储层核磁共振特征、T2谱响应特征、孔径分布、核磁共振孔隙度及核磁渗透率、可动流体等,同时对比了不同变质程度煤储层孔隙结构特征及其对煤层气储层物性的控制作用。温度变化下的煤储层物性研究结果表明:热的作用对各煤级煤储层孔隙度都有改善作用,但是对低煤级影响最大,其次为中煤级,最后为高煤级煤储层。温度对不同煤级煤岩的渗透性影响迥异。高挥发份烟煤受热后渗透率增加了一个数量级。低挥发份烟煤受热后渗透率则下降了一个数量级,这应与煤岩热膨胀性有关。无烟煤渗透率总体变化不明显,说明热作用对高煤级煤储层改造意义不大。     

华北地区煤的显微组分结焦性热台试验

为探讨煤的显微组分的结焦性，对不同变质程度煤的镜质组、壳质组和惰性组分别进行了显微镜热台加热试验．在加热过程中，活性组分经历了３个明显不同的变化阶段，即变形阶段、胶质体形成阶段以及固化阶段．随煤变质程度的增加，镜质组的初变温度和胶质体形成时的温度逐渐增大，而固结温度变化规律不明显；壳质组在低变质阶段因受热而挥发掉，但随煤级增高其变形程度减弱；半镜质组在受热过程中也有变形和少量胶质体形成，而惰性组只发生微弱变化．在低变质阶段，活性显微组分形成的焦炭显微结构以各向同性为主；随变质程度的增高，焦炭显微结构中各向异性成分比例增大     

南票热变煤中不溶有机质的谱学研究

通过对南票热变煤的Ⅰ·Ｒ、Ｒｏｃｋ—ｅｖａｌ与ＸＲＤ的研究，对其成煤母质、煤级、矿物与热变煤的物理化学结构演化等方面有了新的认识：该煤生成有低等生物参与；煤脱矿作用使脂肪结构优先低温氧化，煤中矿物对Ｓ２峰影响较大；Ｔｍａｘ、ＴＰＩ、ＯＰＩ、ｄ００２、Ｌｃ等为较好的成熟度参数，而ＨＩ、Ａ因子、Ｃ因子、脂芳比受成熟度与母质双重因素影响；ｄ００２、Ｌｃ与温度和有机质受热速度有关；镜质体反射率主要取决于稠环芳香结构规整程度；Ｌａ、Ｌｃ下降与Ｌａ／Ｌｃ＞１是热变煤特征；热变煤的物理化学结构演化类似区域变质煤。     

也论汝箕沟矿区煤的岩浆热变质成因

汝箕沟矿区发育侏罗纪无烟煤。前人引证航磁资料，认为是隐伏岩体热变质作用形成。作者通过对区内详细地煤岩学研究，发现煤中存在着热变质的成因“标记”：高的反射率，强的各向异性，新生的各向异性体及热液气孔，热液岩脉等。因此，岩浆热变质作用使区内达无烟煤级，岩体部位、导热方式、加热速率等诸因素综合作用导致了现今北东向展布的半环带状煤级分带。     

中国煤变质作用

通过煤变质热源及作用方式的研究，总结了中国煤变质作用主要类型，动态地史－热史模拟表明，煤盆地的地热状态以非均－地温场影响深成变质格局，如鄂尔多斯盆地三叠纪的地温高于前后时代，大地热流同盆地了中心增高，四川盆地中心莫霍面较浅，与高变质煤分布基本一致，区域岩浆热变质是形成中国大多数中高煤级煤的主因，模拟分析了湘赣中南部印支－燕山期花岗岩体与煤变质，煤热水变质作用以载热的深循环流体构成派生热绿岩侵入的增     

