山区太阳辐射对水热过程影响的敏感性分析

山区短波辐射的空间异质性非常强, 地形的遮蔽影响在山区能水循环模拟研究中不容忽视. 改进了SHAW模型和SHAWDHM模型的辐射模块, 使之能考虑地形的遮蔽作用对山区辐射平衡及其空间分布的影响, 并在单点和流域尺度进行数值模拟实验, 对比分析山区辐射过程对流域能水循环和径流的影响. 结果表明, 因地形的遮蔽作用, 地表接收的太阳直射辐射可减少25%左右, 模型模拟的土壤温度和蒸散发量分别降低约0.5 ℃和20%. 考虑山区辐射过程后, 模型模拟的春季融雪和夏季蒸散发均有所减缓, 导致春季融雪径流降低和夏季径流增加. 与观测径流对比发现, 考虑山区辐射过程后, 模型对径流量的模拟精度有所提高, 逐时径流量的纳什效率系数由0.677提高到0.711, 径流量的观测值与模拟值间的相关系数由0.835提高到0.851.     

一种考虑曲面地形效应的流动性滑坡运动模型

流动性滑坡在流经曲面地形时会产生附加的离（向）心作用,而以往的研究并未充分考虑这种作用。本文以LS_RAPID模型为基础,补充了在曲面地形下滑体运动所受离（向）心力,修正LS_RAPID模型的控制方程,得到考虑曲面地形效应的流动性滑坡运动模型——LSD_T（Landslide Dynamic_Terrain）模型。运用该模型对一典型流动性滑坡——天水市大沟滑坡进行模拟,并与相同参数下LS_RAPID模型的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明:LS_RAPID模型中曲面地形对滑体运动的限制作用不明显,体现为弯道处滑体冲出沟道,不符合滑坡的实际运动情况;而LSD_T模型则能够较好的反映弯道离（向）心作用的影响,滑体在弯道处顺沟滑动,运动轨迹与实际堆积过程基本一致。     

河谷地形对深覆盖层中防渗墙应力变形影响分析

为研究河谷地形对深厚覆盖层中防渗墙应力、变形的影响,以某沥青混凝土心墙堆石坝为工程背景,模拟了狭窄河谷和宽深河谷并分别建立有限元模型,坝体材料及覆盖层采用邓肯-张E-B模型,防渗墙与覆盖层、基岩之间的接触关系采用无厚度接触面模拟,进行三维非线性有限元计算,对比分析两种河谷情况下防渗墙的应力、变形情况。计算结果表明：狭窄河谷中,防渗墙沉降和水平向位移及防渗墙与覆盖层的不均匀变形均比宽深河谷小,其中不均匀变形最大减小了24.8%;宽深河谷中,防渗墙受河谷地形约束作用较弱,竖直向压应力较狭窄河谷更大,最大增加了40.3%;防渗墙的竖直向压应力最大值位置受中性点位置和河谷地形的共同影响,其中竖直向压应力最大值约30%来自墙顶坝体土压力,70%来自与覆盖层之间的负摩擦力。其研究结果可为不同地形条件下坝基防渗墙的设计提供参考。     

基于改进垂向流量交换的城市内涝模拟方法

针对内涝一维、二维耦合模型垂向流量交换计算过程复杂、计算稳定性差等问题,采用节点水量平衡原则对垂向流量交换方法进行改进。将节点分为超载节点及未超载节点,对于超载节点利用节点水量平衡原则进行垂向交换流量计算,将垂向交换流量计算与一维模型水力计算相融合,实现节点垂向交换流量与管段流量同时求解;对于未超载节点采用变水头孔口出流公式进行垂向交换流量计算,实现考虑地表水深变化的节点回流计算。采用Infoworks ICM模型作为对照,对比分析不同案例模拟结果,研究表明,改进方法与对照模型模拟结果吻合度高(纳什效率系数超过0.8),在内涝模拟过程中能准确模拟垂向流量交换,并保证系统水量平衡,对城市内涝模拟分析具有较好的应用价值。     

