桂阳县荷叶石墨矿床地质特征

荷叶石墨矿是由二叠系煤层变质而成的石墨矿床,石墨与煤呈同层异矿关系。按照变质特征,矿区从东到西划分为角岩带、强角岩化带和中弱角岩化带。前两个变质带内的煤全部变质成石墨,中弱角岩化带东部的煤已石墨化,西部的煤全变质为无烟煤。故矿层划分为石墨带和石墨化无烟煤带。     

浙江省开化县桐村铜钼矿地质特征及找矿方向

文章介绍了开化县桐村铜钼矿床区域地质背景,系统阐述矿区地质特征、地球物理、地球化学特征及宋家庄矿段矿床地质、矿化蚀变特征。根据已大致探明的宋家庄矿段矿体控矿要素作为依据进行类比,认为黄柏坑岩体北东侧和大鱼塘隐伏岩体南侧角岩化带附近是矿区内的有利找矿部位。     

西藏那曲县格玛铅锌矿矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因研究

西藏那曲县格玛铅锌矿床位于冈底斯多金属成矿带中东部,是该地区新发现的一个中型规模多金属矿床。矿体赋存于中侏罗统马里组变质粉砂岩、变质砂岩和绢云(黑云)长英角岩中,围岩蚀变强烈,硅化、角岩化与成矿关系密切,受燕山晚期岩浆岩及NEE向与NW向断裂控制。通过对矿区成矿地质背景、矿体特征、矿石结构构造、矿物组合、围岩蚀变及地球化学特征的研究,分析了矿床的控矿要素、矿床成因及成矿物质来源,初步判断该铅锌矿属于接触交代-热液脉型矿床。     

贵州罗甸软玉矿辉绿岩岩浆热液成矿规律研究

根据近年来贵州罗甸软玉矿勘查获得的地质成果及前人研究成果,通过对矿床及其密切相关的辉绿岩体地质、地球化学特征的分析,总结了软玉矿辉绿岩岩浆热液成矿规律。研究认为,透闪石是软玉矿成玉的主要矿物,是由交代作用形成的新生矿物,其重要组分MgO和Na2O由侵入的基性岩浆气液带来。透闪石化越强,对成玉矿越有利。辉绿岩体中MgO含量产生双向迁移及单向迁移后形成软玉矿的可能性大,没有明显的扩散迁移作用,形成软玉矿的可能性小。当岩浆气液成矿流体作用在岩体接触带交代围岩从内向外形成辉石角岩相、角闪角岩相和钠长-绿帘角岩相三者形成变质岩石相序列组合时,在角闪角岩相带含矿的机率较高。在野外工作中,辉绿岩中的杏仁状构造和气孔状构造可作为软玉矿的重要找矿标志,大理岩化带可作为软玉矿的一般找矿标志。     

西藏知不拉矽卡岩矿床成矿母岩的新认识——来自花岗闪长岩岩相学、年代学和Hf同位素的指示

知不拉矽卡岩铜多金属矿床位于西藏冈底斯成矿带中段驱龙斑岩铜矿南侧2~3 km处,铜资源量接近大型规模,矽卡岩矿体主要呈似层状、透镜状和大脉状产出,主要受角岩化凝灰岩–大理岩岩性界面和断层破碎带控制。本文以最新勘查工作中钻孔揭露的花岗闪长岩为研究对象,通过岩相学观察、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素分析,对知不拉矿床成矿母岩认识给出新指示。花岗闪长岩与角岩化凝灰岩、大理岩的接触带可见不同程度的矽卡岩化发育,由角岩化凝灰岩至花岗闪长岩有角岩化凝灰岩–矽卡岩化角岩–矽卡岩–矽卡岩化花岗闪长岩–花岗闪长岩的分带规律,岩体内可见长石被石榴子石、绿帘石等矿物交代,指示该岩体与矽卡岩矿体形成关系密切。测试结果显示,花岗闪长岩内锆石15个有效测点给出了206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为16.0±0.4 Ma,该年龄代表花岗闪长岩的结晶年龄,与矽卡岩内成矿年龄16.9±0.6 Ma在误差范围内一致;锆石的176Hf/177Hf(i)值为0.2829~0.2831,εHf(t)为3.2~12,单阶段模式年龄tDM在209~563Ma之间,具有与驱龙中新世侵入岩相似的Hf同位素地球化学特征,岩浆可能起源于软流圈物质上涌引起的新生下地壳部分熔融。知不拉矽卡岩矿床的成矿母岩为中新世花岗闪长岩,与驱龙斑岩矿床属于同一岩浆房演化出溶岩浆,分别是侵位于向形和背形构造中的热液作用产物。     

