裂陷盆地基底双界面模式二维重力反演

裂陷盆地基底的起伏表现为非光滑的几何形态,传统的重力反演结果并不能很好地反映这种特点.此外,大多数情况下,重力观测面并不位于盆地上界面,应为单独的起伏观测面,盆地应为上界面和基底组成的双界面模式.基于此,本文研究了起伏观测面上裂陷盆地基底双界面模式二维重力反演方法.研究中假设沉积盆地的沉积层与基底的密度差随深度按双曲线规律变化.将沉积盆地的沉积层剖分成相邻的垂直柱体,其水平尺寸是已知的,顶面与沉积层上界面重合,底面深度代表基底的深度,即为要反演的参数.反演中引入全变差函数作为盆地模型的约束,使得反演结果呈现非光滑形态,符合裂陷盆地基底特征.为减小反演多解性,引入已知深度点作为约束.建立由重力数据拟合、已知深度约束及全变差函数组成的目标函数,采用非线性共轭梯度算法使目标函数最小化.模型试算结果表明该方法可反演裂陷盆地基底起伏,并通过调整正则化参数的值可反演坳陷盆地基底起伏.将该反演方法用于珠江口盆地惠州凹陷和运城-临汾裂陷盆地实际资料处理,其结果较好地反映了裂陷盆地基底起伏特征,为研究盆地构造、油气勘探等提供重要参考.     

A detailed receiver function image of the sedimentary structure in the Bohai Bay Basin

If the site at which receiver functions are constructed is filled by sediments, then the waveforms from these receiver functions are dominantly controlled by the sedimentary structures within the first few seconds after the direct P arrival. Based on this observation, waveform data collected at 44 temporary seismic stations have been used to image the sedimentary structure of the Bohai Bay Basin, a major continental petroliferous basin in Eastern China. An adapted hybrid global waveform inversion method was applied to the receiver functions to extract structural information beneath each of the stations. The derived S-velocity structure provides for the first time, a basin-scale seismic image of detailed sedimentary stratification. The sedimentary cover of the basin is about 2-12 km thick, consisting of Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic strata from top to bottom. The structural features presented in the S-velocity image coincide quite well with the depression-uplift type of tectonic system in the Bohai Bay Basin. The reconstructed morphology of the sedimentary layers provides seismological evidence for the two-stage evolution of the intracontinental basin that were caused by an intensive tectonic regime transition in late Mesozoic immediately following the lithospheric reforming of the Eastern China continent.     

密度和速度随机分布共网格模型的重力与地震联合反演

针对重力与地震联合反演存在的问题,结合已有的研究成果,本文研究实现了速度和密度随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术,以适应密度和速度剧烈变化的复杂模型及联合反演的计算要求.重力正演利用了该网格的二度半体模型,并进一步改进了地震走时的二维射线追踪计算方法,以适用于速度随机分布的网格介质.结合改进的模拟退火算法,实现了这种共网格条件下的重力与地震资料的同步联合反演.模型试验证明了重力与地震联合反演可以准确确定复杂物性界面的密度和速度结构,适用于物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的复杂模型,并且联合反演结果要优于单独的重力反演.带先验信息约束下的实际资料的联合反演,进一步证明了该方法的适用性和效果,可提高反演精度并减少多解性.     

背景噪声面波与布格重力异常联合反演:山西断陷带三维地壳结构

讨论了利用面波与布格重力异常联合反演三维地壳速度结构的新方法,并利用该方法联合反演获得山西断陷带地壳S波速度结构.通过建立速度与密度之间的经验关系,利用非线性迭代反演方法获得最终速度模型.结果显示,联合反演获得的速度模型可以同时提高对面波及重力数据的观测拟合程度,而面波单独反演得到的速度模型则无法很好的拟合重力观测数据.相比较,联合反演速度模型中的大同火山区中下地壳的低速异常幅值小于面波单独反演模型中低速异常体的幅值.联合反演速度模型结果揭示,吕梁山地区在中下地壳存在低速异常,并且和北部的大同火山区低速异常相连接,说明可能导致新生代以来大同火山区岩浆活动的上地幔构造活动(上地幔局部上涌,地幔柱)可能对山西断陷带的形成和构造活动起到了一定的控制作用,并且导致了吕梁山地区中下地壳的低速异常.     

