Orthopyroxene-bearing, mafic migmatites at Cone Peak, California: evidence for the formation of migmatitic granulites by anatexis in an open system

Abstract Orthopyroxene-bearing migmatites, exposed at the summit of Cone Peak in the Santa Lucia Range, California, offer an opportunity to explore potential links between granulite facies metamorphism and migmatite formation. Geothermobarometry indicates that the metamorphic temperatures and pressures were in the approximate ranges of 700–750° C and 7.0–7.5 kbar. The rocks at the summit comprise three domains: relatively coarse-grained, leucocratic veins; relatively fine-grained, biotite-enriched zones at the margins of the veins; and a biotite–hornblende-bearing host rock. Orthopyroxene is concentrated in the veins, which have also the highest ratio of anhydrous to hydrous minerals of the three rock types. The composition of the veins, together with their textures and modes, suggest that they formed through anatexis involving a dehydration-melting reaction which consumed hornblende and produced orthopyroxene. Variability in mineralogy and composition indicates that there was some local migration of magma along the veins before their final solidification. The biotite-enriched zones formed either by the concentration of residual biotite at the margins of the vein, or through the metasomatic conversion of hornblende (and/or pyroxene) to biotite, or by a combination of the two processes. Significant differences in the chemistry of the neosome (vein + biotite-enriched zone) and the host rock rule out simple dehydration melting in a local closed system. The model that explains best the mineralogical and chemical patterns involves triggering of melting by an influx of a low- a _H2O mixed fluid which added K and Si to and removed Ca from the neosome.     

Fluid-Absent Melting Behavior of an F-Rich Tonalitic Gneiss at Mid-Crustal Pressures: Implications for the Generation of Anorogenic Granites

Fluid-absent melting experiments on a biotite (20 wt.%) andhornblende (2 wt.%) bearing tonalitic gneiss were conductedat 6 kbar (900–975C), 10 kbar (875–1075C), and14 kbar (950–975C) to study melt productivity from weaklyperaluminous quartzofeldspathic metamorphic rocks. At 6 kbar,biotite dehydration–melting is completed at 975C viaincongruent melting reactions that produce orthopyroxene, twooxides, and {small tilde}25 wt.% granitic melt. At 6 kbar, hornblendedisappears at 900C, probably in reaction with biotite. At 10kbar, biotite dehydration–melting produces <10 wt.%melt up to 950C via incongruent melting reactions that produceorthopyroxene, garnet, and granitic melt. Hornblende disappearsin the satne temperature interval either by resorption or byreaction with biotite. Widespread biotite dehydration–meltingoccurs between 950 and 975C and produces orthopyroxene, twooxides, and {small tilde}20 wt.% fluorine-rich (up to 0•31wt.%) granitic melt. At 14 kbar only a trace of melt is presentat 950C, and the amounts of hornblende and biotite are virtuallythe same as in the starting material. At 975C, hornblende isgone and {small tilde}10 wt.% granitic melt is produced by meltingof both biotite and hornblende. Our results show that hornblende-bearing assemblages cannotgo through dehydration–melting on their own (althoughthey can in combination with biotite) if the Ca content in thesource rock is too low to stabilize clinopyroxene. In such rocks,hornblende will either resorb or melt by reaction with biotite.Under fluid-absent conditions, intrusion of hot, mantle-derivedmagmas into the lower crust is necessary to initiate widespreaddehydration–melting in rocks with compositions similarto those discussed here. We argue that the high thermal stabilityof biotite in our starting material is caused mainly by theincorporation of fluorine. The relatively high F content inbiotite in the starting material (0•47 wt.%) suggests thatthe rock has experienced dehydroxylation in its past. F enrichmentby a previous fluid-absent partial melting event is excludedbecause of the lack of phases such as orthopyroxene and garnetwhich would have been produced. Our experiments show that thedehydration–melting of such F-enriched biotite producesF-rich granitic liquids, with compositions within the rangeof A-types granites, and leaves behind a granulitic residuedominated by orthopyroxene, quartz, and plagioclase. This studytherefore supports the notion that A-type granites can be generatedby H₂O-undersaturated melting of rocks of tonalitic composition(Creaser et al., 1991), but does not require that these sourcerocks should be residual after a previous melting event.     