沉积岩中残留有机质的拉曼光谱特征

对沉积岩中残留的无烟煤、固体沥青和石墨3种有机质的拉曼光谱进行了测定,结果表明三者的拉曼光谱均具有明显的特征,石墨的拉曼光谱峰强而锋利,其2个一级峰之间的距离最小且变化不大,说明其演化程度比较高,有的甚至达到了结晶石墨的程度;无烟煤的拉曼光谱一级峰的强度比较弱,半高宽值也比较大,二级峰不明显;固体沥青的拉曼光谱峰形与无烟煤相似,不过其峰的半高宽比较窄,二级峰也比无烟煤要明显得多.另外,除了变质程度比较高的石墨外,其他2种有机质2个一级峰之间的距离均随着样品深度的增大而变小.     

西藏甲玛矿区角岩特征及其对深部找矿的意义

角岩是西藏甲玛铜多金属矿床近年来钻探工作大量揭露的赋矿围岩之一,其中蕴藏的钼铜资源量已达大型以上规模,不但为甲玛增加资源量提供了新的保障,而且在矽卡岩型和斑岩型之外增加了一种新的矿石类型。但角岩的研究相对薄弱,对其在深部找矿方面的研究更是空白。本文通过对甲玛角岩基本特征的研究,归纳了角岩的空间分布,分析了角岩的物质组成,结合角岩中裂隙的统计结果,推测了深部岩体的中心位置,为深部找矿提出了建议。认为甲玛矿区角岩分布广但厚度不均匀,以ZK3218钻孔最厚(达1027m),向周围逐渐减薄,到矿区西南角和西端多个钻孔中尖灭。角岩型矿体以辉钼矿和黄铜矿为主,ZK3217钻孔中矿体厚达900m,紧邻ZK3218钻孔,矿化普遍,但品位较矽卡岩低。角岩中裂隙统计表明,在ZK1616至ZK3216一带,裂隙密度达40条/米以上,向周围减少。综合角岩的岩石学、矿物学和地球化学等特征, 认为甲玛矿区为角岩提供热源的深部岩浆分布在ZK3216-ZK3217-ZK3218一带,建议布置深钻,深部可能存在矽卡岩型矿体和斑岩型矿体。     

福建大田—漳平地区构造-热对煤系石墨成矿及赋存的控制探讨

福建省大田—漳平地区位于东部滨太平洋构造带上,不同时期的岩浆热液作用和复杂多变的构造形变格局,为该地区形成丰富的石墨矿床提供了良好的成矿条件。为了查明大田—漳平地区煤系石墨的成矿控制因素及分布规律,通过工业分析、元素分析、X射线衍射和激光拉曼光谱等实验,对不同矿区不同变质程度的煤和煤成石墨的化学组成及微观结构特征等煤成石墨化特征进行了研究,并将不同变形特征的样品划分为煤成石墨、煤成半石墨和石墨化无烟煤三大类。研究表明:煤的变形特征与煤成石墨的演化类型基本一致,且韧性变形样品的石墨化程度最高,说明构造应力作用能促进煤的石墨化作用;煤成石墨的分布受到岩浆-构造活动的控制,石墨矿床多产出于岩浆岩侵入体外接触带或附近断裂带的有利围岩地层中,且大田—漳平地区煤系石墨矿具有明显的成区、成带分布特点,煤成石墨成矿区主要集中在闽西南坳陷南部的漳平一带;而北部大田一带分布的矿区矿体石墨化程度较漳平一带低,多为煤成半石墨或石墨化无烟煤,研究结果可为该地区煤系石墨矿产综合勘探开发利用提供有利依据。      

