Experimental and numerical behaviour of reinforced mortar plates subjected to accelerated corrosion

Most reinforced concrete structures are damaged due to corrosion of reinforcements in concrete. In normal conditions the pH near the reinforcements is around 12–13 which means that steel is in a passive state. But aggressive species, such as chloride ions or carbon dioxide, may penetrate into concrete and promote active corrosion. As a consequence (hydro)oxides are produced leading to degradation of concrete structures. For instance cracking of the concrete is generated due to the pressure induced by rust. In this paper, we study the inception and the propagation of cracking on reinforced mortar plates with rebars located either in the middle or at the corner. Additional experiments have been performed on cylindrical specimens to determine the local effect of rust pressure at the interface rust/mortar. The specimens have been subjected to imposed current density in order to enhance the corrosion and digital image intercorrelation has been used to determine displacement fields. The experiments have been compared to numerical modelling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

抗滑桩耐久性寿命预测方法

基于抗滑桩耐久性室内模型试验,提出了荷载及环境耦合作用下桩身混凝土中性化的时变模型;综合考虑混凝土强度等级、施工质量、库水位升降、外加剂及掺合料的影响,建立了混凝土中性化深度的预测模型;根据中性化残量的概念,从混凝土中性化及钢筋锈蚀两方面提出了库区内抗滑桩耐久性寿命的预测方法。     

夏季不同土地利用方式下的溶蚀作用研究——以重庆青木关岩溶槽谷区为例

土壤理化性质会随土地利用方式的不同而产生一系列的变化,从而影响到岩溶作用的方向和强度。通过野外溶蚀试片法,测得重庆青木关典型岩溶槽谷区6种典型土地利用方式下6个测试点夏季绝对溶蚀量和单位面积溶蚀量。结果表明,不同土地利用方式土下溶蚀速率存在显著差异,旱地>退耕林>水田>杉竹混交林>荒草地>竹林。对不同土地利用方式的不同层位溶蚀量进行统计发现:溶蚀速率基本上随深度增加而增大,但差别不大。但同一土地利用方式不同层位之间溶蚀量存在明显差别,差别最大点出现在荒草地,其壤中-20cm处溶蚀量是其表层的4.23倍。另外,各点壤中CO2含量随深度增加而增大,与溶蚀速率的变化总趋势有较好的对应关系。而土壤有机质则均随深度的增加而减少,与溶蚀速率变化总趋势相反,但与地表溶蚀速率基本成正相关。故认为有机质含量对溶蚀速率的作用机制较为复杂。      

石灰岩裂隙摩擦强度愈合的压力溶解和应力腐蚀模型研究

为模拟试验中观察到的石灰岩裂隙摩擦强度愈合现象,提出用压力溶解和应力腐蚀相结合的综合模型来模拟裂隙摩擦强度的愈合。综合模型可同时考虑压力溶解和应力腐蚀对裂隙接触面的改造作用,通过裂隙接触面积的变化表征摩擦强度的愈合。模拟结果表明：压力溶解模型低估了短控制时间内摩擦强度的愈合量,通过进一步的参数敏感性分析发现,随着控制时间的增长,温度的升高显著地提高了压力溶解模型的模拟值,而有效应力的增加对模拟值的影响相对较小;应力腐蚀模型则主要反映应力压缩引起的裂隙接触面积增长;压力溶解模型和应力腐蚀模型结合则能较好地模拟裂隙摩擦强度的愈合。因此,用压力溶解模型模拟裂隙摩擦强度愈合时,特别是在模拟短控制时间内和低温条件下力学占主导作用的愈合时,应考虑应力腐蚀引起的裂隙接触面积变化。     

Numerical simulation on the cracking and failure law of compacted clay lining in landfill closure cover system

According to the mass conservation equation of solid phase, water transport, air migration and enthalpy balance equations in a deformable and unsaturated porous medium, and the mechanics model, a thermal‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) coupling mathematical model is developed in order to accurately predict the crack propagation of the compacted clay lining (CCL) in a landfill closure cover system. Numerical simulation analysis of the cracking and failure of the CCL in a landfill closure cover system under complex conditions (landfill gas pressure, variation of soil surface temperature, moisture loss of coverage soil, and uneven settlement of landfilled MSW (municipal solid waste)) is performed. The results show that the cracks are discovered firstly on the soil surface and then extend to the deeper cover system and became bigger. The cracks had broken through the closure cover system at 30 days. Over the depth range of 0.06 m, the change rate of settlement is found to be the highest because of the strong influence of temperature. The rise of temperature around the cracks is fast when the CCL is broken through by the cracks. There is a hollow area near the cracks over the depth range from 0.15 to 0.7 m, and the temperature stabilize at around 11°C without any obvious reduction. Under the condition of evaporation, the main crack in the CCL is similar to a pumping well, which causes more rapid moisture content reduction around the cracks. Vertical deformation increases linearly with depth in the process of deformation and cracking of CCL induced by uneven settlement of landfilled MSW. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