秦岭造山带若干岩石高温高压脱水熔融的特征及其意义

对秦岭造山带和邻区块状岩石样品进行了高温（1 100~1 300 ℃）和高压（1.2~1.8 GPa）脱水熔融实验。通过对实验产物综合分析发现许多样品中出现了熔融玻璃和雏晶。玻璃代表的熔体成分为基性和中性,部分接近于超基性范围,熔体与原来岩石全岩成分比较,更偏基性。熔体出现的空间和成分都显示了局部熔融体系的特征,即含水矿物（角闪石或黑云母）和浅色矿物（石英或斜长石）控制了熔融的发生并且决定了熔体的成分。脱水熔融产生了比原岩更偏基性的熔体,这意味着熔融后残留部分将愈偏酸性。如果这种机制存在于大陆中-下地壳,将对探讨大陆地壳的结构和物质组成,解释某些地区的长英质中下地壳的成因等具有重要的意义。     

高温高压条件下实验变形石英闪长岩微观结构与熔体特征研究

本文以高温高压条件下石英闪长岩流变实验样品为研究对象,利用偏光显微镜进行微观结构观察,研究了样品在实验温度压力条件下的变形机制与斜长石结构对流变强度的影响;通过透射电镜能谱与电子探针,分析了熔体分布和成分特征,讨论了角闪石脱水熔融的影响因素与脱水熔融对岩石流变的影响。结果表明,随着温度升高,岩石从脆塑性过渡域逐渐向高温位错攀移和动态重结晶为主的塑性域转化。在高温条件下,角闪石出现了脱水与部分熔融,脱水熔融的熔体分布和成分体现出非均匀与非平衡熔融的特点,空间分布上,熔体主要出现在角闪石和黑云母矿物颗粒的边缘以及角闪石和长石颗粒之间的区域内;成分分布上,熔体的成分与参与熔融的矿物成分密切相关。角闪石边缘的熔体和黑云母边缘的熔体具有低硅铝、高铁镁特征,斜长石边缘的熔体具有高硅铝、低铁镁的特征,处于角闪石和斜长石颗粒中间的熔体,其成分间于斜长石与角闪石成分之间。实验中出现的非平衡非均匀部分熔融可以解释混合岩中的浅色体与暗色体的成因,富硅熔体可以形成富硅铝的花岗质岩石,而贫硅富铁镁的熔体可以形成基性岩。角闪石的脱水熔融程度依赖于样品的封闭条件,处于封闭环境的样品,角闪石不易脱水熔融,而处于开放环境时,角闪石脱水熔融显著。拆离断层带及其附近具备这样的开放环境,有利于角闪石发生脱水熔融。实验力学数据和微观结构显示,随机分布的斜长石对岩石强度影响并不明显,但斜长石的长轴方向与最大主应力方向呈大角度相交(近90°)会显著强化岩石的强度,这意味着岩石组构与主应力方向大角度相交或呈垂直方向时,不利于岩石变形和拆离断层的形成,反之,均匀岩石或岩石组构与最大主应力方向小角度相交,有利于岩石的变形,容易发育拆离断层。     

鲁西莲花山地区新太古代晚期二长花岗岩中的表壳岩包体——SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学特征

为了确定鲁西莲花山地区新太古代晚期二长花岗岩中的表壳岩包体的形成时代，并探讨与相邻雁翎关地区的雁翎关岩组中的新太古代早期变质火山岩系的关系。本文对表壳岩包体及相关岩石进行了锆石年代学和地球化学研究。表壳岩包体主要由变质超基性岩和斜长角闪岩组成，另含少量（黑云）角闪变粒岩和黑云变粒岩。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年结果显示：角闪变粒岩的岩浆锆石年龄为2 757 Ma；侵入斜长角闪岩的奥长花岗岩脉的年龄为2 593 Ma；从变质超基性岩分选出很少锆石，它们普遍遭受强烈变质重结晶，²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb年龄为2 657~2 397 Ma。变质超基性岩具轻稀土亏损型或平坦型稀土模式，斜长角闪岩具平坦型稀土模式，角闪变粒岩具轻稀土略富集稀土模式，虽然大离子亲石元素相对富集，但都无明显Nb、Ta亏损。表壳岩包体的岩石组合、地球化学组成特征和形成时代可与相邻雁翎关地区的雁翎关岩组中的新太古代早期变质火山岩系对比，形成于大洋环境。新太古代早期表壳岩的原有分布范围应比现在所见到的更为广泛。     

