Quantitative Estimation of Air Mass Exchange by Along-Valley Wind in the Rongbuk Valley

For a better understanding of the air mass exchange processes between the surface and free atmos-phere in the Himalayas,a Himalayan exchange between the surface and troposphere 2007 (HEST2007) campaign was carried out in the Rongbuk Valley,on the northern slope of Mt.Qomolangma,in June 2007.The wind,tem-perature and radiation conditions were measured during the campaign.Using these observation data,together with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data,the air mass exchange between the inside of the valley and the outside of the valley is quantitatively estimated,based on a closed-valley method.The air mass is strongly injected into the Rongbuk Valley in the after-noon,which dominates the diurnal cycle,by a strong downward along-valley wind,with a maximum down-ward transfer rate of 9.4 cm s?1.The total air volume flux injected into the valley was 2.6×1011 m3 d?1 in 24 hours in June 2007,which is 15 times the total volume of the val-ley.The air mass transfer into the valley also exhibited a clear daily variation during the HEST2007 campaign,which can be affected by the synoptic situations through the adjustment of local radiation conditions.     

Vertical Air Mass Exchange Driven by the Local Circulation on the Northern Slope of Mount Everest

To better understand vertical air mass exchange driven by local circulation in the Himalayas, the volume flux of air mass is estimated in the Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mount Everest, based on a volume closure method and wind-profiler measurements during the HEST2006 campaign in June 2006. Vertical air mass exchange was found to be dominated by a strong downward mass transfer from the late morning to late night. The average vertical air volume flux was 0.09 m s-1, which could be equivalent to a daily ventilation of 30 times the enclosed valley volume. This vertical air mass exchange process was greatly affected by the evolution of the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), with a strong downward transfer during the SASM break stage, and a weak transfer during the SASM active stage.     

珠峰北坡绒布河谷大气二氧化碳浓度低值观测

In the summers of 2006 and 2007, the atmospheric CO2 concentration and the wind speed in the Rongbuk Valley on the northern slope of Mt. Everest were measured by an ultrasonic anemometer with an Li-7500 CO2/H2O gas analyzer. The average CO2 concentration was 370.23±0.59 and 367.45±1.91 ppm in June of 2006 and 2007, respectively. The values are much lower than those at sites with similar latitudes and altitudes worldwide. The observed atmospheric CO2 concentration in Rongbuk Valley can be affected by the transportation of prevailing down-valley winds from the up-valley direction to the observation site. Our results suggest that the Mt. Everest region could be ideal for background atmospheric and environmental studies.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡局地环流日变化的观测研究

青藏高原地-气间的物质/能量交换是高原与全球大气系统相联系的重要纽带.陡峭的地形和强烈的地表差异在高原山区形成特殊的局地大气环流系统,在地气交换中起着重要作用.为研究珠峰北坡的局地环流系统,于2006年5～6月间在珠峰北坡绒布河谷实施强化观测实验HEST2006,对该地区的局地环流以及辐射和热力状况进行观测,分析了该地区局地环流的日变化过程,包括:(1)地面风场的分布和变化;(2)风场垂直结构;(3)垂直运动及可能的驱动机制.研究表明,该地区局地大气环流是由地形与地表状态调整的大气辐射加热和冷却所驱动,包含多种不同的山地环流成分,与典型山谷风环流不同,具有很强的特殊性,对地气问的交换有重要影响.     

珠峰绒布河谷近地面层气象要素及湍流通量变化

利用2006年5～6月和2007年5～6月中国科学院HEST大气科学实验在珠峰绒布寺河谷野外观测期间获得的观测资料,分析了珠峰地区河谷近地层风向、风速、温度、湿度和CO2的日变化特征,讨论了珠峰北坡冰川风和山谷风的特点以及高原地表辐射、地表反照率和近地层湍流通量的变化特征.结果表明:在复杂地形和特殊下垫面影响下,珠峰绒布河谷地区近地面层各个气象要素和湍流通量日变化特征显著,并且明显存在冰川风和山谷风复合的局地环流,冰川风对该地区地气间物质能量交换起着重要作用.     

