Thermal Anomalies and Earthquakes： Evidence from Wenchuan, China

Earthquake prediction is a difficult problem in Earth sciences.Unsuccessful predictions one after another urged people to explore more synthetic and comprehensive methods for earthquake prediction.The Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere(LAI)coupling theory pays great attention to the processes taking place within the near ground layer of atmosphere.It has achieved great results recently,and can enlighten us about the nature of an earthquake's precursor.Based on the NCEP reanalysis dataset,this paper attempts to track the anomalies of the surface's upward long wave radiation flux(ULWRF),the temperature at the depth of 10cm～20cm below ground surface layer(BGL)and the air temperature at 2 meters above ground surface(AIR)around the time of the strong Wenchuan earthquake.Thermal anomalies were observed before and after May 12,2008,the time of the Wenchuan earthquake.Perhaps the thermal anomaly that occurred prior to the earthquake can be taken as indicators of the earthquake,but in view of the complexity of the earthquake phenomena,using thermal anomaly as a precursor should be done with caution.     

处在高烈度区管道的抗震设计需要重视的几个问题

长输油气管道的设计参数和计算方法与一般工程有较大区别,本文着重从抗震设防标准、管道液化反应和活动断裂三个方面阐述本人的一些看法和建议,给设计人员设计埋地管道时作参考。     

The persistence of beaver-induced geomorphic heterogeneity and organic carbon stock in river corridors

Beavers are widely recognized as ecosystem engineers for their ability to shape river corridors by building dams, digging small canals, and altering riparian vegetation. Through these activities, beavers create beaver meadows, which are segments of river corridor characterized by high geomorphic heterogeneity, attenuation of downstream fluxes, and biodiversity. We examine seven beaver meadows on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA with differing levels of beaver activity. We divide these sites into the four categories of active, partially active, recently abandoned (< 20 years), and long abandoned (> 30 years). We characterize geomorphic units within the river corridor and calculate metrics of surface geomorphic heterogeneity relative to category of beaver activity. We also use measures of subsurface geomorphic heterogeneity (soil moisture, soil depth, percent clay content, organic carbon concentration) to compare heterogeneity across beaver meadow categories. Finally, we calculate organic carbon stock within the upper 1.5 m of each meadow and compare these values to category of beaver activity. We find that surface geomorphic heterogeneity and mean soil moisture differ significantly only between active and long abandoned meadows, suggesting a non-linear decrease with time following beaver abandonment of a meadow. Soil depth and organic carbon stock do not differ consistently in relation to category of beaver meadow, suggesting that larger-scale geologic controls that foster deep floodplain soils can continue to maintain substantial organic carbon stocks after beavers abandon a meadow. These results also indicate that the effects of beaver ecosystem engineering can persist for nearly three decades after the animals largely abandon a river corridor. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake safety in India: achievements,challenges and opportunities

The Indian subcontinent has suffered some of the greatest earthquakes in the world. The earthquakes of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries triggered a number of early advances in science and engineering related to earthquakes that are discussed here. These include the development of early codes and earthquake-resistant housing after the 1935 Quetta earthquake in Baluchistan, and strengthening techniques implemented after the 1941 Andaman Islands earthquake, discovered by the author in remote islands of India. Activities in the late 1950s to institutionalize earthquake engineering in the country are also discussed. Despite these early developments towards seismic safety, moderate earthquakes in India continue to cause thousands of deaths, indicating the poor seismic resilience of the built environment. The Bhuj earthquake of 2001 highlighted a striking disregard for structural design principles and quality of construction. This earthquake was the first instance of an earthquake causing collapses of modern multi-storey buildings in India, and it triggered unprecedented awareness amongst professionals, academics and the general public. The earthquake led to the further development of the National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering and the establishment of a comprehensive 4-year National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education that was carried out by the seven Indian Institutes of Technology and the Indian Institute of Science. Earthquake engineering is a highly context-specific discipline and there are many engineering problems where appropriate solutions need to be found locally. Confined masonry construction is one such building typology that the author has been championing for the subcontinent. Development of the student hostels and staff and faculty housing on the new 400-acre campus of the Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar has provided an opportunity to adopt this construction typology on a large scale, and is addressed in the monograph. The vulnerability of the building stock in India is also evident from the occasional news reports of collapses of buildings under construction or during rains (without any earthquake shaking). Given India’s aspirations to be counted as one of the world’s prosperous countries, there is a great urgency to address the safety of our built environment. There is a need: to create a more professional environment for safe construction, including a system for code enforcement and building inspection; for competence-based licensing of civil and structural engineers; for training and education of all stakeholders in the construction chain; to build a research and development culture for seismic safety; to encourage champions of seismic safety; to effectively use windows of opportunity provided by damaging earthquakes; to focus on new construction as opposed to retrofitting existing buildings; and to frame the problem in the broader context of overall building safety rather than the specific context of earthquakes. Sustained long-term efforts are required to address this multi-faceted complex problem of great importance to the future development of India. While the context of this paper is India, many of the observations may be valid and useful for other earthquake-prone countries.     