Structural profile of the northwestern Caribbean

A seismic reflection and gravity profile across the continental margin of the Yucatan Peninsula, Yucatan Basin, Cayman Ridge, and Cayman Trough suggests that sediments in the Yucatan Basin consist of a thick succession of beds dominated by turbidites that overlie a thick but irregular sequence of beds, probably dominated by pelagic deposits. The so-called “Carib beds”, present elsewhere in the Caribbean, are not evident in the part of the basin crossed by this profile. The sedimentary section rests on a acoustic basement that probably represents the top of oceanic layer 2. A gravity model indicates that the crust beneath the Yucatan Basin is thin and therefore probably is oceanic in character. The crust thickens southward under the Cayman Ridge but thins again beneath the Cayman Trough. This local thickening is consistent with the suggestion that the Cayman Ridge is a rifted part of the Nicaraguan Rise.     

综合物探技术识别地震反射异常体属性

埋藏在6000m以下的地震反射异常体是礁体还是火成岩体？或者是海底滑塌体？在高质量重磁电资采集的基础上，通过对研究区域内的地层岩石物性细致研究，利用CEMP资料界面约束二维反演、重磁力异常剥离技术和LCT重磁力地震联合反演解释技术细致研究了异常体的物性参数，从密度、磁化率、电阻率、速度等多种特征推测判断了深层异常体地质属性，为钻井部署提供了间接依据。     

储层重力密度反演后验约束正则化方法

本文针对蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)生产中开发监测问题,发展了综合应用地震及重力数据反演储层密度的联合反演算法.通过测井数据建立纵波阻抗与密度的直接关系,并推导出这种关系下重力与纵波阻抗数据联合反演的计算方法,从而计算出蒸汽腔体密度分布规律.文中应用密度反演后验约束正则化方法,采用Tikhonov正则化模型,通过波阻抗数据作为约束进行联合反演,在算法上提高了稳定性,同时得到较高的反演精度.文中对SAGD生产中的理论模型进行了方法试算,并分析了算法的误差,最终应用于SAGD生产的实际数据中,通过最终反演结果分析,该方法取得了很好的应用效果.     

电阻率和速度随机分布的MT与地震联合反演

在已有研究成果的基础上,为了适应物性参数剧烈变化的复杂模型并满足联合反演的要求,开发了速度和电阻率随机分布共网格单元模型的建模技术.基于这种统一的物性随机分布的网格介质模型,利用有限元方法和改进的射线追踪法分别正演计算大地电磁场和地震走时,结合改进的模拟退火算法,研究实现了电阻率和速度随机分布条件下的大地电磁与地震资料的同步联合反演.对物性界面不完全一致和物性变化剧烈的带地形复杂模型的试验,表明了该方法在精细反演复杂电阻率和速度结构方面的效果,克服了以往研究局限于简单模型的不足.对地震资料品质差的地区开展的实际资料联合反演,表明了方法的适用性,先验信息约束下的联合反演提高了反演精度.     

The distribution of deep source rocks in the GS Sag: joint MT–gravity modeling and constrained inversion

The coal-bearing strata of the deep Upper Paleozoic in the GS Sag have high hydrocarbon potential. Because of the absence of seismic data, we use electromagnetic (MT) and gravity data jointly to delineate the distribution of deep targets based on well logging and geological data. First, a preliminary geological model is established by using three-dimensional (3D) MT inversion results. Second, using the formation density and gravity anomalies, the preliminary geological model is modified by interactive inversion of the gravity data. Then, we conduct MT-constrained inversion based on the modified model to obtain an optimal geological model until the deviations at all stations are minimized. Finally, the geological model and a seismic profile in the middle of the sag is analysed. We determine that the deep reflections of the seismic profile correspond to the Upper Paleozoic that reaches thickness up to 800 m. The processing of field data suggests that the joint MT–gravity modeling and constrained inversion can reduce the multiple solutions for single geophysical data and thus improve the recognition of deep formations. The MT-constrained inversion is consistent with the geological features in the seismic section. This suggests that the joint MT and gravity modeling and constrained inversion can be used to delineate deep targets in similar basins.     

Mapping deep targets based on integrated 3D MT-gravity interpretation: a case study

Mapping deep geological hydrocarbon targets is of significant importance in basin exploration. In areas lacking reliable seismic data, magnetotelluric (MT) and gravity explorations are helpful to delineate the distribution of potential deep geological hydrocarbon targets. Here we investigate the effectiveness of the integrated 3D MT and gravity explorations for mapping the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks. The result based on the data from the W Basin (part of the Ordes Basin) of China demonstrates that the method is efficient and economical for basin exploration. The method is particularly useful in target areas which are of great interest for oil and gas exploration but lack high quality seismic data. In our method, we first use the high-precision 3D small-bin MT data acquisition to improve the data accuracy. Then we perform datum static correction method and apply 3D inversion to obtain the3D resistivity distribution. We also develop a layered resistivity model based on resistivity logging to assist the interpretation of the inverted 3D resistivity data so as to derive an initial 3D geological model. Starting from the initial model, we use 2D gravity data to update the model via 2D inversion line by line, and then pass the updated model for the next round of the 3D MT inversion. The integrated inversion is implemented iteratively so the model converges to satisfy the need of final geological analysis. The application to the W Basin shows that we could successfully delineate the geological distribution of the potential deep hydrocarbon source rocks within the basin and map the thickness of the upper Paleozoic.     