气固耦合作用下温度对煤瓦斯渗透率影响规律的实验研究

为得到温度对煤瓦斯渗透率的影响规律, 在实验室通过改装三轴渗透仪, 进行了不同温度条件下煤瓦斯的渗透率测定实验。实验结果表明, 在不同温度下, 渗透率随有效应力的减小均呈二次抛物线趋势, 即渗透率先减小后增大。在卸载初期, 温度较低时煤瓦斯渗透率下降梯度比高温时大, 渗透率值较高; 卸载后期, 较高温度时煤瓦斯渗透率上升梯度比低温时大, 渗透率值大。由实验可知, 煤层气开采过程中, 对于不同温度, 煤瓦斯渗透率的变化关系均具有典型煤层气开采的三阶段主导作用特征。有效应力、气体吸热和煤固体受热是影响煤体渗透率的重要因素。在卸载初期, 煤固体受热膨胀及有效应力对渗透率起主导作用, 卸载中后期, 气体滑脱和气体吸热对渗透率起主导作用。实验分析后认为, 开采煤层气时采用先压裂后注热的方式将有助于提高煤层气的产量。      

热变煤的光学结构及其地质意义

不同岩性的岩体侵入不同初始煤级的煤，形成不同宽度的接触变质带，带中煤的光学结构发生大小不同的变化，这种变化具有一定的地质意义，本文强调了热变煤的特征标志是孔隙的存在，并着重探讨了热变煤中新生有机组分－热解碳与小球体光性与成因，指出热解碳具有指热意义，表示近处岩体存在，而小球体分其生成的各向异生体并非表明一定有岩体存在。     

华北煤变质作用对煤含气量和渗透率的影响

通过华北和美国煤层气地质条件的对比, 基于华北煤变质特点, 指出了区域岩浆热变质有利于提高煤层含气量和渗透率, 并对其作用机理进行了初步探讨.在中国, 经受燕山期岩浆侵入影响之前的煤级较低, 因此在快速增温的高温作用下, 煤层气再次发生即“叠加生烃”或“叠加成气”的潜力大, 孔、裂隙系统发育更趋完善, 区域岩浆热变质的生气时间晚而利于煤层气保存.叠加有区域岩浆热变质形成的煤级分带, 包括高煤级煤和中煤级煤在内都将明显提高煤的含气量和渗透率, 因此, 华北地区应重视在区域岩浆热变质煤中寻找煤层气勘探目标.      

北京西山中生代岩浆热变质一维数学模拟

对北京西山中生代岩浆热变质进行了一维数学模拟，其结果表明，在２．５－３．０ｋｍ深度范围，煤变成无烟；煤；自下而上由于有效受热时间减少，镜质体反射率梯度减小；整个温度场是非稳态，可能导致岩石变形机制随时间和空间的变化而变化。     

黄陵矿区一号煤矿中侏罗统延安组2号煤层“三史”演化过程单井数值模拟

研究煤系烃源岩的生排烃阶段、生烃潜力及煤层气的成藏演化特征,需要对煤层的"三史"(即埋藏史、受热演化史和生烃史)演化过程进行恢复模拟研究。根据地层岩性、剩余地层现今埋深、地层孔隙度和镜质组反射率等数据或地质资料,运用PetroMod 1D模拟软件对黄陵矿区一号煤矿中侏罗世以来的三史演化过程进行重建。结果表明:黄陵矿区一号煤矿侏罗系含煤地层属于"早期沉降、晚期抬升"型,共经历了二次"沉降-抬升"阶段;第一次"沉降-抬升"发生在中侏罗世至古新世阶段,煤系地层埋深先快速增加(至侏罗纪末)后缓慢增加(至白垩纪末),最大埋深达1 576m,古新世,地壳抬升剥蚀190m;中侏罗世至早白垩世初,煤岩受热温度及镜质组反射率"先缓慢后快速再缓慢"增加,至晚白垩世末,发生差异分化,2号煤层下底部煤岩受热温度79～126℃,镜质组反射率从0.50%演化至0.79%,2号煤层上顶部煤岩受热温度78～108℃,镜质组反射率从0.50%演化至0.67%(古新世),煤岩受热温度降低,煤化作用停止;第二次"沉降-抬升"发生在始新世至今阶段,煤系地层先沉降100m,之后以地层85.4m/Ma速率发生最大抬升,煤层受热温度进一步降低至现今22℃,煤有机质热解生烃作用(热成因气)停止,但微生物降解有机质生烃作用(次生生物成因气)正在进行。     