Seismic liquefaction potential assessment by using Relevance Vector Machine

Determining the liquefaction potential of soil is important in earthquake engineering. This study proposes the use of the Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) to determine the liquefaction potential of soil by using actual cone penetration test (CPT) data. RVM is based on a Bayesian formulation of a linear model with an appropriate prior that results in a sparse representation. The results are compared with a widely used artifi cial neural network (ANN) model. Overall, the RVM shows good performance and is proven to be more accurate than the ANN model. It also provides probabilistic output. The model provides a viable tool for earthquake engineers to assess seismic conditions for sites that are susceptible to liquefaction.     

土层分层参数不确定时对二维工程场址地震动影响分析

工程场地地震安全性评价中计算二维复杂场地地震反应分析时,如采用一维等效线性化分析模型会带来较大的误差,而直接采用二维的非线性模型在技术上还存在一定的困难和不合理性。目前工程中多采用对一维分析结果进行二维修正的思想给出设计地震动及反应谱。然而在建立二维分析模型时,由于勘测条件的限制使模型建立出现很多不确定性。基于以往提出的二维复杂工程场址设计地震动的修正分析思想,建立了几种可能且工程认可的二维复杂场地模型,主要研究不同分层特征模型及土层剪切波速这一物理参数不确定时对设计地震动的影响,进一步考虑不同场地类别下,不同二维分层模型及土体物理参数对地震动的影响。根据分析结果提出了不同类别场地下,方便且合理建立二维复杂场地地震动分析模型的方法,为实际工程中模型的建立及参数的选取提供一些参考。     

Engineering design earthquakes from multimodal hazard disaggregation

To define reference structural actions, engineers practicing earthquake resistant design are required by codes to account for ground motion likely to threaten the site of interest and also for pertinent seismic source features. In most of the cases, while the former issue is addressed assigning a mandatory design response spectrum, the latter is left unsolved. However, in the case that the design spectrum is derived from probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, disaggregation may be helpful, allowing to identify the earthquakes having the largest contribution to the hazard for the spectral ordinates of interest. Such information may also be useful to engineers in better defining the design scenario for the structure, e.g., in record selection for nonlinear seismic structural analysis. On the other hand, disaggregation results change with the spectral ordinate and return period, and more than a single event may dominate the hazard, especially if multiple sources affect the hazard at the site. This work discusses identification of engineering design earthquakes referring, as an example, to the Italian case. The considered hazard refers to the exceedance of peak ground acceleration and 1s spectral acceleration with four return periods between 50 and 2475 year. It is discussed how, for most of the Italian sites, more than a design earthquake exists, because of the modeling of seismic sources. Furthermore, it is explained how and why these change with the limit state and the dynamic properties of the structure. Finally, it is illustrated how these concepts may be easily included in engineering practice complementing design hazard maps and effectively enhancing definition of design seismic actions with relatively small effort.     

对地震科技发展与创新中若干问题的思考

思考与探讨福建省地震局"十一五"规划期间在城乡防震减灾、地震工程、测震观测、地震台站和科技队伍建设等方面科技发展以及科技创新中的若干问题,并对有关方面提出一些个人的设想与建议.     