新疆尾亚地区石英二长闪长岩的岩浆混合成因

新疆东天山的尾亚钒钛磁铁矿矿区,在花岗岩中含有大量闪长岩包体,而且花岗岩与闪长岩相互包裹、渗透,并在花岗岩与闪长岩接触带形成二者混合的产物——岩浆混合岩。通过野外特征、岩相学和矿物成分对比,发现矿区中部的石英二长闪长(斑)岩体与岩浆混合岩完全相同,表明该岩体系岩浆混合成因。各类参与岩浆混合作用岩石的岩相学和矿物学表现出典型的岩浆混合作用特征。矿物不平衡组构主要有:钾长石的更长环斑结构、斑晶的环边结构、针状磷灰石发育、暗色矿物的聚晶团块、岩浆混合岩中出现钾长石"变晶"等等。各类岩石中斜长石和角闪石的主要氧化物成分对SiO_2(%)表现出类似全岩哈克图解的线性关系。主要造岩矿物的化学成分以及钾长石巨晶的化学成分剖面,反映出本区岩浆混合作用有化学混合的参与。黑云母的化学成分表明,本区岩浆混合为以壳慢混源为基础的混合作用。     

辽宁红透山铜锌矿床含矿岩系地球化学特征及找矿指示

红透山铜锌矿床是产于太古宙绿岩带中的块状硫化物矿床。含矿岩系为角闪斜长片麻岩、角闪斜长(石英)片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长(石英)片麻岩、黑云石英片麻岩。通过对变质岩原岩进行恢复及构造环境判别,得出变质岩原岩均为火山岩,其中角闪斜长片麻岩与角闪斜长(石英)片麻岩的原岩为基性火山岩,黑云斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长(石英)片麻岩与黑云石英片麻岩的原岩为中酸性火山岩,岩性组合为双峰式火山喷发的产物。为探讨含矿岩系地球化学参数作为找矿指标的可能性,对含矿岩系的主量元素、稀土及微量元素进行分析,发现红透山铜锌矿床角闪斜长(石英)片麻岩的Cu元素含量(290.82 μg/g)、SiO₂含量(57.24%)、稀土元素总量(53.78 μg/g)、LREE/HREE比值(4.29)及黑云斜长(石英)片麻岩和黑云石英片麻岩的Cu元素含量(88.09 μg/g)、SiO₂含量(70.50%)可作为重要的找矿指标。     

河北小觉地区阜平岩群斜长角闪岩及深熔产物的稀土和Nd同位素地球化学研究

工作中重点对河北平山小觉地区阜平岩群两类角闪质岩石深熔作用的地球化学进行了研究。一类为厚层状斜长角闪岩，相邻新生浅色体常量元素组成上向TTG花岗质岩石方向转化，稀土和高场强元素含量明显降低，轻重稀土分离程度增高，tDM减小，εNd(t0)增大。另一类为与黑云变粒岩－片麻岩互层的条带状、石香肠状斜长角闪岩，相邻新生浅色体与之存在不同的地球化学关系：（1）稀土总量相对增高，轻重稀土分离程度有所降低；（2）稀土总量和轻重稀土分离程度都有明显增高。后者Nd同位素组成与斜长角闪岩也存在很大区别。这些现象可用熔融母岩、形成条件等差异得到合理的解释。     