干旱半干旱区太阳辐射特征

Climatic characteristics of broadband solar radiation （Rs） in Chinese arid and semi-arid areas are reported in this study. The annual average daily Rs in the arid and semi-arid areas is 16.3 ±5.77 and 15.3 ± 5.16 MJ m^-2 d^-1, respectively. The highest value （17.2 ± 5.84 MJ m^-2 d^-1） appears in an arid area at Linze. The lowest value appears in the semi-arid area of Ansai. Pronounced seasonal variation of Rs is observed with the highest value in summer and the lowest in winter. The clearness index showed similar seasonal pattern at most sites, with the minimum observed in the summer and the highest values in winter at both arid and semi-arid areas. The seasonal variation of the ratio of Rs to its extraterrestrial value Kt in the arid area is more significant than that observed in the semi-arid region, and it is caused by the different range of variation of water vapor between arid and semi-arid areas. The seasonal fluctuations in Rs and Kt are mainly controlled by the water vapor content in these areas. The aerosol particles have significant influence on Rs and Kt at stations with higher aerosol burden.     

东亚和南亚季风协同作用对西南地区夏季降水的影响

为探究东亚夏季风(EASM,East?Asian?summer?monsoon)和南亚夏季风(SASM,South?Asian?summer?monsoon)相互作用及其强弱变化对西南地区夏季降水的影响,利用1979—2019年西南地区161站逐日降水观测资料和ERA-5提供的1979—2019年全球再分析资料,通过对...     

Observed Impact of the South Asian Summer Monsoon on the Local Meteorology in the Himalayas

The South Asian summer monsoon(SASM) is the most important climate system in Asia.Using observational data from the HEST2006(Himalayan Exchange between the Surface and Troposphere 2006) campaign and large-scale grid data,this paper analyzed the SASM impact on local meteorological parameters including radiation,temperature,humidity,and wind in the Himalayas.The SASM experienced one active and one break period during the HEST2006 campaign.The local meteorological parameters exhibit great differences between the active period and the break period of the SASM.The radiation fluxes are greater in the break period than in the active period.The air temperature and specific humidity are lower,but soil temperature and wind speed are higher in the break period than in the active period.Further analysis indicates that the SASM greatly affects the meteorological features of the Himalayan region.     

WATER VAPOR CONTENT AND MEAN TRANSFER IN THE ATMOSPHERE OVER NORTHWEST CHINA

The interannual and intermonthly climatic features of the water vapor content(hereafterWVC)and its mean transfer in the atmosphere over Northwest China(hereafter NWC)arecalculated and analyzed by using the NCEP/NCAR global reanalysis grid data(2.5°×2.5°Lat/Lon)for 40 years(1958—1997).The results show that the WVC in the total air column over NWC infour seasons of the year is mainly concentrated on eastern and western NWC respectively.On theaverage,the WVC over eastern NWC decreases obviously during recent forty years except forwinter.while it decreases over western NWC in the whole year.But the WVC over NWC has beenincreasing since late 1980s in summer.The water vapor comes from the southwestern warm andwet air current along the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley and the Bay of Bengal.and from mid-western Tibetan Plateau and also from the Qinling Mountains at southern Shaanxi Province.Theyearly water vapor divergence appears over the middle of NWC to northern Xinjiang andsoutheastern Shaanxi Province.The yearly water vapor convergence appears over the Tarim Basinand the Tibetan Plateau as well as western Sichuan and southern Gansu.     

梅雨期区域边界水汽输送模型及其数值试验

通过诊断分析,提出梅雨期中国区域边界水汽输送特征模型,即高原中部区域西边界与低纬南海、西太平洋南边界为水汽输送流入主体,西太平洋东边界为水汽“流出”主体。数值模拟研究表明:1998年洪涝特大暴雨过程6月与7月份水汽输送通道特征存在差异,6月中下旬长江流域暴雨过程以西边界与南边界水汽流共同输送为主体,其中南海西太平洋区域水汽输送显著,7月份水汽输送过程以高原中部区域西边界“水汽流”为主体。因此,高原中部区域西边界与中国区域南边界的水汽输送对长江流域特大暴雨的形成均具有重要的作用。区域边界水汽流的时空特征分析及其理论模型将为长江流域暴雨预报提供科学依据。     

The effect of mountainous topography on moisture exchange between the “surface” and the free atmosphere