黄河流域蒸散量分布式模拟

针对传统区域蒸散计算模型中净辐射及其各组成要素的计算直接采用国外经验公式或点上观测资料空间内插的不足,利用基于中国气象站观测资料建立的净辐射及其各组成要素的计算公式和遥感反演的地表反照率,以黄河流域作为研究区域,在考虑地形起伏和下垫面多样性等地表非均匀性因素的基础上,实现了黄河流域净辐射及其各组成要素的分布式模拟;在印证流域尺度存在蒸散互补相关关系的基础上,将净辐射、气温、水汽压等系列要素分布式拟合结果与基于区域蒸散互补理论的AA（Advection-Aridity model）模型耦合,实现了黄河流域蒸散量的分布式模拟。与基于水量平衡的黄河流域多年平均蒸散量空间分布图对照表明,二者趋势分布吻合很好,分区验证的最小相对偏差为1.14%,最大为26.80%,全流域平均相对偏差为1.50%,且分布式蒸散拟合结果更加细致地体现了蒸散量的空间变化情况。集成的区域蒸散分布式模型,以蒸散互补理论为基础,考虑了区域蒸散对近地层大气的反馈作用,仅以数字高程模型和常规气象站观测数据为输入项,应用方便。     

地形对黄河流域太阳辐射影响的分析研究

起伏地形中太阳总辐射由直接辐射、散射辐射、周围地形反射辐射三部分组成,依据各部分太阳辐射产生机理的不同,分别设计模型以综合考虑天文因素、大气因素、宏观地理因素、局地地形因素（坡向、坡度、地形相互遮蔽）是必须的。基于数字高程模型（DEM）数据和遥感影像,在全面考虑各种因素的基础上,建立了依托常规气象站观测资料的起伏地形下太阳总辐射计算模型,完成了黄河流域1km×1km分辨率太阳总辐射分布式模拟。结果表明：受坡地自身遮蔽和周围山地相互遮蔽的影响,总体平均而言,山地接收的太阳总辐射较平地少;局地地形对太阳辐射的影响程度随季节而变,在太阳高度角较低的季节,局地地形的影响较为显著。     

使用多角度积雪光谱验证渐进辐射传输理论

双向反射分布函数（BRDF,Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function）反演作为定量遥感的重要研究方向,其定量化地描述了地表反射的各向异性特点. 传统的积雪BRDF反演主要采用ROSS+LI核,采用贝叶斯概率统计的方法或者采用最小二乘的方法进行求解系数,方法简单可行,但是这些模型对积雪的物理特性定量描述不是太全面. 积雪是一个复杂的体系,众多因素对BRDF影响较大,如雪粒径与雪污化物,传统的ROSS+LI核不能定量地描述这些因素对积雪的BRDF的影响. 渐进辐射传输算法,以其计算简单,运算速度快而不降低辐射传输的精度,被广泛地运用到定量遥感之中. 利用此理论进行积雪BRDF反演及验证,首先进行积雪的雪粒径反演,采用了渐进辐射传输模型建立光谱库;其后确定中心波长1.03 μm作为最佳雪粒径反演波段,同时采用此理论反演了雪污染量;最后利用已有的雪粒径与反演的相对污化物含量进行BRDF重构. 实验表明：基于渐进辐射传输的积雪BRDF具有可行性,精度能够满足生产之用,同时产生的中间产品,如雪粒径、雪污染等,可以广泛地运用于生产实践之中. 通过此方法能够有效地将积雪遥感的雪粒径、雪污染、BRDF串联起来,方便积雪快速定量化描述.     

黄土高原陆面过程观测试验的仪器精度和观测误差分析

利用"黄土高原陆面过程观测试验"2009年定西站的平行对比观测资料,分析了微气象观测仪器的精度和观测误差.结果显示:在大多数情况下,A301P型风杯风速计和HMP45D型温湿传感器对风温湿的观测偏差分别不超过±0.10m.s-1、±0.16℃和±1.00%;107型和109型温度传感器对土壤温度的观测偏差分别不超过±0.1℃和±0.03℃;HFP01型热通量板对土壤热通量的观测偏差不超过±11W.m-2;涡动协方差系统(CAST3+Li7500)观测计算得到的感热、潜热和动量通量的偏差分别不超过±8W.m-2、±8W.m-2、±0.02kg.m-1.s-2.此试验对于大气风速、温度、相对湿度、土壤湿度和温度、地表辐射以及地表通量这些要素的观测,相同型号仪器之间的数据都很一致.并且不同型号仪器进行对比观测风速、土壤温度、净辐射、向下长短波辐射和土壤热通量得到的结果也较一致.结果表明,该试验大多数仪器有比较高的精度,仪器之间也比较一致,观测误差较小,基本能够满足陆面过程观测的要求.     