青藏高原西部喜马拉雅期花岗岩类特征及岩石系列

青藏高原西部喜马拉雅期花岗岩类岩石组合为透辉石正长岩－透辉石花岗岩－黑云母（二长）花岗岩,主要造岩矿物有钾长石、斜长石、石英、黑云母、透辉石和角闪石。岩石化学成分富碱、高钾、Ｋ２Ｏ／Ｎａ２Ｏ比值大,微量元素富集Ｒｂ,Ｓｒ、Ｂａ、Ｔｈ、Ｕ和ＬＲＥＥ,Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素组成具有幔源特征,岩石属于钾玄岩（ｓｈｏｓｈｏｎｉｔｅ）系列。     

内蒙古营盘湾-东五分子一带的色尔腾山岩群的厘定及地质意义

色尔腾山岩群是华北克拉通西部陆块阴山地块早前寒武纪变质基底的主要组成部分,对探讨华北克拉通早前寒武纪基底构造演化有着十分重要的意义。本文根据对营盘湾-东五分子一带的色尔腾山岩群的地质填图、剖面测量、地球化学分析和SHRIMP测年,对色尔腾山岩群的组成、原岩建造、形成环境和形成时代进行了讨论。认为色尔腾山岩群由陈三沟岩组、柳树沟岩组和东五分子岩组组成,陈三沟岩组由灰黑色细粒斜长角闪岩、浅灰色细粒黑云斜长片麻岩夹角闪斜长片麻岩组成;东五分子岩组下段由细粒含石英黑云斜长角闪岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩呈韵律产出,顶部为灰白色细粒黑云斜长片麻岩夹薄层磁铁黑云斜长片麻岩,上段为由细粒黑云角闪片岩与浅肉红色黑云长英片麻岩互层,顶部有薄层白色透闪石大理岩;柳树沟岩组以角闪片岩、二云母片岩、二云石英片岩、石榴黑云片岩、黑云母片岩为特征。其原岩总体构成表现为:下部以火山岩为主,上部以碎屑沉积岩和化学沉积岩为主的火山-碎屑沉积建造。火山岩明显富碱,其中酸性火山岩明显富铝、贫镁;具有较高的大离子亲石元素含量、较低的Y和重稀土元素含量;具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的稀土分布形式。地球化学特征与埃达克岩类似,形成于活动大陆边缘的构造环境下。通过对东五分子岩组上部互层产出的细粒长英片麻岩和黑云母片岩分别取样,进行锆石U-Pb SHRIMP测年,分别获得1980±9Ma、1946±16Ma的成岩年龄和1901±15Ma、1893±66Ma的变质年龄。综上所述可以得出,色尔腾山岩群的形成于1.95~1.98Ga之间,是在类似埃达克岩的活动大陆边缘岛弧环境下沉积的,在1.9Ga左右发生碰撞造山而发生变质。     

High‐grade metamorphism and partial melting in Archean composite grey gneiss complexes

Much of the exposed Archean crust is composed of composite gneiss which includes a large proportion of intermediate to tonalitic material. These gneiss terranes were typically metamorphosed to amphibolite to granulite facies conditions, with evidence for substantial partial melting at higher grade. Recently published activity–composition (a?x) models for partial melting of metabasic to intermediate compositions allows calculation of the stable metamorphic minerals, melt production and melt composition in such rocks for the first time. Calculated P?T pseudosections are presented for six bulk rock compositions taken from the literature, comprising two metabasic compositions, two intermediate/dioritic compositions and two tonalitic compositions. This range of bulk compositions captures much of the diversity of rock types found in Archean banded gneiss terranes, enabling us to present an overview of metamorphism and partial melting in such terranes. If such rocks are fluid saturated at the solidus, they first begin to melt in the upper amphibolite facies. However, at such conditions, very little (< 5%) melt is produced and this melt is granitic in composition for all rocks. The production of greater proportions of melt requires temperatures ～800–850 °C and is associated with the first appearance of orthopyroxene at pressures below 8–9 kbar or with the appearance and growth of garnet at higher pressures. The temperature at which orthopyroxene appears varies little with composition providing a robust estimate of the amphibolite–granulite facies boundary. Across this boundary, melt production is coincident with the breakdown of hornblende and/or biotite. Melts produced at granulite facies range from tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite for the metabasic protoliths, granodiorite to granite for the intermediate protoliths and granite for the tonalitic protoliths. Under fluid‐absent conditions the melt fertility of the different protoliths is largely controlled by the relative proportions of hornblende and quartz at high grade, with the intermediate compositions being the most fertile. The least fertile rocks are the most leucocratic tonalites due to their relatively small proportions of hydrous mafic phases such as hornblende or biotite. In the metabasic rocks, melt production becomes limited by the complete consumption of quartz to higher temperatures. The use of phase equilibrium forward‐modelling provides a thermodynamic framework for understanding melt production, melt loss and intracrustal differentiation during the Archean.     