Typical numerical weather and climate prediction models apply parameterizations to describe the subgrid-scale exchange of moisture, heat and momentum between the surface and the free atmosphere. To a large degree, the underlying assumptions are based on empirical knowledge obtained from measurements in the atmospheric boundary layer over flat and homogeneous topography. It is, however, still unclear what happens if the topography is complex and steep. Not only is the applicability of classical turbulence schemes questionable in principle over such terrain, but mountains additionally induce vertical fluxes on the meso-γ scale. Examples are thermally or mechanically driven valley winds, which are neither resolved nor parameterized by climate models but nevertheless contribute to vertical exchange. Attempts to quantify these processes and to evaluate their impact on climate simulations have so far been scarce. Here, results from a case study in the Riviera Valley in southern Switzerland are presented. In previous work, measurements from the MAP-Riviera field campaign have been used to evaluate and configure a high-resolution large-eddy simulation code (ARPS). This model is here applied with a horizontal grid spacing of 350 m to detect and quantify the relevant exchange processes between the valley atmosphere (i.e. the ground “surface” in a coarse model) and the free atmosphere aloft. As an example, vertical export of moisture is evaluated for three fair-weather summer days. The simulations show that moisture exchange with the free atmosphere is indeed no longer governed by turbulent motions alone. Other mechanisms become important, such as mass export due to topographic narrowing or the interaction of thermally driven cross-valley circulations. Under certain atmospheric conditions, these topographical-related mechanisms exceed the “classical” turbulent contributions a coarse model would see by several times. The study shows that conventional subgrid-scale parameterizations can indeed be far off from reality if applied over complex topography, and that large-eddy simulations could provide a helpful tool for their improvement.     

华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水的低频特征分析

利用1982-2011年夏季（5-8月）中国气象观测站点逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA逐日向外长波辐射和海表温度资料集,通过选取低频降水事件的方法,分析了华南夏季12-30 d持续性强降水事件的基本特征,然后利用位相合成法对持续性强降水期间伴随的低频大气环流型以及低频信号的来源和传播情况进行研究,同时也分析了低频海-气耦合过程对持续性强降水的影响。结果表明：（1）华南夏季降水具有显著的12-30 d低频振荡特征,持续性强降水事件在6月发生次数最多,低频降水期间的雨带自东南向西北传播。（2）在持续性强降水发生期间,华南及邻近海域低层受强大的低频气旋式环流控制,低频上升运动显著,而中国南海-菲律宾海一带则是强的低频反气旋式环流,其西侧向北的低频水汽输送不断将中国南海的水汽送至华南及邻近海域进行辐合上升。低层的低频信号来源于热带西太平洋和中国南海-菲律宾海一带低频振荡的西北向传播,同时伴随着西太平洋副热带高压明显的西伸东退过程。（3）在高层,华南北侧（22°-45°N,95°-130°E）区域强大的低频气旋式环流和孟加拉湾-中国南海一带的低频反气旋式环流相互配合,使华南高层处于强大的辐散环境中,从而加强了华南低层的辐合与低频上升运动,造成持续性强降水的增强。高层的低频信号来源于低频罗斯贝波列的东南向传播。（4）低频大气环流异常通过云辐射和热通量过程改变低频海表温度异常,而由大气强迫的低频海表温度异常通过影响低层大气的稳定性来对大气施加明显的反馈作用,该海-气耦合过程有利于大气低层低频信号向华南地区传播,从而影响了华南持续性强降水的发生、发展与结束。     

基于CloudSat卫星资料分析青藏高原东部夏季云的垂直结构

本文利用CloudSat卫星资料,对青藏高原东部2006~2010年6~8月云垂直结构的空间分布进行分析,结果表明:(1)夏季青藏高原东部云发展可达到平流层,且高原东部云在5km以下以水云存在,5~10km以液相和固相共存的混态存在,在垂直高度10km以上以冰云存在。由于CloudSat卫星资料云相的反演问题,可能会造成水云和混态云的发展上限偏低,冰云的发展下限抬升。(2)研究区整层水汽输送和云水平均路径空间分布存在一定的差异性,云水含量纬向分布表现为在26.5°~30.5°N附近存在一个明显的峰值区,经向分布表现为95°E以西云水含量低于以东。(3)研究区以单云层为主,尤其在青藏高原主体。单云层平均云层厚度4182 m,云顶高度、云厚限于水汽的输送,表现为由南向北波动下降。多层云发生频率在27°N以北明显减少,说明强烈的对流运动更容易激发多层云的产生。     

The Role of Land-sea Distribution and Orography in the Asian Monsoon. Part II： Orography