与角岩有关的矿床主要类型及其对深部找矿的意义

作为热接触变质的产物,角岩在石墨、硅灰石、红柱石等变质成因非金属矿床和各种金属矿床以及油气矿藏均可见,但对其调查研究成果并不多。在文献综述的基础上,结合在南岭、冈底斯等重要成矿带地质找矿的实践,通过对与矿产资源有关的角岩广义概念的界定,概述了与角岩有关的各主要类型矿床的地质特征,如石墨、硅灰石、红柱石等变质成因非金属矿床,钨、钼、铁、铜、铀、金、铅锌、锡、银和稀有金属矿床以及油气矿藏;举例阐述了近年来角岩发育矿区深部找矿中的新突破,如江西淘锡坑钨矿,广西大厂铜坑至拉么一带的锡多金属矿床,西藏甲玛铜多金属矿,云南老厂银铅锌矿、羊拉铜矿、雪鸡坪铜矿等矿区;讨论了角岩型矿床成矿预测的准则。结果表明：矿区和矿田大比例尺深部预测时应注意岩石组合、干湿关系、封闭与开放体系、岩石物性和分带性、原岩岩性及其空间配置关系;区域性中、小比例尺成矿评价时应注意角岩的空间分布、岩石学特征与矿产资源的专属性关系等;利用角岩预测隐伏岩体的应用前景广泛,在深部找矿中具有现实意义。建议加强角岩与成矿关系的理论研究,对以往地质填图工作中发现的＂角岩化带＂可重新评价其与成矿的关系。     

构造煤与原生结构煤的显微傅立叶红外光谱特征对比研究

通过对平顶山、郑州和南票三大矿区石炭二叠纪含煤岩系中高煤级烟煤和无烟煤的显微傅立叶红外光谱分析，探讨了原生结构煤与构造煤的有机大分子结构演化特征及其影响因素。结果表明，构造应力有利于煤中氢发生化学环境转移，使脂肪烃含量相对减少、稳定的芳香烃含量相对增加，促进煤大分子结构缩合度和有序度增加。     

Graphitization of Korean anthracites as studied by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction

The different modes of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied to Korean anthracites, semi-graphites and graphites. Whereas X-ray diffraction data yield averaged values, TEM is the only technique able to bring out the heterogeneity of phases which are different in morphology and in microtexture. The thermal behavior of samples was studied using laboratory heat-treatments up to 2800°C. In heat-treated anthracites for example, an increasing degree of graphitization results in phase changes which can be quantified by TEM. The study of a larger sampling appears however necessary to relate crystallographic variations to geological data.     

The occurrence of anthracites in an area characterized by lower rank coals in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland

The results of petrographical-geological and chemical examinations on anthracites, semianthracites and medium-low volatile bituminous coals from Jastrzebie in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin of Poland are presented. The coking coals mined in this region exhibit volatile matter V^daf = 18–26%, free swelling index FSI = 3–8 and reflectance R_m = 1.10–1.35% and are inertiniterich coals (I = 25–63%).Coal Seam 504 of the Anticlinal beds (Namurian B) has been affected by thermal metamorphism and contains both coking coals and coals of higher rank. According to the criterion of Polish Standards this coal seam varies from anthracite (V^daf <10%) to semianthracite (V^daf = 10–14%) in rank. The carbon content is slightly lower and the hydrogen content a little higher than those of typical anthracites and semianthracites. The reflectance values (R_m = 1.56–2.62%) are generally lower than the R_m values proposed by the International Committee for Coal Petrology as boundary values for anthracites and bituminous coal. The magnitude of anisotropy and microhardness were also examined. Examinations of optical properties prove that the metamorphism exhibited by the coals is the result of elevated temperature and variable pressure. The analyses of the maceral composition indicate that there is a decrease in the inertinite content in anthracites. Vitrinite exhibits the features of thermally altered coal. The micrinite content shows a little variation. In coking coals, a strongly fluorescing bituminous substance with the optical features of exsudatinite was found. The constructed geological section of Coal Seam 504 shows distinct regular changes in chemical and physical properties as well as the petrographic composition which may be caused by the heat flux of a magma intrusion, not localized so far.     