东秦岭北缘煤的变质作用与板块构造的关系

以河南省东秦岭造山带北缘山西组二１煤层的煤岩、煤质、煤有机地球化学和“晶核”结构的综合研究为前提，结合板块构造和地球物理场的研究分析，认为该区二１煤的变质热源主要与长期复杂的板块俯冲、Ａ型碰撞所引起的地壳结构调整而使前陆盆地区岩石圈结构变化，大地热流急增的结果有关。二１煤的变质主要经历了早期（印支期前）的区域深成变质（达肥－气煤）和后期（印支－燕山期）的典型异常热变质作用（达无烟煤－高阶无烟煤）。     

新疆艾维尔沟煤变质作用研究

新疆艾维尔沟矿区是侏罗纪天山褶皱带中的一个小型山间含煤盆地。多项煤变质指标的分析结果表明:该区煤级在横向上分带明显,垂向上煤级突变,煤岩组份中出现热变显微组份,煤晶核指标(La/Lc)大于1,矿区广泛发育热液石英脉和方解石脉,煤层围岩也具有中低温热液蚀变现象。所有这些特征都充分表明,艾维尔沟的煤变质属区域热变质类型。推测其附加热源位于该煤盆地西部,地下水热液的对流为主要热传导方式。矿区及其外围的构造、地层结构、地势、水文等条件均有利于地下水热液循环。     

高、低阶煤润湿性对甲烷吸附/解吸的影响

为研究不同煤阶煤体润湿性对煤层气吸附/解吸的影响,采集寺河煤矿3号煤与大佛寺煤矿4号煤样品进行接触角测量及吸附/解吸实验,通过热力学计算分析等量吸附热特征。结果表明,大佛寺4号煤水润湿性远好于寺河3号煤,原因在于大佛寺4号煤为低变质长焰煤,其所含羧基、羟基等含氧官能团数量较多,同时具有物质组分亲水性好及孔裂隙较发育的优势。煤体润湿性影响煤自身含水率大小,间接影响煤层气吸附/解吸特征。大佛寺4号煤与寺河3号煤润湿性、含水率、解吸率及采收率间关系复杂,受临界含水量制约,存在温度临界点。等量吸附热对比发现煤体亲水性不利于煤层气的吸附。煤层气吸附放热远小于解吸吸热,存在解吸滞后,且解吸滞后程度随着吸附/解吸量增加而逐渐减弱,低阶煤的减弱趋势更加明显。      