The role of various mountains in the Asian monsoon system is investigated by AGCM simulations with different mountains. The comparison of the simulation with Asian mountains (MAsia run) with the simulation without mountains (NM run) reveals that the presence of the Asian mountains results in a stronger South Asian summer monsoon (SASM), characterized by enhanced lower-tropospheric westerly winds, upper-tropospheric easterly winds, and stronger water vapor convergence. In East Asia, the southerly winds and water vapor convergence are significantly strengthened in association with the intensified zonal pressure gradient between the East Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean. Both the dynamical and thermodynamic forcing of the Tibetan Plateau play important role in strengthening the Asian summer monsoon. In winter, the presence of Asian mountains significantly strengthens the continental high, which leads to a stronger Asian winter monsoon. The presence of African--Arabian mountains helps to intensify the exchange of mass between the Southern Hemisphere and Northern Hemisphere by strengthening the cross equatorial flows in the lower and upper troposphere over East Africa. Asian mountains also play a crucial role in the seasonal evolution of Asian monsoons. In comparison with the NM run, the earlier onset and later withdrawal of lower-tropospheric westerly winds can be found over South Asia in the MAsia run, indicating a longer SASM period. The African--Arabian mountains also moderately contribute to the seasonal variation of the South Asian monsoon. In East Asia, the clear south-to-north march of the southerly winds and subtropical rainfall starts to occur in early summer when the effects of Asian mountains are considered.     

2009年和2010年夏季我国及周边地区STE模拟与对比分析

夏季是深对流多发的季节,深对流在STE(Stratosphere Troposphere Exchange,对流层-平流层交换)过程中起着重要作用。对2005-2012年夏季我国及周边地区的深对流统计发现,2009年深对流发生的次数较少,2010年深对流发生的次数较多。通过拉格朗日输送模式对2009年和2010年夏季的大气运动状态进行模拟并统计分析,发现30°N以南和以北的地区具有明显不同的平流层-对流层交换特征,30°N以北我国及周边地区TST(Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport,对流层向平流层输送)和STT(Stratosphere to Troposphere Transport,平流层向对流层输送)较为活跃,30°N以南远没有30°N以北地区活跃,但其净输送量却大致相当。在30°N以南,6-8月净输送是对流层向平流层输送。在30°N以北,6月净输送是平流层向对流层输送,7-8月净输送是对流层向平流层输送。比较深对流出现较少的2009年夏季和深对流出现较多的2010年夏季的TST和TST-STT,发现2010年6-8月这3个月的TST和TST-STT总量都超过2009年,表明2010年夏季我国及周边地区对流层向平流层的输送和净输送都强于2009年,与深对流活动的多少可能表现出正相关。     

HEST2007珠峰北坡风廓线观测研究

为了研究青藏高原南部喜马拉雅山区局地大气环流系统,继2006年HEST2006大气科学实验之后,2007年中国科学院大气物理研究所和中国科学院青藏高原研究所在珠穆朗玛峰北坡实施HEST2007综合观测.本文使用该观测实验中LAP-3000风廓线仪获得的绒布河谷内三维风场观测资料,并结合地面辐射资料,分析研究了该地区观测期间局地大气环流的日变化和逐日变化过程.研究表明,该地区局地环流系统,特别是沿河谷的轴向风,与其上空西风环流间存在非常紧密的联系,这种联系似乎与不同天气条件下喜马拉雅山区的大气辐射状况有关,即高层西风环流较强的阶段,地面辐射较强,激发出的局地环流也较强,反之亦然.     

两次陕北暴雨过程热力动力机制诊断

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP FNL分析资料（水平分辨率为1°×1°,时间分辨率为6 h）,对2013年7月21-22日和2014年7月8-9日两次陕北暴雨过程成因进行热力动力诊断,结果表明:两次陕北暴雨与高低空急流关系密切,暴雨带位于低空急流左侧的水汽辐合区,“0721”过程低空急流更强,在高低空急流耦合的强上升运动区（延安）出现大暴雨。降水前期,两次过程大气均存在对流不稳定,切变线触发对流,产生强降水,而其释放的凝结潜热加热形成中低层大气的热力不连续面,湿斜压性及锋生增强,造成整层饱和大气的抬升,维持强降水。“0721”过程前期对流降水的潜热释放更大,由此反馈的低空急流及锋生更强,出现大暴雨天气。广义对流涡度矢量垂直分量很好地描述了两次暴雨过程高低空急流耦合作用以及凝结潜热释放增强的锋生作用,其变化趋势能够反映降水的发展和减弱过程。暴雨出现在湿热力平流参数垂直积分大值中心及南侧的高梯度区,大值中心出现后约6 h会产生强降水,这对于强降水落区的预报有一定指示意义。     