On the optically biaxial character and heterogeneity of anthracites

The results of the study of optical properties of 13 anthracites from different parts of the world are presented in this paper. Measurements of reflectance values were made on non-oriented vitrinite grains for a minimum of 300 points per sample. The reconstruction of Reflectance Indicating Surfaces (RIS) were made by Kilby's method [Kilby, W.E., 1988. Recognition of vitrinite with non-uniaxial negative reflectance characteristics. Int. J. Coal Geol. 9, 267–285; Kilby, W.E., 1991. Vitrinite reflectance measurement — some technique enhancements and relationships. Int. J. Coal Geol. 19, 201–218]. It was found that the use of Kilby's method for strongly anisotropic materials like anthracites did not give unambiguous results. Some improvement in Kilby's method, consisting of the division of the cumulative cross-plot into several elemental components, is suggested. Each elemental cross-plot corresponds to a textural class of anthracite, which is characterized by the values of RIS main axes R_MAX^(k), R_INT^(k) and R_MIN^(k) (k=1,2,…n; n — number of classes). The global texture of anthracite is characterized as a RIS with main axes calculated as the weighted means of , and for each class of this anthracite.The division of cumulative Kilby's cross-plot on elemental components makes possible the calculation of new coefficients H_t and H₁₀ characterizing the heterogeneity of the structure and texture of anthracites. The results of our study show that all anthracites have biaxial negative textures, but their heterogeneity varies in a wide range of H_t and H₁₀ coefficients depending upon the individual coal basin.     

A possible mechanism for natural graphite formation

By extrapolating the Arrhenius plots for carbonization and experimental thermal progressive graphitization, it is shown that carbonization can go to completion in nature (ΔH ≈ 65 kcal/mole), whereas progressive graphitization is thermodynamically improbable (ΔH ≈ 260 kcal/mole). The mechanism of formation of natural graphite has thus to be determined. Since the geothermal gradient is not strong enough for producing graphite, the existence of shear stresses has to be taken into account. Metamorphism and tectonics create suitable conditions for this transformation. Series of samples of increasing rank from anthracites to metaanthracites, semigraphite and graphite (some of them from the same parent rocks) were compared with carbon, heat-treated experimentally under pressure (5 kbar). Anthracites are microporous materials. Their pores are flattened parallel to the bedding by a pressure effect which is responsible for a long-range statistical preferred orientation. They are anisotropic in texture but only biperiodically crystallized (turbostratic). Metaanthracites differ from anthracites only by an increasing coalescence between adjacent pores. They are thus either mesoporous or even macroporous. They are still turbostratic. Semi-graphites are suddenly obtained as a new phase by an increase in temperature, pressure and shear stresses. They are formed by single macropores, i.e. hollow distorted polyhedral shells. They are partially graphitized. Graphite is suddenly produced by a second phase change also due to an increase in temperature, pressure and shear stresses. The lamellar shape represents the limit of a flattened macropore.     

滇东北早石炭世无烟煤理化特性及应用方向

经过10余年的资源勘查和多学科的综合研究,已基本查明滇东北(昭通市)早石炭世无烟煤的分布、煤质特征及主要利用方向。与国内外其他地区、其他时代的无烟煤比较,本区无烟煤内在矿物质含量极低、有机组分中主要成分为无结构镜质体,有机质中C、H元素高达97%,H/C原子比为0.5。结合X衍射分析(XRD)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)研究结果,该区无烟煤有机质的化学组成与分子构型与沥青中间相炭微球(MCMB)类似。一系列实验表明,经选别制备的超低灰无烟煤是多种中、高端新型炭材料和炭素的优质原料。有序而保护性地开发利用该区资源,对我国经济建设和社会发展具有重要意义。      