Chloritoid–hornblende assemblages in quartz–muscovite pelitic rocks of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville Province, Canada

Abstract Chloritoid–hornblende occurs in quartz–muscovite pelitic schist derived from sediment in a volcaniclastic sequence of the Grenville Supergroup and from reworked sedimentary and regolithic material above the unconformity at the base of the Flinton Group. Comparison of these samples with other pelitic rocks on triangular composition diagrams and in the ACNF and ACFM tetrahedra indicates that the presence of hornblende cannot be explained by unusually high CaO content. The rare assemblage is attributed to a combination of relatively low Al₂O₃ and high K₂O with high CaO/(CaO+Na₂O) and FeO/(FeO+MgO).
On two qualitative reaction grids derived from AFM diagrams projected through CaO and plagioclase, respectively, the P–T stability field of chloritoid–hornblende overlaps the first appearance of staurolite–biotite in normal pelitic rocks in the kyanite field. Staurolite–hornblende overlaps chloritoid–hornblende and extends to the higher temperatures and pressures of the kyanite–hornblende field.
The phase relations in these rocks provide a link between the conventional hornblende-absent grids for pelitic rocks and those for K₂O-poor (muscovite-absent) pelitic and mafic amphibolitic rocks.     

弓长岭鞍山群太古代基底岩石特征

弓长岭鞍山群呈北西至南东方向分布，位于中朝陆块东端，该群各类型岩石构成华北陆块古老的变质结晶基底。文中详细地记述了岩浆岩及混合岩、硅质板岩和长英质变粒岩、交超基性岩、交基性火山岩、变泥质岩、铁矿床、变辉长辉绿岩岩墙群的岩石特征和产出特征及成岩时代。本区为低压区域浅变质类型，演化与成岩时代约在太古代的中、晚期(3400～2500Ma)。     

Chemistry of calcic amphiboles from the area around Terakanambi,southern Karnataka

Chemial analyses of twelve amphiboles from the area around Terakanambi are presented. Results indicate that they are ferro-hornblende and ferro-pargasitic hornblende types in banded iron formations; magnesio hornblende in ultramafic rocks and edenite; and ferroan pargasite and ferroan pargasitic hornblende types in calcamphibolites. Titanium content in the amphiboles of the present study is relatively low compared to results from similar zones elsewhere. The lower titanium content of the amphiboles may be attributed to either bulk chemical composition or to low oxygen fugacity. Mg/Fe ratios vary considerably and it is mainly controlled by host rock composition. The plots of calcic amphiboles on (lOONa/Ca + Na)/(100 Al/Si + Al) and Al^iv/Al^vi diagrams indicate that they are of medium to low pressure type.     

Distribution of elements in biotite-hornblende pairs and in an orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene pair from zoned plutons,northern Sierra Nevada,California