元坝长兴组超深层生物礁大气田优质储层发育机理

通过系统开展元坝气田长兴组超深层生物礁储层岩石学与岩石地球化学分析,结合碳酸盐岩溶蚀动力学模拟实验,以及储层古压力恢复,揭示了元坝超深层生物礁优质储层的发育保存机理。研究表明,早期暴露溶蚀、浅埋藏白云岩化是基质孔隙发育的基础,储层深埋引起的古油藏原油裂解导致的超压水力破裂缝的形成,是储层渗透性改善的关键,"孔-缝耦合"共同控制了超深层优质储层的发育。在此基础上,构建了生物礁非均质"孔-缝双元结构"储层模型,为生物礁储层预测奠定了理论基础。     

海水侵蚀环境下混凝土力学性能退化模型

基于混凝土干湿循环试验和混凝土细观力学,对混凝土在海水侵蚀环境下力学性能的变化进行了研究。混凝土干湿循环试验方面,采用加速腐蚀试验。对混凝土试件和根据混凝土配比制成的砂浆试件进行0、10、20、30、40、50次干湿循环,利用大型混凝土静、动三轴试验系统,检测了海水侵蚀作用对混凝土抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量及应力-应变关系的影响。依据混凝土细观力学理论,对混凝土试块进行了细观数值模拟,考虑了混凝土各组成相的非均匀性、材料性质按照Weibull分布来赋值。同时,为反映海水侵蚀作用对混凝土的影响,砂浆的强度和弹性模量均以砂浆干湿循环试验所得结果为准,最后建立了混凝土随干湿循环次数变化的抗压强度折减模型,抗拉强度折减模型和弹性模量的折减模型。     

四川某水电站引水隧洞混凝土腐蚀原因分析及防治建议

对四川某水电站引水隧洞衬砌混凝土产生腐蚀变质的原因进行了分析，指出环境水对混凝土的硫酸盐及碳酸水侵蚀是最根本和直接的因素。在水电站勘察设计阶段，未对地质环境尤其是水文地质及地下水化学性质进行评价，故而在工程设计方案中，对混凝土的主要原材料水泥的标号及成份要求未考虑环境水对混凝土的侵蚀问题，文章对此提出了相应的防治建议。     

考虑抗拉强度的黏性填土挡土墙主动土压力计算

挡土墙后黏性土处于主动土压力状态时,墙顶一定深度范围内会产生裂缝,使其较大范围形成零压力区即开裂深度,关于开裂深度问题一直没有得到很好解决。针对变分法求解黏性填土主动土压力中未考虑裂缝的情况,通过一个算例说明了黏性填土表面在主动土压力状态下会产生裂缝。采用折线简化摩尔?库仑强度包络线,利用实际的土体抗拉强度推导了墙背土体开裂深度的计算公式。根据滑裂面上端点的应力边界状态和几何边界条件,对土压力变分计算方法进行了改进,使主动土压力的不确定问题变成了确定性问题。分析了填土内摩擦角、黏聚力、抗拉强度对开裂深度的影响,结果表明,随着内摩擦角和内聚力的增大,土体开裂深度逐渐增加,滑裂面向墙背方法偏移,土压力减小;随着土体抗拉强度的增加,开裂深度逐渐减小,土压力减小,当抗拉强度大到足以抵抗土体的开裂破坏,墙后土体开裂深度为0,这时土压力不再受抗拉强度的影响。     

Modeling the built environment for local to global earthquake risk assessment

Carbonation-induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement is the major deterioration factor of the RC infrastructures in urban areas. Carbonation progress in concrete is influenced by the exposure and environmental conditions prevailing at each area. Therefore, the rate of deterioration due to carbonation varies at different areas. Field measurements can quantify this carbonation progress for specific structures and areas. However, the scattered nature of individual field data offers little information to be considered for the assessment of existing structures or the design of new structures. This study aims to bridge this gap and shows that individual field data can be combined to characterise an area using GIS mapping tools. A generated map can depict the variability of carbonation progress with the geographical location. Measurements of the carbonation depth of several buildings at different locations in the Limassol district have been provided by a construction laboratory. Such information can be used to depict the carbonation progress on each structure through the calculation of the carbonation factor and then portray its value using mapping techniques. The result is a corrosion risk map of the Limassol district depicting the variability of carbonation progress with geographical locations. This can be used by engineers and managing authorities as a prediction tool for the initiation of carbonation-induced corrosion in existing structures and also at design stage to set the durability requirements of the concrete cover depth.     