Effect of metamorphic reactions on thermal evolution in collisional orogens

The effects of metamorphic reactions on the thermal structure of a collisional overthrust setting are examined via forward numerical modelling. The 2D model is used to explore feedbacks between the thermal structure and exhumation history of a collisional terrane and the metamorphic reaction progress. The results for average values of crustal and mantle heat production in a model with metapelitic crust composition predict a 25–40 °C decrease in metamorphic peak temperatures due to dehydration reactions; the maximum difference between the P–T–t paths of reacting and non‐reacting rocks is 35–45 °C. The timing of the thermal peak is delayed by 2–4 Myr, whereas pressure at peak temperature conditions is decreased by more than 0.2 GPa. The changes in temperature and pressure caused by reaction may lead to considerable differences in prograde reaction pathways; the consumption of heat during dehydration may produce greenschist facies mineral assemblages in rocks that would have otherwise attained amphibolite facies conditions in the absence of reaction enthalpy. The above effects, although significant, are produced by relatively limited metamorphic reaction which liberates only half of the water available for dehydration over the lifetime of the prograde metamorphism. The limited reaction is due to the lack of heat in a model with the average thermal structure and relatively fast erosion, a common outcome in the numerical modelling of Barrovian metamorphism. This problem is typically resolved by invoking additional heat sources, such as high radiogenic heat production, elevated mantle heating or magmatism. Several models are tested that incorporate additional radiogenic heat sources; the elevated heating rates lead to stronger reaction and correspondingly larger thermal effects of metamorphism. The drop in peak temperatures may exceed 45 °C, the maximum temperature differences between the reacting and non‐reacting P–T–t paths may reach 60 °C, and pressure at peak temperature conditions is decreased by more than 0.2 GPa. Field observations suggest that devolatilization of metacarbonate rocks can also exert controls on metamorphic temperatures. Enthalpies were calculated for the reaction progress recorded by metacarbonate rocks in Vermont, and were used in models that include a layer of mixed metapelite–metacarbonate composition. A model with the average thermal structure and erosion rate of 1 mm year^?1 can provide only half of the heat required to drive decarbonation reactions in a 10 km thick mid‐crustal layer containing 50 wt% of metacarbonate rock. Models with elevated heating rates, on the other hand, facilitated intensive devolatilization of the metacarbonate‐bearing layer. The reactions resulted in considerable changes in the model P–T–t paths and ～60 °C drop in metamorphic peak temperatures. Our results suggest that metamorphic reactions can play an important role in the thermal evolution of collisional settings and are likely to noticeably affect metamorphic P–T–t paths, peak metamorphic conditions and crustal geotherms. Decarbonation reactions in metacarbonate rocks may lead to even larger effects than those observed for metapelitic rocks. Endothermic effects of prograde reactions may be especially important in collisional settings containing additional heat sources and thus may pose further challenges for the ‘missing heat’ problem of Barrovian metamorphism.     

不同煤阶深煤层含气量差异及其变化规律

基于Langmuir 等温吸附方程式,开展不同煤阶不同温压条件下等温吸附模拟实验,实验结果表明：在煤岩镜质组反 射率Ro<3.0%时,Langmuir 等温吸附曲线随煤阶、温度、压力升高表现出明显的分带性。随着煤阶的升高,煤吸附能力逐 渐增强。温度小于55℃时不同煤阶Langmuir 体积受温度影响较小,之后影响逐渐增大。低煤阶在12 MPa、中高煤阶在 15 MPa以前随压力增加Langmuir 体积增大明显。根据实测含气量外推法结合高温高压等温吸附实验建立了深煤层含气量数 学模型,显示煤层含气量随埋深呈现快速增加—缓慢增加—不增加—缓慢减小的变化规律,其中低煤阶临界深度介 于1400~1700 m,中高煤阶临界深度介于1500~1800 m。该含气量数学模型对预测深部煤层含气量变化规律及煤层气资源评 价提供基础依据。     

The role of viscous heating in Barrovian metamorphism of collisional orogens: thermomechanical models and application to the Lepontine Dome in the Central Alps

Thermal models for Barrovian metamorphism driven by doubling the thickness of the radiogenic crust typically meet difficulty in accounting for the observed peak metamorphic temperature conditions. This difficulty suggests that there is an additional component in the thermal budget of many collisional orogens. Theoretical and geological considerations suggest that viscous heating is a cumulative process that may explain the heat deficit in collision orogens. The results of 2D numerical modelling of continental collision involving subduction of the lithospheric mantle demonstrate that geologically plausible stresses and strain rates may result in orogen‐scale viscous heat production of 0.1 to >1 μW m^?3, which is comparable to or even exceeds bulk radiogenic heat production within the crust. Thermally induced buoyancy is responsible for crustal upwelling in large domes with metamorphic temperatures up to 200 °C higher than regional background temperatures. Heat is mostly generated within the uppermost mantle, because of large stresses in the highly viscous rocks deforming there. This thermal energy may be transferred to the overlying crust either in the form of enhanced heat flow, or through magmatism that brings heat into the crust advectively. The amplitude of orogenic heating varies with time, with both the amplitude and time‐span depending strongly on the coupling between heat production, viscosity and collision strain rate. It is argued that geologically relevant figures are applicable to metamorphic domes such as the Lepontine Dome in the Central Alps. We conclude that deformation‐generated viscous dissipation is an important heat source during collisional orogeny and that high metamorphic temperatures as in Barrovian type metamorphism are inherent to deforming crustal regions.     