复杂地形下高密度激电法2.5维有限单元法数值模拟

目前三维有限元模拟计算量大,计算效率低,对计算机要求较高,2.5维模拟是三维问题的简化,较好地克服了上述问题。在高密度激电法模拟中,模拟的点数一般较大,要求程序计算效率高,因此对高密度激电法2.5维模拟研究是必要的。首先给出了2.5维稳定电流场的边值问题及对应的变分问题;为了能更好模拟复杂地形对极化率异常的影响,采用三角形网格,有利于模拟复杂地形又有利于将其应用于反演计算。推导了基于连续电性介质的2.5维稳定电流场的有限元法,利用等效电阻率法,编制了2.5维高密度激电法有限元模拟程序,计算了水平地形及起伏地形下的极化率异常模型,并验证了方法的可行性,分析得出了山谷地形比山脊地形对极化率观测的影响大的结果。     

多年冻土区青藏公路路基边界温度及计算模型研究

温度边界是冻土工程模拟中重要的边界条件之一。依据青藏公路多年冻土段不同走向路基断面表层温度的连续观测数据,分析了青藏工程走廊内路基实测的边界温度特征。结果表明：走向为W8° S的断面阴阳坡温差最大为5.81 ℃,走向为W34°S的断面坡面温差为5.68 ℃,走向为W86° S度的断面坡面温差为1.38 ℃,说明高原上无论路基走向如何,路基两侧坡面都存在温度差异,因此,两侧必须采取差异设计,以减少路基温度的不对称。同时,根据路基接收太阳能辐射反演路面及边坡表面温度,提出了工程热边界的简化计算模型,并将模型计算结果与实测数据进行对比,两者吻合较好。     

Characteristics and distributions of atmospheric mercury emitted from anthropogenic sources in Guiyang,southwestern China

Continuous measurements of speciated atmospheric mercury (Hg), including gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), particulate mercury (PHg), and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were conducted in Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Guiyang Power Plant (GPP), Guiyang Wujiang Cement Plant, Guizhou Aluminum Plant (GAP), and Guiyang Forest Park (GFP) in Guiyang were selected as study sites. Automatic Atmospheric Mercury Speciation Analyzers (Tekran 2537A) were used for GEM analysis. PHg and RGM were simultaneously collected by a manual sampling system, including elutriator, coupler/impactor, KCl-coated annular denuder, and a filter holder. Results show that different emission sources dominate different species of Hg. The highest average GEM value was 22.2 ± 28.3 ng·m^?3 and the lowest 6.1 ± 3.9 ng·m^?3, from samples collected at GPP and GAP, respectively. The maximum average PHg was 1984.9 pg·m^?3 and the minimum average 55.9 pg·m^?3, also from GPP and GAP, respectively. Similarly, the highest average RGM of 68.8 pg·m^?3 was measured at GPP, and the lowest level of 20.5 pg·m^?3 was found at GAP. We conclude that coal combustion sources are still playing a key role in GEM; traffic contributes significantly to PHg; and domestic pollution dominates RGM.     

Total particulate and reactive gaseous mercury in ambient air on the eastern slope of the Mt. Gongga area,China

Total particulate mercury (TPM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) concentrations in ambient air on the eastern slope of the Mt. Gongga area, Sichuan Province, Southwestern China were monitored from 25 May, 2005 to 29 April, 2006. Simultaneously, Hg concentrations in rain samples were measured from January to December, 2006. The average TPM and RGM concentrations in the study site were 30.7 and 6.2 pg m⁻³, which are comparable to values observed in remote areas in Northern America and Europe, but much lower than those reported in some urban areas in China. The mean seasonal RGM concentration was slightly higher in spring (8.0 pg m⁻³) while the minimum mean concentration was observed in winter (4.0 pg m⁻³). TPM concentrations ranged across two orders of magnitude from 5.2 to 135.7 pg m⁻³ and had a clear seasonal variation: winter (74.1 pg m⁻³), autumn (22.5 pg m⁻³), spring (15.3 pg m⁻³) and summer (10.8 pg m⁻³), listed in decreasing order. The annual wet deposition was 9.1 μg m⁻² and wet deposition in the rainy season (May–October) represented over 80% of the annual total. The temporal distribution of TPM and RGM suggested distinguishable dispersion characteristics of these Hg species on a regional scale. Elevated TPM concentration in winter was probably due to regional and local enhanced coal burning and low wet deposition velocity. The RGM distribution pattern is closely related to daily variation in UV radiation observed during the winter sampling period indicating that photo-oxidation processes and diurnal changes in meteorology play an important role in RGM generation.     