Two-dimensional data-space joint inversion of magnetotelluric,gravity, magnetic and seismic data with cross-gradient constraints

In recent years, joint inversion has been widely used for integrated geological interpretation. We extended a data-space joint inversion algorithm of magnetotelluric, gravity and magnetic data to include first-arrival seismic travel-time and normalized cross-gradient constraints. We describe the main features of the algorithm and apply it to synthetic data generated for hypothetical models. For the synthetic data, we find that the joint inversion with multiple parameters is superior to the joint inversion with two or even three parameters, which can reduce the multisolution of inversion results more effectively. Furthermore, data-space joint inversion involves fewer memory requirements and better calculation speeds than traditional model-space joint inversion. The normalized cross-gradient constraints can better couple model parameters of different magnitudes compared with traditional unnormalized cross-gradient constraints, resulting in higher levels of structural similarity among resistivity, density, magnetic susceptibility and velocity models.     

重震反演中国东北地壳上地幔三维密度结构

本文利用重力和地震P波到时数据反演得到了中国东北地区地壳上地幔三维密度结构.与单一的重力或地震反演相比,重震反演一方面有效地克服了重力反演结果垂向分辨率低的问题,另一方面也提高了地震反演结果的可靠性.结果显示:中国东北地区的地壳及上地幔剩余密度异常分布与构造单元具有明显的相关性,造山带对应低密度异常,盆地对应高密度异常;区域内火山下方有明显的低密度体存在,可能是由于太平洋板块俯冲进入上地幔并部分滞留,在滞留板块深部脱水和软流圈热物质共同作用下产生了上涌岩浆,喷发后形成了火山.     

Detailed gravity survey to help seismic microzonation: Mapping the thickness of unconsolidated deposits in Ottawa, Canada

In this study, measurements of gravity were made to map and model the thickness of Quaternary deposits (sand and clay) overlying Ordovician limestones in a suburb of Ottawa (Orléans, Ontario). Because ground motion amplification is partly related to the thickness of unconsolidated deposits, this work helps refine the assessment of the earthquake damage potential of the area. It also helps the mapping of clay basins, which can locally exceed 100 m in thickness, where ground motion amplification can occur. Previous work, including well log data and seismic methods, have yielded a wealth of information on near-surface geology in Orléans, thereby providing the necessary constraints to test the applicability of gravity modeling in other locations where other methods cannot always be used. Some 104 gravity stations were occupied in an 8 × 12 km test area in the Orléans. Stations were accurately located with differential GPS that provided centimetric accuracy in elevation. Densities of the unconsolidated Quaternary deposits (Champlain Sea clay) determined on core samples and densities determined on limestone samples from outcrops were used to constrain models of the clay layer overlying the higher density bedrock formations (limestone). The gravity anomaly map delineates areas where clay basins attain > 100 m depth. Assuming a realistic density for the Champlain Sea clays (1.9-2.1 g/cm³), the thickness over the higher density bedrock formations (Ordovician carbonate rocks) was modeled and compared with well logs and two seismic reflection profiles. The models match quite well with the information determined from well logs and seismic methods. It was found that gravity and the thickness of unconsolidated deposits are correlated but the uncertainties in both data sets preclude the definition of a direct correlation between the two. We propose that gravity measurements at a local scale be used as an inexpensive means of mapping the thickness of unconsolidated deposits in low-density urban areas. To obtain meaningful results, three conditions must exist. Firstly, elevations of gravity stations must be measured accurately using differential GPS; secondly, that the regional gravity field must be well defined, and thirdly, that the local geology be simple enough to be realistically represented with a two-layer model.     