二长石地质温度计在估算乌拉山金矿碱性长石形成温度中的应用

内蒙古乌拉山金矿田内主要出露晚太古代乌拉山群区域变质岩和规模不一的花岗岩体以及不同时代、不同种类的脉状地质体。含金矿脉中主要矿物共生组合为碱性长石、石英、斜长石、碳酸盐矿物(方解石、白云石)和少量金属硫化物。矿床的显著特征为碱性长石交代作用强烈，碱性长石也广泛产于该地区其他各种类型的岩石中。本文采用电子显微探针分析了共生碱性长石和斜长石的化学成分，并采用三元二长石温度模型估计了碱性长石的平衡温度。结果表明，第一成矿阶段的碱性长石一石英含金矿脉中碱性长石的形成温度为353℃，第二成矿阶段石英含金矿脉中碱性长石的形成温度为281℃，矿脉碱性长石形成压力约为5kbar。这些结果与同类矿石中平衡共生的碳酸盐矿物和云母类矿物的地质温度计估计的形成温度以及共生石英中流体包裹体的均一温度非常一致。因此，乌拉山金矿床形成和富集的温度可估测为260～380℃，压力约为5kbar。此外，应用二长石温度计计算了本地区区域变质片麻岩和花岗岩中碱性长石的平衡温度，所得温度比采用共生铁铝榴石和黑云母温度计估计的温度要低约250℃。这表明共生的铁铝榴石和黑云母的平衡温度可能代表其寄主变质岩变质期温度及寄主花岗岩原生温度，而区域变质岩和花岗岩中的碱性长石在经历了随后多次热液作用后，可能重新平衡再生，这也与前人对乌拉山金矿的矿床地质和同位素研究的结果一致。     

Contrasting Metamorphic Record of Heat Production Anomalies in the Penokean Orogen of Northern Michigan

It is proposed that the contrasting metamorphic mineral assemblages of the isolated amphibolite facies metamorphic highs in the Penokean orogen of northern Michigan may be caused by different heat production rates in the Archean basement. This hypothesis is based on concentrations of K, U, and Th in the Archean basement gneisses and Paleoproterozoic metasediments that indicate significant contribution of radiogenic heating during Penokean metamorphism. Heat production was anomalously high ( approximately 10.6 μWm-3) where andalusite-bearing mineral assemblages indicate that high temperatures were attained at shallow crustal levels ( approximately 550 degrees -600 degrees C at approximately 3 kbar). In contrast, where exposed metamorphic rocks indicate peak temperatures of 600 degrees -650 degrees C at 6-7 kbar, heat production in the Archean basement was lower ( approximately 3.7 μWm-3). The effect of heat production rates on the metamorphic pressure-temperature paths was tested with numerical thermal models. The calculations show (1) that if the heat production rate, where andalusite-bearing assemblages formed, was significantly <6.0 μWm-3, the estimated pressure at peak temperatures (PTmax) would be much higher and lie in the sillimanite or kyanite stability fields; and (2) differences between PTmax estimates for the metamorphic highs based on thermobarometry can be reproduced if thermal history involved significant crustal thickening as well as moderate unroofing rates.     