Thermal alteration of coal in the Khasyn coalfield, Magadan region, Russia

The Early Cretaceous coal deposits of the Khasyn coalfield are intruded by Palaeogene diabase dikes. The coal has vitrinite reflectance values of 2.0–2.5% R_o, and characteristics of normal anthracite at some distance from the dikes, but at direct contact with the dike two morphological coal varieties occur: coal inclusions in the diabase dike and dispersed carbonaceous matter within the dike rock. Both types of coaly matter have properties typical of anthracites: strong anisotropy, altered internal structure and high vitrinite reflectance values ranging from 3.8 to 5.5% R_o. The X-ray diffraction measurements of the interplanar spacing d(002) and the crystallite sizes Lc and La show rather similar values for coal inclusions in the dike and dispersed carbonaceous matter. The additional reflection at 3.37 Å, corresponding to semi-graphite admixture, occurs in the coal and carbonaceous matter inside the dike and is absent in the natural coal outside the dike.     

不同煤级煤及其萃余物吸附性能的研究

采用不同溶剂对褐煤、焦煤、低级无烟煤(Ro,max2.62%)以及中级无烟煤(Ro,max3.74%)等四个煤级煤样进行分级超声萃取,然后对原煤和萃余物进行平衡水预湿的方法,进行了等温吸附实验,并结合孔隙结构测试和水分含量变化,分析了溶剂萃取后萃余物的吸附性能变化及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)平衡水条件下,原煤对甲烷的吸附能力要大于萃余物,萃取后,尽管煤的组成和孔隙结构发生了变化,但并不能改变不同煤级煤吸附甲烷的能力的对比关系;(2)原煤和各级萃余物都发生了到某一压力后,吸附量随着压力增加而下降的现象,褐煤及其萃余物甚至出现负值,这可能是由超临界状态下吸附相的体积忽视后带来的效应和煤基质在压力、水分作用发生膨胀以及随着压力增加,水分在吸附孔隙中占据吸附点位的增多,造成甲烷有效吸附点位的减少等综合作用的结果。研究认为,在讨论影响不同煤化作用的煤吸附能力的因素时,应该首先考虑到煤级对吸附能力的影响;对煤化程度相近的煤,其他因素如孔隙结构和水分的变化对吸附的影响才显现,但对不同煤级煤吸附性的主要影响因素也不尽相同。在煤层气吸附研究中,吸附量下降现象应该是一个共性,其机理的解释和寻求正确的吸附相体积校正,以及一定压力下,煤基质在水分作用下发生膨胀对吸附性的影响的规律描述,都是亟待解决的重要问题。     

Tectonomechanical Analysis of Listric Faults

Listric faults of different levels and scales are widely developed in the lithosphere. According to theirtectonomechanical geneses. the author divides listric faults into primary and secondary ones. and the formermay be subdivided into gravity-gliding listric faults, regional extensional listric normal faults. regionalcontractional reverse listric faults and deep-seated ductile listric faults, By means of the slip-line field theorydealing with Mohr's criterion expressed by quadratic limiting curves. the author has preliminarily determinedthe occurrences. patterns and mechanical properties of various types of listric faults during their formation. andhas analyzed their tectonic evolution and related dynamic processes in the lithosphere.     

Migmatite-like textures in anthracite: Further evidence for low-grade metamorphic melting and resolidification in high-rank coals

Previous studies demonstrated that melting, initiated by supercritical fluids in the 375–400 °C range, occurred as part of anthracite metamorphism in the Appalachian Basin. Based on the known behavior of vitrinite at high temperatures and, to a lesser extent, at high pressures, it was determined that the duration of the heating, melting, and resolidification event was about 1 h. In the current study, featureless vitrinite within banded maceral assemblages demonstratesthe intimate association of melted and resolidified vitrinite with anthracite-rank macerals. By analogy with metamorphosed inorganic rocks, such associations represent diadysites and embrechites, i.e., cross-cutting and layered migmatites, respectively. Even though the temperature of formation of the anthracite structures is several hundred °C lower than that seen in metamorphosed inorganic rocks, anthracites are metamorphic rocks and the nomenclature for metamorphic rocks may be appropriate for coal.