GNSS/PWV与风云四号A星GIIRS水汽廓线融合应用研究

中国新一代地球静止气象卫星风云四号A星（FY-4A）搭载的干涉式大气垂直探测仪（Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder, GIIRS）以红外高光谱干涉分光方式探测三维大气温湿结构,取得了在静止轨道上探测大气的突破性进展。地基全球导航卫星系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）是一种连续监测大气可降水量（Precipitable Water Vapor,PWV）的有效手段,基于2018年6—8月中国地基GNSS站监测的PWV和FY-4A/GIIRS水汽廓线的业务产品以及常规无线电探空资料,开展GNSS/PWV与FY-4A/GIIRS水汽廓线快速融合应用,以提高卫星资料反演大气水汽廓线的精度。结果表明:与常规无线电探空相比,FY-4A/GIIRS水汽廓线产品在大气低层均方根误差（Root Mean Square Error,RMSE）为4.5 g/kg,700 hPa为2.4 g/kg,500 hPa以上因水汽含量较低RSME小于1.5 g/kg。GNSS/PWV与FY-4A/GIIRS水汽廓线融合后,FY-4A/GIIRS水汽廓线误差整层RMSE减小20%,从近地层到600 hPa RMSE平均减小20%—25%,尤其是850—700 hPa改善最明显,极大改善了卫星水汽反演资料的可用性。对一次多系统影响的暴雨天气过程应用分析表明,GNSS/PWV和FY-4A/GIIRS融合产品可获得高时、空密度的大气水汽廓线,对强降水的临近预报有非常重要的支撑作用。      

南亚和东亚热带夏季风强弱不同配置及其对中国夏季降水的影响北大核心

利用NOAA向外长波辐射(OLR)、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和CN05.1降水资料,研究了南亚和东亚热带夏季风强度年际变化关系,及其强弱不同配置对中国夏季降水的影响。结果表明:南亚和东亚热带夏季风强度变化之间存在同相和反相两种配置,定义的强度同相和反相变化指数可以很好地表征该关系。同相变化模态可能与海温异常时的强El Nino(La Nina)影响有关,其反相变化模态受El Nino(La Nina)以及印度洋海盆一致模的影响,同时西太平洋副热带高压和伊朗高压位置东西偏移和强度变化也影响着不同配置的出现。两者不同配置时,对中国夏季降水的影响不同。当变化呈同相偏强时,夏季中国东部地区降水为“中间少南北多”的雨型。当变化呈反相,东亚热带夏季风偏强南亚夏季风偏弱时,夏季中国东部地区降水为“一致偏少”雨型。     

水汽输送与江南南部初夏雨季及降水变化的联系

基于1961—2010年美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)的逐日再分析格点资料,分析了初夏水汽输送的分布和演变过程及其与中国江南南部初夏雨季的关系。结果显示,初夏水汽输送总体上随夏季风前沿自南向北加强,有3次水汽通量突然增大的涌先后从中国南海北传到25°N及其以南、25°—30°N、30°N及其以北地区,水汽涌和相应峰的发生时间分别对应华南前汛期、江南南部初夏雨季、长江流域梅雨的开始和结束时间。江南南部在初夏雨季处在水汽通量高值区的北缘、水汽辐合区内。青藏高原南侧水汽辐散区是影响江南南部初夏雨季的直接水汽源,澳大利亚北部到印度洋和阿拉伯海南部地区的大面积水汽辐散区则是间接水汽源。经向水汽输送演变对雨季起(讫)具有标志性意义,纬向水汽输送也不容忽视。雨季开始(结束)时江南南部地区的南界(北界)中低层水汽流入(流出)显著增大,但北界(南界)水汽通量并未同步发生显著变化;雨季期间的纬向水汽输送明显增强,水汽通量大于经向水汽输送。雨季强、弱具有年代际变化,且与纬向水汽流入的相关比经向水汽流入的相关更显著。影响江南南部初夏雨季的水汽输送路径主要有两条,北支是从孟加拉湾北部经缅甸和云南、贵州的水汽输送,南支是经孟加拉湾、中南半岛、中国南海与西太平洋副热带高压西侧水汽汇合的水汽输送。强雨季年孟加拉湾北部的东北向水汽输送和中国南海的北向水汽输送都增强,弱雨季年则相反。孟加拉湾、中国南海南部和西太平洋暖池区是显著的水汽辐合区,是江南南部初夏雨季的水汽输送通道而不是水汽源,水汽辐合越弱(强)越有利于(不利于)江南南部初夏雨季的降水,其影响机制可能在于通道上的对流活动对江南南部初夏雨季水汽输送具有拦截作用。