2022年青海门源6.9级地震发震构造及甘肃灾区震害特征研究

通过对2022年1月8日青海门源6.9级地震的震源机制、发震构造、房屋和重大生命线工程震害、地震地表破裂带等震害调查资料的综合分析,系统介绍了此次地震震源机制、发震构造、地震烈度分布特点、房屋破坏特征及机理、生命线工程破坏特征及地表破裂带特征。研究结果表明：门源6.9级地震震中位置位于冷龙岭断裂带的西段,性质以左旋走滑为主,其与震源机制解得到的结果相一致,均为走滑型破裂类型;地震最大烈度Ⅸ度,烈度Ⅵ度(含)以上面积约23 417 km²,等震线长轴呈NWW走向,长轴200 km,短轴153 km;整体上房屋破坏较轻,甘肃境内主要属Ⅶ和Ⅵ度区影响范围,极少部分为Ⅷ度区影响范围;此次地震中滑坡灾害和生命线工程震害较少,主要在Ⅸ和Ⅷ度区造成部分路面裂缝,最为严重的则为兰新高铁浩门至军马场区间祁连山一号隧道群线路桥梁严重受损,隧道震害主要集中在断层影响范围内,其中隧道受破坏严重段约350m,占隧道全长的5.33%,受破坏较严重段分别位于严重段大里程侧402m和小里程侧646m范围内,占隧道全长的15.96%,其余段落震害总体轻微;地震造成地表破裂带约22 km,地震造成的...     

地震危险性分析中常见地震发生概率模型的合理性及局限性研究

自本世纪六十年代末工程地震危险性概率分析法产生以来,地震发生的概率模型在工程抗震中开始受到极大的重视。人们企图尽可能客观地刻画地震事件序列以降低主观认识所造成的不确定性,提出了许多概率模型,并对这些模型进行了极为广泛的研究和探讨。笔人为这些探讨中大多数研究者们限于艰计数特征,与时间特征的探讨和计算简化处理,很少同时从概率统计、地震事件资料特征和工程近似三者的合理笥角度去分析这些模型的合理性与局际性     

对我国地震工程软件发展的几点思考

地震工程软件是先进、成熟的地震工程理论和方法在科研和工程应用中最强有力的工具,是提高地震工程工作效率的必需手段,同时也是实现地震工程智能化、集成化和可视化的保证。在总结我国地震工程软件发展现状的基础上,分析了我国地震工程软件相对落后的原因,论述了我国开发地震工程软件的必要性和可行性,指出了我国地震工程软件开发中存在的不足,提出了我国地震工程软件开发应采用的策略,对我国地震工程软件的发展提出了几点建议。     

Out-of-plane (SH) soil-structure interaction: a shear wall with rigid and flexible ring foundation

Soil-structure interaction (SSI) of a building and shear wall above a foundation in an elastic half-space has long been an important research subject for earthquake engineers and strong-motion seismologists. Numerous papers have been published since the early 1970s; however, very few of these papers have analytic closed-form solutions available. The soil-structure interaction problem is one of the most classic problems connecting the two disciplines of earthquake engineering and civil engineering. The interaction effect represents the mechanism of energy transfer and dissipation among the elements of the dynamic system, namely the soil subgrade, foundation, and superstructure. This interaction effect is important across many structure, foundation, and subgrade types but is most pronounced when a rigid superstructure is founded on a relatively soft lower foundation and subgrade. This effect may only be ignored when the subgrade is much harder than a flexible superstructure: for instance a flexible moment frame superstructure founded on a thin compacted soil layer on top of very stiff bedrock below. This paper will study the interaction effect of the subgrade and the superstructure. The analytical solution of the interaction of a shear wall, flexible-rigid foundation, and an elastic half-space is derived for incident SH waves with various angles of incidence. It found that the flexible ring (soft layer) cannot be used as an isolation mechanism to decouple a superstructure from its substructure resting on a shaking half-space.     

Substructure design optimization and nonlinear responses control analysis of the mega-sub controlled structural system(MSCSS) under earthquake action

The newly proposed mega sub-controlled structure system(MSCSS) and related studies have drawn the attention of civil engineers for practice in improving the performance and enhancing the structural effectiveness of mega frame structures. However, there is still a need for improvement to its basic structural arrangement. In this project, an advanced, reasonable arrangement of mega sub-controlled structure models, composed of three mega stories with different numbers and arrangements of substructures, are designed to investigate the control performance of the models and obtain the optimal model configuration(model with minimum acceleration and displacement responses) under strong earthquake excitation. In addition, the dynamic parameters that affect the performance effectiveness of the optimal model of MSCSS are studied and discussed. The area of the relative stiffness ratio RD, with different mass ratio MR, within which the acceleration and displacement of the optimal model of MSCSS reaches its optimum(minimum) value is considered as an optimum region. It serves as a useful tool in practical engineering design. The study demonstrates that the proposed MSCSS configuration can efficiently control the displacement and acceleration of high rise buildings. In addition, some analytical guidelines are provided for selecting the control parameters of the structure.     