Distribution of major and minor elements has been determined for five hornblende-biotite pairs from hornblende-biotite quartz diorite and monzotonalite and for a clinopyroxene-orthopyroxene pair from pyroxene diorite collected from the border zones and centers of zoned plutons in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. The distribution coefficients K _d [Mg/Fe] for biotite/hornblende are of the same magnitude (0.61–0.67) for both the mafic border zone and the silicic center.For comparison, K _D [Mg/Fe] values for biotite/hornblende from plutonic rocks of the central Sierra Nevada and the southern California batholith were calculated from data published by others. Rocks of the oldest age group (ca. 150 m.y.) in the central Sierra Nevada have an average distribution coefficient, K _D , of 0.64, close to the average K _D in the study area, where K-Ar dates are 143 to 129 m.y. The intermediate age group has an average K _D =0.81, and the youngest group has K _D =0.77. K _D [Mg/Fe] for biotite/hornblende from the southern California batholith is 0.83, close to the average of the intermediate age group in the central Sierra Nevada. The calculated difference in pressure of crystallization between rocks of the Feather River area and the southern California batholith is 1 kb; the rocks of the Feather River area being crystallized at a higher pressure. This is in good agreement with the low-pressure contact metamorphism in the south (pyroxene hornfels facies), as compared with a medium-pressure metamorphism around the northern plutons, where andalusitesillimanite-cordierite and andalusite-staurolite subfacies of the amphibolite facies indicate pressures of about 4 kb.Trace elements Cr, V, Ni, Co, Ga are distributed equally between biotite and hornblende, whereas Ba and possibly Cu are concentrated in biotite and Sr and Sc and possibly Zr in hornblende.Publication authorized by the Director, U.S. Geological Survey.     

Distribution of elements in coexisting minerals and the problem of chemical disequilibrium in metamorphosed basic rocks

Distribution of elements in coexisting minerals—biotite, hornblende, augite, hypersthene and plagioclase in charnockitic rocks of West Uusimaa Complex, Finland, is mostly orderly indicating a close approach to chemical equilibrium. The distribution of iron and magnesium in coexisting hornblende and pyroxenes of basic charnockites and other rocks of granulite facies from several different areas is also orderly but the variation in the fugacities of H₂O and H₂ may cause a disorderly distribution locally in some rocks. The probable oxidation or reduction reactions are discussed on the basis of thermochemical and mineralchemical data.     

Amphiboles and biotites of the hornblende gneisses in an area to the North-East of the fjord Qagssit,Frederikshåb district,South-West Greenland

Summary The chemical characteristics of coexisting biotites and hornblendes and host rocks are examined and discussed. The field data indicate that biotite derives from hornblende at decreasing metamorphism. A chemical equilibrium has been reached for Fe²⁺, Mg and Mn and approached, but not reached, for tetrahedral ions, Fe³⁺, Al^vi and Ti. The disequilibrium is mainly dependent on biotite and is tentatively ascribed to the oxidizing conditions of the environment, at the time of biotite crystallization. The composition of biotite is thus partly related to that of hornblende and partly to the environment, while intracrystalline variations of hornblende are related to the chemical composition of the host rock and to varying metamorphic grade.

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Amphibole und Biotite der Hornblendegneise in einem Gebiet nordöstlich des Qagssit-Fjordes, Frederikshåb-Distrikt, Südwest-Grönland

Zusammenfassung Der Chemismus koexistierender Biotite und Hornblenden sowie von deren Muttergesteinen wird untersucht und diskutiert. Die Felddaten weisen darauf hin, daß der Biotit aus Hornblende bei abnehmender Metamorphose entsteht. Ein chemisches Gleichgewicht wurde für Fe²⁺, Mg und Mn erreicht; für die tetraedrisch koordinierten Ionen sowie Fe³⁺, Al^vi und Ti fand eine Annäherung in seine Richtung statt, es wurde aber nicht erreicht. Das Ungleichgewicht hängt im wesentlichen mit dem Biotitgehalt zusammen, und es wird versuchsweise den Oxidationsbedingungen der Umgebung bei der Biotitkristallisation zugeschrieben. Die Zusammensetzung des Biotits hängt folglich teilweise mit jener der Hornblende und teilweise mit der Umgebung zusammen, während die intrakristallinen Variationen der Hornblende von der chemischen Zusammensetzung des Muttergesteins und dem variierenden Metamorphosegrad abhängen.