Resistivity structure of a seismic gap along the Atotsugawa Fault, Japan

Seismicity along the Atotsugawa Fault, located in central Japan, shows a clear heterogeneity. The central segment of the fault with low-seismicity is recognized as a seismic gap, although a lot of micro-earthquakes occur along this fault. In order to elucidate the cause of the heterogeneity in seismicity, the electrical resistivity structure was investigated around the Atotsugawa Fault by using the magnetotelluric (MT) method. The regional geoelectrical strikes are approximately parallel to the fault in a low-frequency range. We constructed two-dimensional resistivity models across the fault using TM-mode MT responses to minimize three-dimensional effects on the modeling process. A smooth inversion algorithm was used, and the static-shifts on the apparent resistivity were corrected in the inversion process.A shallow, low resistivity zone along the fault is found from the surface to a depth of 1-2 km in the best-fit model across the high-seismicity segment of the fault. On the other hand, the corresponding low resistivity zone along the low-seismicity segment is limited to a shallower depth less than 1 km. The low resistivity zone along the Atotsugawa Fault is possibly due to fluid in the fracture zone; the segment with higher levels of seismicity may have higher fluid content in the fault zone compared with the lower seismicity segment. On a view of the crustal structure, a lateral resistivity variation in a depth range of 3-12 km is found below the fault trace in the high-seismicity segment, while a resistive layer of wide extent is found at a depth of about 5 km below the fault trace in the low-seismicity segment. The resistive layer is explained by less fluid condition and possibly characterized as high rigidity. Differences in the resistivity structures between low and high-seismicity segments of the fault suggest that the seismic gap in the central part of the Atotsugawa Fault may be interpreted as a locked segment. Thus, MT is an effective method in evaluating a cause and future activity of seismic gaps along active faults.The lower crust appears as a conductive zone beneath the low-seismicity segment, less conductive beneath the high-seismicity segment. Fluid is inferred as a preferable cause of the conductive zone in this study. It is suggested that the conductive lower crust beneath the low-seismicity segment is recognized where fluid is trapped by an impermeable layer in the upper crust. On the other hand, fluid in the lower crust may upwell to the surface along the high-seismicity segment of the fault.     

Gravity inversion of 2D bedrock topography for heterogeneous sedimentary basins based on line integral and maximum difference reduction methods

Based on the line integral (LI) and maximum difference reduction (MDR) methods, an automated iterative forward modelling scheme (LI‐MDR algorithm) is developed for the inversion of 2D bedrock topography from a gravity anomaly profile for heterogeneous sedimentary basins. The unknown basin topography can be smooth as for intracratonic basins or discontinuous as for rift and strike‐slip basins. In case studies using synthetic data, the new algorithm can invert the sedimentary basins bedrock depth within a mean accuracy better than 5% when the gravity anomaly data have an accuracy of better than 0.5 mGal. The main characteristics of the inversion algorithm include: (1) the density contrast of sedimentary basins can be constant or vary horizontally and/or vertically in a very broad but a priori known manner; (2) three inputs are required: the measured gravity anomaly, accuracy level and the density contrast function, (3) the simplification that each gravity station has only one bedrock depth leads to an approach to perform rapid inversions using the forward modelling calculated by LI. The inversion process stops when the residual anomalies (the observed minus the calculated) falls within an ‘error envelope’ whose amplitude is the input accuracy level. The inversion algorithm offers in many cases the possibility of performing an agile 2D gravity inversion on basins with heterogeneous sediments. Both smooth and discontinuous bedrock topography with steep spatial gradients can be well recovered. Limitations include: (1) for each station position, there is only one corresponding point vertically down at the basement; and (2) the largest error in inverting bedrock topography occurs at the deepest points.     

Subsurface structure across the axis of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre,New Zealand

The relationship between structure and volcanism in the Tongariro Volcanic Centre, New Zealand, is largely masked by a mantle of young volcanic deposits. Here we report the results of an integrated geophysical investigation (using gravity, multi-level aeromagnetic and magnetotelluric methods) of subsurface deposits and structures in the upper 1–2 km across the axis of the Tongariro Volcanic Centre. Modelling of these data across the Tama Lakes saddle shows that the outcropping volcanic deposits are up to 800 m thick, underlain by Tertiary sediments (of a few 10's to a few 100 m in thickness) and in turn lying above a basement of probable Mesozoic greywacke. Basement faulting is shown to be concentrated in the centre of the rift, which is 18 km wide at this location, but no vertical offset is resolved at the rift axis. Vertical displacements on basement faults of 250–300 m are modelled giving a minimum total basement subsidence of 650 m. A 5 km-wide, deep low resistivity zone occurs at the axis of the rift which is interpreted as either resulting from extensive fracturing and/or hydrothermal alteration within the basement. Steep-sided volcanic bodies with a high proportion of lavas/dykes coincide with the Waihi fault and the rift axis. Coincidence with the Waihi Fault suggests that this fault system may have provided magma pathways to the surface and a focus for dyke emplacement, which could have contributed to rift extension. The lack of offset at the rift axis may reflect the juvenile nature of faulting at this location, which is consistent with the notion of a migration of faulting towards the centre of the graben, alternatively, rifting may have been entirely accommodated by dyke emplacement.     