Characterization and cycling of atmospheric mercury along the central US Gulf Coast

Concentrations of atmospheric Hg species, elemental Hg (Hg^°), reactive gaseous Hg (RGM), and fine particulate Hg (Hg-PM_2.5) were measured at a coastal site near Weeks Bay, Alabama from April to August, 2005 and January to May, 2006. Mean concentrations of the species were 1.6 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³, 4.0 ± 7.5 pg m⁻³ and 2.7 ± 3.4 pg m⁻³, respectively. A strong diel pattern was observed for RGM (midday maximum concentrations were up to 92.7 pg m⁻³), but not for Hg^° or Hg-PM_2.5. Elevated RGM concentrations (>25 pg m⁻³) in April and May of 2005 correlated with elevated average daytime O₃ concentrations (>55 ppbv) and high light intensity (>500 W m⁻²). These conditions generally corresponded with mixed continental-Gulf and exclusively continental air mass trajectories. Generally lower, but still elevated, RGM peaks observed in August, 2005 and January–March, 2006 correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with peaks in SO₂ concentration and corresponded to periods of high light intensity and lower average daytime O₃ concentrations. During these times air masses were dominated by trajectories that originated over the continent. Elevated RGM concentrations likely resulted from photochemical oxidation of Hg^° by atmospheric oxidants. This process may have been enhanced in and by the near-shore environment relative to inland sites. The marine boundary layer itself was not found to be a significant source of RGM.     

森林水文生态效应若干争论问题讨论

对国内外若干森林水文生态效应的部分争论焦点问题进行了阐述,指出容量饱和与平衡变化是导致不同森林水文生态效应存在的根本原因.截留量可以用林冠截留率或林冠饱和度计算.对森林水文生态效应的研究方法进行了探讨,指出某些研究结论相反的原因可能是由于实验方法的问题.必须结合水文循环过程的机理,加强森林生水文生态效应机制的研究,要建立不同空间尺度的分布式水文模型,从而准确的回答流域或区域的森林生态水文效应.     

Phytolith reference study for identifying vegetation changes in the forest−grassland region of northeast China

To provide a basis for tracing changes in vegetation and tree cover density, we studied the phytoliths of 129 common temperate plant species, and extracted the phytoliths from 75 surface soil samples from sites in grassland, forest−grassland ecotone and forest habitats in northeast China. From the analysis of shapes and morphological parameters of the plant samples, we developed a reference data set of herbaceous and woody phytoliths, and subsequently identified 21 herbaceous and 13 woody phytolith types in the surface soil samples. To test the reliability of soil phytolith analysis for distinguishing forest, grassland and the forest−grassland ecotone, we used principal components analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA) to summarize the soil phytolith assemblage characteristics of the different ecosystems. The results show that the grassland and forest samples are characterized by abundant herbaceous and woody phytoliths, respectively; and that forest−grassland ecotone habitats are characterized by low abundances of blocky polyhedral, multifaceted epidermal and sclereid phytoliths. In general, the surface soil phytolith assemblages can reliably differentiate samples from forest, grassland and the forest−grassland ecotone, with up to 92% of the samples classified correctly. We also tested the reliability of phytolith indices (W/G (1), W/G (2), W/G (3)) for discriminating different vegetation types in our study area, and found that W/G (2) was the most reliable index and corresponded well with the species inventory data. The W/G values for grassland ranged from 0 to 0.3, from 0.3 to 0.6 for the forest−grassland ecotone, and exceeded 0.6 for forest. We conclude that our study provides reliable analogues for phytolith assemblages from palaeoecological contexts, which can be used to reconstruct shifts in forest−grassland ecotones and vegetation succession in temperate areas.     

An optimized object-based analysis for vegetation mapping using integration of Quickbird and Sentinel-1 data

This study proposed a workflow for an optimized object-based analysis for vegetation mapping using integration of Quickbird and Sentinel-1 data. The method is validated on a set of data captured over a part of Selangor located in the Peninsular Malaysia. The method comprised four components including image segmentation, Taguchi optimization, attribute selection using random forest, and rule-based feature extraction. Results indicated the robustness of the proposed approach as the area under curve of forest; grassland, old oil palm, rubber, urban tree, and young oil palm were calculated as 0.90, 0.89, 0.87, 0.87, 0.80, and 0.77, respectively. In addition, results showed that SAR data is very useful for extracting rubber and young oil palm trees (given by random forest importance values). Finally, further research is suggested to improve segmentation results and extract more features from the scene.     