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With 7 Figures     

陕西宁陕—户县地区商丹构造带北侧TTG岩系元素地球化学及其构造意义

陕西宁陕－户县地区商丹构造带北侧发现的花岗质片麻岩为古老侵入体，主要由黑云斜长片麻岩，黑云角闪斜长片麻岩，角闪斜长片磨岩等类型岩石组成，具有TTG岩系的组成特征，元素地球化学特征反映其形成于类似岛弧构造环境。     

The metamorphic geology of the Windmill Islands,Antarctica: A preliminary account

Rocks of the Windmill Islands, Antarctica (Lat. 66°S, Long. 110°E) consist of a layered sequence of schists, gneisses, and migmatites (the Windmill Metamorphics) intruded by a charnockite (the Ardery Charnockite) and a porphyritic granite (the Ford Granite), and cut by two swarms of easterly‐trending dolerite dykes.

The rocks have undergone four deformations. The first two produced tight isoclinal folds, the third developed broader less appressed concentric folds, and the last deformation produced gentle warps which plunge steeply southwards.

The metamorphic grade of the Windmill Metamorphics ranges from (i) upper amphibolite facies (sillimanite‐biotite‐orthoclase) in the north, through (ii) biotite‐cordierite‐almandine granulite to (iii) hornblende‐orthopyroxene‐granulite in the south. The boundary between (i) and (ii) above is marked by the incoming ortho‐pyroxene and also the outgoing of sphene, and that between (ii) and (iii) by the outgoing of cordierite. Other metamorphic variations, apparent in the field are (i), the southward colour change of biotite (sepia—>red‐brown) and hornblende (blue‐green—>brown‐green) and (ii) the greater abundance of migmatites and pegmatites in the north of the area.

Major‐element rock chemistry suggests that the pre‐metamorphic nature of the schists and gneisses probably consisted of acid and basic volcanics interbedded with sediments ranging from greywacke‐type sandstones to shales. Partial melting of these rocks is thought to have produced some of the more acidic gneisses of the area.

The abundances of the elements K, Rb, and Th are lower than those of terrains of similar grade elsewhere. This is regarded as reflecting original rock composition. The ratios K/Rb, Th/K, and K/(Rb/Sr), however, are comparable with those from similar terrains elsewhere where K, Rb, and Th enrichment by crustal fractionation has been suggested. This suggests that the Windmill Metamorphics were not derived by retrogression from upper granulite‐facies rocks.     

塔里木板块东北部坡一镁铁质-超镁铁质层状侵入体岩石成因

坡一侵入体位于塔里木板块东北部坡北岩体内,是该岩体第三阶段岩浆活动形成的十几个小侵入体中的一个,锆石U-Pb年龄为278±2Ma。该侵入体属于以超镁铁质岩石为主的层状岩系,堆晶结构与韵律性堆晶层理非常发育。岩浆分异充分,形成了从纯橄岩到石英闪长岩的多种岩石类型。在超镁铁质岩石中,所有的橄榄石和大部分斜方辉石是堆晶相,少量斜方辉石是填隙相,大部分单斜辉石、褐色普通角闪石和黑云母是填隙相。在镁铁质岩石中,橄榄石和斜方辉石全部是堆晶相,单斜辉石与斜长石既可以是堆晶相,也可以是填隙相;褐色普通角闪石、黑云母和石英均为填隙相。超镁铁质岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,镁铁质岩石属钙碱性系列。侵入体中大量存在的捕掳体、微量元素地球化学、Nd-Sr同位素组成的EMⅡ型演化趋势,充分证明了同化混染作用伴随岩浆演化过程而逐渐增强,并不断促进了岩浆的分异,而且导致了岩石化学系列的转化。PGE和亲硫元素地球化学以及硫同位素组成证明,硫主要来自于岩浆,硫化物形成于岩浆阶段,岩浆未经历过早期硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔离起始于橄榄岩相结晶的晚期阶段,并伴随着此后的岩浆演化过程而继续熔离。硫化物熔离是岩浆自身演化和同化混染共同作用的结果。橄榄石Fo分子含量和全岩FeO含量显示,原生岩浆是苦橄质岩浆;源区物质应该是石榴石辉石岩;岩浆生成于地幔柱轴部。在塔里木板块东北部还存在分别来自于软流圈和亏损型大陆岩石圈地幔的二叠纪岩浆岩,它们都应该是塔里木大火成岩省的组成部分。