基于接收函数约束的川滇地区莫霍面深度反演研究

本文利用川滇地区宽频地震接收函数结果和WGM2012全球布格重力场模型数据,采用正则化参数和接收函数结果交叉验证得到最优莫霍面参考深度和上下界面密度差,使用基于球坐标系下的快速非线性重力反演方法建立川滇地区莫霍面深度模型.研究结果显示,川滇地区整体莫霍面深度介于30～69km,青藏高原内部地区莫霍面深度大于50km;四川盆地莫霍面深度在36～38km;攀枝花地区莫霍面出现明显的隆起和下凹,变化范围在42～48km;川滇菱形地块莫霍面深度在40～50km;滇西和滇南地块莫霍面深度由南向北逐渐变深,变化范围在38～44km.本文反演莫霍面深度与接收函数结果平均误差为0.18km,与该区域天然地震层析成像、人工地震探测以及重力数据反演结果基本一致,但细节更加丰富,进一步确认了莫霍面在攀西裂谷地区存在隆起,小江断裂带下方存在下凹的特征.该结果可作为精细化川滇地区地壳密度界面模型,为研究该地区岩石圈结构和地质构造演化提供参考.     

重力与地震资料的模拟退火约束联合反演

联合反演是综合地球物理研究的重要定量解释手段.本文在总结和分析重力与地震资料联合反演的研究现状基础上,利用改进的全局寻优的快速模拟退火算法,实现了重力和地震资料的约束同步联合反演.针对性地设计了密度和速度界面不完全一致的模型,理论模型的试验说明了方法的效果和适用性.结合最近完成的广东徐闻地区实际资料的处理和解释,表明该方法可准确确定复杂构造物性界面的密度和速度结构,在该地区的油气勘探中发挥了作用.在先验信息约束下,该联合反演方法要明显优于单独的重力反演.     

Gravity Anomalies of 2.5-D Multiple Prismatic Structures with Variable Density: A Marquardt Inversion

We present an inversion technique based on the Marquardt algorithm to estimate the depth of a 2.5-D sedimentary basin in addition to the regional gravity anomaly that is associated with the residual gravity anomaly, wherein the density contrast varies parabolically with depth. Forward modeling is carried out through a derived analytical gravity expression of a 2.5-D vertical prism. Inversion of a theoretical gravity anomaly with and without a regional gravity anomaly illustrates the procedure that it is found to be insensitive to the regional gravity effect. Furthermore, the algorithm is exemplified with the gravity anomalies of the derived density-depth model of the Godavari subbasin, India with a parabolic density profile resulting in a more consistent geological model rather than a constant density profile. The main advantage of this method is that it works well even when the profile of interpretation does not bisect the strike length of the sedimentary basin.     

Deep seismic reflection profiling of sedimentary basins offshore Brazil: Geological objectives and preliminary results in the Sergipe Basin

The first deep seismic reflection profiles offshore Brazil were acquired in Campos Basin and processed to 10 s TWT in 1984. Starting in 1989, Petrobrás acquired an extensive data set of deep seismic profiles using special acquisition equipment capable of effectively penetrating through the sedimentary layers and imaging the whole crustal architecture. These deep (18 s TWT) seismic reflection profiles extend across the Atlantic-type marginal basins, from the platform to the deepwater province, presently considered frontier regions for petroleum exploration. This work addresses the geological objectives of a deep seismic profile in the Sergipe Basin and discusses the results obtained by integrating regional seismic, gravity and magnetic data. When combined, these data provide evidence that deep seismic reflectors observed in the Sergipe Basin are related to intracrustal-upper mantle structures rather than sedimentary features. The deep seismic reflection profile in the Sergipe Basin also suggests that, rather than a non-volcanic passive margin, the deepwater extension of this basin is marked by several magmatic structures, including thick wedges of seaward-dipping reflectors and volcanic plugs. These magmatic features are associated with basinforming processes resulting from lithospheric extension during the breakup of Gondwana in the Early Cretaceous and subsequent emplacement of oceanic crust. These results are compared to the crustal scale structures observed in the Campos Basin, in the southeastern margin of Brazil. The interpretation of the deep structure of these basins indicates that final separation between the South American and African plates formed passive margins characterized by different patterns of crustal attenuation underlying the rift blocks.