天山玛纳斯河源鹿角湾冰川地貌与冰期序列

在鹿角湾冰川区40 km²的考察范围内,共发育了18个冰斗.按斗底高度的不同,可以将18个冰斗分成3个高度等级,分别代表了3次雪线高度不同的冰进.冰斗朝向以偏北为主,说明水热条件对冰斗发育是限制因素.18号冰斗和2号冰斗朝向偏南,说明其所代表的冰进阶段水热条件组合有利于冰川的长期存在,从而发育了大规模的向阳冰斗.鹿角湾冰川共发育了10道保存比较完整的冰碛垄,按冰碛垄表面特征和产出位置,结合测年资料,将10道冰碛垄划分为5套冰碛地层.对冰碛垄上所采冰碛土样品进行年代测试的结果是:冰碛丘陵上组地层属于小冰期沉积,较早的两次冰进结束时间为(680±60)a BP和(250±60)a BP;冰碛丘陵组地层属于新冰期沉积,3次冰进结束年代分别为:(4.2±0.4)ka BP,(2.9±0.3)ka BP,(1720±60)a BP;末次冰期晚期结束年代为1.1~1.2 ka BP.其它几次冰进阶段未能取得可信的测年数据.     

岩溶关键带植被对水循环过程的影响作用研究

随着农村能源结构的调整和多项林草植被保护政策的实施,我国西南石漠化趋势得到初步的遏制.岩溶作用过程是由水循环驱动的碳循环过程.岩溶区森林植被的水文效应,不仅促进植被自身的生长,还能进一步促进岩溶作用过程.在西南岩溶区选择了2个不同植被覆盖条件的地下水系统为研究对象,通过地下水系统降水量、地下水径流量、水化学组分和同位素...     

Atmospheric mercury near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in southern Idaho

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) were measured over 2-week seasonal field campaigns near Salmon Falls Creek Reservoir in south-central Idaho from the summer of 2005 through the fall of 2006 and over the entire summer of 2006 using automated Tekran Hg analyzers. GEM, RGM, and particulate Hg (HgP) were also measured at a secondary site 90 km to the west in southwestern Idaho during the summer of 2006. The study was performed to characterize Hg air concentrations in the southern Idaho area for the first time, estimate Hg dry deposition rates, and investigate the source of observed elevated concentrations. High seasonal variability was observed with the highest GEM (1.91 ± 0.9 ng m⁻³) and RGM (8.1 ± 5.6 pg m⁻³) concentrations occurring in the summer and lower values in the winter (1.32 ± 0.3 ng m⁻³, 3.2 ± 2.9 pg m⁻³ for GEM, RGM, respectively). The summer-average HgP concentrations were generally below detection limit (0.6 ± 1 pg m⁻³). Seasonally averaged deposition velocities calculated using a resistance model were 0.034 ± 0.032, 0.043 ± 0.040, 0.00084 ± 0.0017 and 0.00036 ± 0.0011 cm s⁻¹ for GEM (spring, summer, fall and winter, respectively) and 0.50 ± 0.39, 0.40 ± 0.31, 0.51 ± 0.43 and 0.76 ± 0.57 cm s⁻¹ for RGM. The total annual RGM + GEM dry deposition estimate was calculated to be 11.9 ± 3.3 μg m⁻², or about 2/3 of the total (wet + dry) deposition estimate for the area. Periodic elevated short-term GEM (2.2–12 ng m⁻³) and RGM (50–150 pg m⁻³) events were observed primarily during the warm seasons. Back-trajectory modeling and PSCF analysis indicate predominant source directions to the SE (western Utah, northeastern Nevada) and SW (north-central Nevada) with fewer inputs from the NW (southeastern Oregon and southwestern Idaho).     

干旱区山地典型流域不同景观结构的水文调节能力分析

在GIS支持下,对祁连山中段典型流域不同景观结构的水文效应进行比较分析.结果表明:以低海拔乔木林占优势的大野口河流域可对其年降水量的36.45%进行调节,雨季径流深是旱季径流深的8.43倍;以较高海拔灌丛占优势的海潮坝河流域可对其年降水量的24.96%进行调节,雨季径流深是旱季径流深的11.8倍.大野口河流域对降水的调控能力强于海潮坝河流域.在降水量不变的情况下,流域森林面积每增加1 km²,流域对降水的综合调节能力将提高0.35 t.100 m^-2(即3.5mm).