混凝土腐蚀的正交试验研究

地下水腐蚀混凝土的研究目前仍以单因素试验为主。本次正交腐蚀试验的主要目的是根据已知的介质组分分析强势的腐蚀因素组合及其主次关系,并可方便地获得各因素对混凝土的腐蚀影响规律。两组复合腐蚀液的试验结果表明,Cl^-和Mg²⁺为强势腐蚀因素;各腐蚀因子之间均存在交互作用,但交互作用强弱不等。在评价腐蚀效应时应综合考虑各腐蚀因子之间的相关关系。     

考虑非线性徐变的混凝土温度裂缝扩展过程模拟

混凝土温度应力超过相应龄期的抗拉强度一半时,混凝土的徐变变形不再与应力呈线性关系。采用一个混凝土非线性徐变模型来进行混凝土的温度应力计算,并给出了相应的算法。同时,吸取无网格方法在裂缝扩展模拟方面的优势,采用无网格方法对混凝土的温度裂缝过程进行了仿真计算。数值算例计算结果表明,所编制的无网格法程序具有较好的收敛性和可靠性,能够有效地模拟混凝土块在温度应力作用下的开裂发展过程,考虑混凝土非线性徐变效应后,在开裂时刻混凝土急剧增加的非线性徐变变形缓和了缝端的温度拉应力,使得相同龄期混凝土的裂缝深度和扩展速率要比只考虑混凝土线性徐变要小一些。     

水平定向钻进管道敷设地层响应实验分析

在应用水平定向钻进非开挖技术进行近地表管道敷设时,由于上覆地层厚度(C)、钻孔直径(D)和钻井液压力(p)三者无法准确设计,往往会导致地表的变形,进而形成裂缝通道致使地表发生钻井液的溢流.分析了非黏聚力地层的溢流通道形式,同时推导了极限钻井液压力的计算公式.结合室内外实验及应用情况,得出了实测钻井液压力和计算钻井液压力同C/D值的变化规律,即C/D越大,极限钻井液的压力值也就越高.在同一地层中,一般钻井液压力的峰值出现在水平孔段的中间位置.根据C/D值,在保证钻井液不发生溢流的情况下,得出了不同水平孔径范围所对应的上覆地层最小厚度.     

管道衬砌内水外渗对边坡稳定影响的数值模拟

根据钢筋混凝土受拉开裂特性，通过混凝土开裂后钢筋和混凝土联合承载原理，提出了在内水压作用下混凝土衬砌开裂的裂缝宽度估算公式。根据开裂衬砌内水外渗的规律，提出了高压管道内水外渗与混凝土衬砌裂缝宽度相互影响的有限元迭代计算分析方法。该方法将内水压荷载分解为起裂荷载和破坏荷载，对混凝土衬砌起裂荷载采用一次加载，对破坏荷载采用分级加载迭代，由此较好地反映衬砌开裂和渗流耦合作用效应。根据渗流荷载对边坡的破坏作用，提出了对边坡稳定判断的思路。通过对实际工程的分析计算，论证了高压管道内水外渗对边坡的稳定影响, 为内水外渗与应力场耦合分析提供了一种有效的计算方法。     

钢纤维混凝土隧道衬砌力学行为模型试验研究

文章通过相似模型试验,研究了钢纤维混凝土材料应用于隧道支护结构的力学行为。试验通过千斤顶逐级加载的方式,得到支护结构整个力学行为过程中与围岩之间的接触压力、变形发展规律及其裂后承载能力。通过与传统素混凝土支护结构相比,钢纤维混凝土具有良好的承载和变形能力,是一种理想的柔性支护材料。     

地下结构混凝土渗透特性试验研究

根据地下结构承受水压及构件存在裂缝的情况,采用自制混凝土试块模具、自制可控开裂混凝土装置、自制可控压力水头装置、裂缝测宽仪组成的试验系统,在不同水压、氯离子浓度、裂缝宽度以及浸泡时间等工况下进行了开裂混凝土渗透特性试验。试验结果表明：当其他试验条件相同时,压力水头下与自然浸泡状态下的氯离子运移规律有明显的差异,压力水头作用下混凝土各层自由氯离子含量均有明显的提高;存在控制氯离子浸泡溶液运移的裂缝宽度阈值,且该阈值不受水头压力大小的影响。该试验方法可作为同类研究的借鉴和参考。     

Continuum large cracking in a rate‐dependent plastic–damage model for cyclic‐loaded concrete structures