对地震预测研究的信心的科学基础

结合目前围绕地震预测问题的讨论,文章论述了对地震预测研究的信心的科学基础,指出地震预测研究在科学上是有意义的,地震预测研究最突出的困难是观测的限制,目前科学的发展为向地震预测问题发起新的冲击创造了条件。     

Global Research Patterns on Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

The article deals with the analysis of worldwide research patterns concerning ground penetrating radar (GPR) during 1995–2014. To do this, the Thomson Reuters’ Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and the Social Sciences Citation Index accessed via the Web of Science Core Collection were the two bibliographic databases taken as a reference. We pay attention to the document typology and language, the publication trend and citations, the subject categories and journals, the collaborations between authors, the productivity of the authors, the most cited articles, the countries and the institutions involved, and other hot issues. Concerning the main research subfields involving GPR use, there were five, physical–mathematical, sedimentological–stratigraphical, civil engineering/engineering geology/cultural heritage, hydrological (HD), and glaciological (GL), subfields.     

1739年银川一平罗8级地震灾害的历史辨析

在查阅了大量有关1739年银川—平罗8级大震历史资料的基础上，结合建国以来对银川平原地震的研究成果，研究了1739年银川—平罗8级地震的地震烈度分布及其灾害特点。研究认为：该地震的发震构造为贺兰山东麓断裂，而极震区位于其东南的银川—平罗一带，与银川地堑第四纪沉降中心相吻合，这主要是受到工程地质条件的影响。其震害特点对减轻未来地震灾害、城市规划等都有参考价值。     

1739年银川-平罗8级地震灾害的历史辨析

在查阅了大量有关1739年银川-平罗8级大震历史资料的基础上,结合建国以来对银川平原地震的研究成果,研究了1739年银川-平罗8级地震的地震烈度分布及其灾害特点。研究认为:该地震的发震构造为贺兰山东麓断裂,而极震区位于其东南的银川-平罗一带,与银川地堑第四纪沉降中心相吻合,这主要是受到工程地质条件的影响。其震害特点对减轻未来地震灾害、城市规划等都有参考价值。     

地震强度因子Mf值在华北中强以上地震前的短期异常变化

使用华北地区１９７２￣１９９２年的中小地地震震级资料进行地震强度因子Ｍｆ值空间扫描，研究华北地区中经以上地震前的短期异常变化。结果表明，在震前０．５ａ左右的短期阶段，Ｍｆ值中期异常区存在二类不同形态的变化。其中大部分震例的Ｍｆ值中期异常区出现明显的缩小乃至消失，可将这一特征作为短期异常的标志；而另一部分震例的中期异常区无明显变化，文中讨论了Ｍｆ值用于地震预报的方法和预报效果，并对Ｍｆ值的短期变化过     

汶川8.0级地震陕西省数字强震动记录分析

本文对2008年5月12日四川汶川8.0级地震陕西数字强震动台网27个台的地震加速度记录进行了处理和分析,包括对加速度波形数据的基线调整、滤波、加速度反应谱计算,以及速度和位移计算。结果表明：除局部场地条件的影响外,大地震的能量辐射方向和传播路径中介质的横向不均匀对PGAH衰减的离散性可能有一些影响; 对于同一烈度值,PGA/PGV较小,PGA在数值上平均只有PGV的5倍左右,反映了地震动的低频成分比较丰富; 绝大部分强震台所处地区的烈度为Ⅴ—Ⅶ度; PGAH与水平单分向加速度峰值PGA（E-W）和PGA（N-S）中较大值之间的相对偏差绝大部分小于10%; 波形的性质为面波,盆地中覆盖土层较厚的场地长周期的面波更为发育,波列持续时间较长; 局部场地的介质特性对地震动特征有相当大的影响,盆地中较厚的覆盖土层对较长周期的地震波有明显的放大作用。