与岩浆热场有关的“成矿组合”及其对找矿的启示

与岩浆热场有关的成矿组合是一个新概念,是指在一个或大或小的区域内,在岩浆活动集中的时间段范围内,在岩浆热场的统一作用下所形成和影响的所有矿床,不论成因和矿种,均属于一个成矿组合。与岩浆热场有关的成矿作用主要包括下列几类： 岩浆热液矿床、岩浆热场叠加的沉积矿床、岩浆热场叠加的变质矿床、岩浆热场叠加的能源矿床（藏）以及热泉型矿床等。与岩浆热场有关的成矿组合把金属与非金属成矿作用联系起来,把无机与有机成矿联系起来,把热液与沉积成矿联系起来,把热液与变质成矿联系起来,把金属与能源（燃料）成矿联系起来。这种成矿组合的分布有两种趋势： 一是纵向上的由不同温度构成的成矿组合,如钨锡—铅锌组合、锡—铜组合等; 二是横向上的由相同温度不同矿种构成的成矿组合,如钨锡—石墨组合、金—铜—煤组合、铅—锌—煤组合、油—气—煤—铀组合等。成矿组合强调综合找矿的思路,在找矿时,除了注意主要矿产的找矿外,还应当注意其他矿产和矿种的找矿。在找金属矿床时,注意非金属矿床、沉积叠加改造矿床、变质叠加改造矿床以及能源矿床找矿的可能性。在研究高温金属矿床时,注意与高温成矿相伴的其他矿种成矿的可能性,注意低温金属矿床成矿的可能性,注意与低温成矿作用相伴的其他矿种成矿的可能性。开阔找矿的思路,就不能拘泥于本行本专业,而是围绕岩浆热场,将找所有可能出现的矿为己任。     

High-T, low-P metamorphism in the Palaeoproterozoic Halls Creek Orogen, northern Australia: the middle crustal response to a mantle-related transient thermal pulse

High‐T, low‐P metamorphic rocks of the Palaeoproterozoic central Halls Creek Orogen in northern Australia are characterised by low radiogenic heat production, high upper crustal thermal gradients (locally exceeding 40 °C km^?1) sustained for over 30 Myr, and a large number of layered mafic‐ultramafic intrusions with mantle‐related geochemical signatures. In order to account for this combination of geological and thermal characteristics, we model the middle crustal response to a transient mantle‐related heat pulse resulting from a temporary reduction in the thickness of the mantle lithosphere. This mechanism has the potential to raise mid‐crustal temperatures by 150–400 °C within 10–20 Myr following initiation of the mantle temperature anomaly, via conductive dissipation through the crust. The magnitude and timing of maximum temperatures attained depend strongly on the proximity, duration and lateral extent of the thermal anomaly in the mantle lithosphere, and decrease sharply in response to anomalies that are seated deeper than 50–60 km, maintained for <5 Myr in duration and/or have half‐widths <100 km. Maximum temperatures are also intimately linked to the thermal properties of the model crust, primarily due to their influence on the steady‐state (background) thermal gradient. The amplitudes of temperature increases in the crust are principally a function of depth, and are broadly independent of crustal thermal parameters. Mid‐crustal felsic and mafic plutonism is a predictable consequence of perturbed thermal regimes in the mantle and the lowermost crust, and the advection of voluminous magmas has the potential to raise temperatures in the middle crust very quickly. Although pluton‐related thermal signatures significantly dissipate within <10 Myr (even for very large, high‐temperature intrusive bodies), the interaction of pluton‐ and mantle‐related thermal effects has the potential to maintain host rock temperatures in excess of 400–450 °C for up to 30 Myr in some parts of the mid‐crust. The numerical models presented here support the notion that transient mantle‐related heat sources have the capacity to contribute significantly to the thermal budget of metamorphism in high‐T, low‐P metamorphic belts, especially in those characterised by low surface heat flow, very high peak metamorphic geothermal gradients and abundant mafic intrusions.