Formulation and algorithmic treatment of a rate‐dependent plastic–damage model modified to capture large tensile cracking in cyclic‐loaded concrete structures are presented in detail for a three‐dimensional implementation. The plastic–damage model proposed by Lee and Fenves in 1998 was founded based on isotropic damaged elasticity in combination with isotropic multi‐hardening plasticity to simulate cracking and crushing of concrete under cyclic or dynamic loadings. In order that the model can capture large crack opening displacements, which are inevitable in plain concrete structures, the excessive increase in plastic strain causing unrealistic results in cyclic behaviors is prevented when the tensile plastic–damage variable controlling the evolution of tensile damage is larger than a critical value. In such a condition, the crack opening/closing mechanism becomes similar to discrete cracking. The consistent tangent operator required to accelerate convergence rate is also formulated for the large cracking state including viscoplasticity. The validation and performance of the modified algorithm implemented in a special finite element program is exemplified through several single‐element tests as well as three structural applications. The last example examines the model in the seismic fracture analysis of Koyna dam as a benchmark problem and the resulting crack profile is compared with the available experiment. The numerical experimentations well demonstrate that the developed model whose modification is necessary to properly simulate the cyclic behavior of plain concrete subjected to large tensile strains is robust and reasonably accurate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of damage–permeability coupling for mortar under dynamic loads

The results reported in this paper deal with the simulation of damage in cohesive geomaterials such as rocks or concrete subjected to dynamic loads. The practical objective is to stimulate the production of tight gas reservoirs with a technique that is an alternative to hydraulic fracturing. The principle is that when subjected to dynamic loads, cohesive materials such as concrete, rocks or ceramics exhibit distributed micro‐cracking as opposed to localised cracking observed under static loads. Hence, a low permeability rock containing gas trapped into occluded pores can be fragmented with the help of dynamic loads, and gas can be extracted in a much more efficient way compared with hydraulic fracturing, where only large macro cracks are formed with very few connections between occluded pores. At the stage of laboratory development of this technique, compressive underwater shock waves have been used to increase the intrinsic permeability of concrete specimens. In a previous study, pressure waves generated by pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharges in water were used in order to induce micro‐cracking and an increase of average permeability of concrete hollow cylinders subjected to confinement stresses (equivalent to geostatic stresses). We discuss here a 3‐D anisotropic constitutive model aimed at describing the dynamic response of these specimens. It is based on rate‐dependent continuum damage constitutive relations. Crack closure effects and damage‐induced anisotropy are included in the model. The directional growth of damage is related to the directional growth of material intrinsic permeability. Numerical simulations of damage induced by shock waves show good agreement with the experiments for various confinement levels of the specimens. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

围岩作用下锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程分析

从砂浆锚杆锚固体自身的特点出发,借鉴钢筋混凝土结构锈胀开裂研究成果,对锚杆砂浆锈胀开裂过程进行了分析。考虑锚杆锈蚀体积膨胀过程,以填充系数表示砂浆开裂过程中锚杆锈蚀产物的损失,建立了锚杆锈蚀后砂浆内部位移模型,以弹性力学为基础,引入围岩参数影响系数概念,对锚杆锈蚀导致砂浆保护层开裂过程以及围岩参数对开裂过程的影响程度等进行了分析研究,并采用有限元分析方法对其进行了验证。理论分析结果表明,因锚杆锈蚀而导致的砂浆保护层开裂以及裂纹的扩展情况均与围岩特性密切相关,砂浆开裂后裂纹会经历一段稳定扩展过程,裂纹的最大稳定扩展半径随围岩参数影响系数的增加而增大,在合适的围岩参数条件下,裂纹可以一直稳定扩展致整个砂浆保护层外壁。有限元分析结论与理论结果一致。     

Modelling groundwater contamination above a nuclear waste repository at Gorleben, Germany

The candidate repository for high-level nuclear waste in the Gorleben salt dome, Germany, is expected to host 8,550 tonnes of uranium in burnt fuel. It has been proposed that 5,440 waste containers be deposited at a depth of about 800?m. There is 260?C280?m of siliciclastic cover sediments above the proposed repository. The potential groundwater contamination in the siliciclastic aquifer is simulated with the TOUGHREACT and TOUGH2-MP codes for a three-dimensional model with 290,435 elements. Two deterministic cases are simulated. The single-phase case considers the transport of radionuclides in the liquid phase only. The two-phase case accounts for hydrogen gas generated by the corrosion of waste containers and release of gaseous C-14. The gas release via a backfilled shaft is assumed to be steady (non-explosive). The simulation period is 2,000,000 years for the single-phase case and 7,000 years for the two-phase case. Only the radioactive dose in the two-phase case is higher than the regulatory limit (0.1?mSv/a).