基于多参数指标的长江口滨岸多环芳烃来源辨析

在长江口滨岸及临近排污口、滨岸河流、城市中心城区采集悬浮颗粒物、表层沉积物、街道灰尘等样品, 分别利用GC-MS 和GC-C-IRMS 定量分析了不同环境介质中的多环芳烃 (PAHs) 与有机单体化合物稳定碳同位素(δ¹³C), 开展了基于PAH 环数、分子量特征比值和有机单体化合物稳定碳同位素组成等参数指标的长江口滨岸悬浮颗粒物与表层沉积物中PAHs 源解析研究。研究结果显示, 长江口滨岸悬浮颗粒物与表层沉积物中的PAH 化合物主要以3~4 环为主, 与吴淞排污口、石洞口污水处理厂、黄浦江、滨岸小河流以及上海中心城区等潜在来源区域不同环境介质中的PAHs 组成特征相似, 主要来源于汽油、柴油、煤炭和木材的不完全燃烧以及石油残余物的混合。其中, 木材和煤炭不完全燃烧形成的PAHs 以及石油残余物, 枯季经过滨岸河流及排污口直接输入, 洪季则为城市街道灰尘被暴雨冲刷, 随地表 径流最终汇入河口; 汽车排放(汽油、柴油不完全燃烧) 产生的PAHs 主要富集在城市交通区和商业区的街道灰尘中, 枯季借助区域盛行风迁移至河口区, 洪季则主要通过暴雨径流冲刷进入河口。     

基于多参数指标的长江口滨岸多环芳烃来源辨析(英文)

Samples of suspended particulate matters(SPMs),surface sediment and road dust were collected from the Yangtze estuarine and nearby coastal areas,coastal rivers,and central Shanghai.The samples were analyzed for the presence of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in the USEPA priority-controlled list by GC-MS.The compound-specific stable carbon isotopes of the individual PAHs were also analyzed by GC-C-IRMS.The sources of PAHs in the SPMs and surface sediments in the Yangtze estuarine and nearby coastal...     

广西廉州湾和三娘湾表层水体中多环芳烃的时空分布与来源解析

以16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）为研究对象,分别于2017年夏季（8月）和冬季（12月）采集广西廉州湾和三娘湾的河口和海岸带14个站位的表层海水样品,利用固相萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用仪对其进行分析,探讨其时空分布、组成和来源,并评价其生态风险。结果表明：廉州湾和三娘湾河口及海岸带水体中多环芳烃单体的平均质量浓度总体上与其溶解度和极性呈正相关关系,即以2~3环芳烃为主,4~6环芳烃检出率和质量浓度均较低。PAHs总质量浓度（∑16PAHs）在夏季河口水体（72.71 ng/L）明显高于海岸带水体（56.28 ng/L）（t检验,p＜0.01）,冬季河口（106.67 ng/L）与海岸带（92.43 ng/L）差异不显著（t检验,p＞0.05）。冬季河口和海岸带PAHs质量浓度均明显高于夏季。大风江和南流江PAHs的入海通量达525.3 kg/a,夏秋季占85%以上,反映了雨季河流对海岸带具有明显的影响。南流江PAHs入海通量占2条河流总量的87%以上,对廉州湾和三娘湾的影响最大。运用同分异构体比值和主成分分析方法对海水中PAHs进行来源解析,结果表明：夏季主要为燃烧源和石油源的混合来源,冬季主要为燃烧源。与其他国家或地区相比,廉州湾和三娘湾海水中PAHs质量浓度处于较低水平。生态风险评价结果显示廉州湾和三娘湾表层海水中的PAH风险较小。     

长江口潮滩有机质稳定碳同位素时空分布与来源分析

通过测定长江口潮滩悬浮颗粒有机质和表层沉积有机质在枯水季节 (2006年2月 )和洪水季节 (2006年8月 )的稳定碳同位素值,对有机质潜在来源及局部岸段改造作用进行了分析。结果显示,悬浮颗粒有机质稳定碳同位素值在2月明显低于8月,变化范围分别在-25.8‰~-23.4‰和-25.1‰~-22.9‰,主要是受径流量枯洪季变化和浮游生物生长季节变化两种因素的叠加作用。表层沉积有机质2月和8月的稳定碳同位素分别为-25.0‰~-20.4‰和-24.7‰~-19.5‰,季节变化不明显,主要来自悬浮颗粒物的沉降。除受大背景环境因素影响,局部环境对潮滩有机质也有一定的改造作用,污水、支流河水的输入对悬浮颗粒有机质碳同位素有一定的影响,埋藏的潮滩植物和底栖微藻则对沉积有机质有部分贡献。     

长江口潮滩有机质来源的C、N稳定同位素示踪

依据长江河口潮滩自然环境特征和受人文活动影响的差异性,沿长江河口南岸潮滩选取了12个典型的监测站位,并分别于洪水季节 (7月份) 和枯水季节 (2月份) 在各监测站位进行了表层 (0~2 cm) 沉积物样品的采集。对表层沉积物有机质中稳定碳、氮同位素进行分析与测试发现,7月份稳定碳同位素值普遍低于2月份的稳定碳同位素值,其变化范围分别为 -29.8‰ ~ -23.7‰和-27.3‰ ~ -25.6‰;7月份和2月份稳定氮同位素分别为1.0‰ ~ 5.5‰和1.7‰~ 7.8‰。研究区域内,稳定碳、氮同位素的地区分布和季节变化特征揭示,有机质中的稳定碳、氮同位素组成不仅受陆源和海源有机质输入量之间消长变化的影响,同时一系列的生物地球化学过程、人为有机质的输入和沉积物粒度与叶绿素对碳、氮同位素组成均存在不同程度的改造作用。此外,利用稳定碳同位素质量平衡混合模型,还对陆源有机质输入量的贡献率进行了初步定量估算。     

南水北调对长江口盐水入侵影响的预测

本文简单地介绍了长江口地区盐水入侵情况,洪季长江上游径流量大,盐水入侵区在长江口外,对工农业生产没有什么影响.枯季,特别在干旱年份,长江口盐水入侵较为严重,在最不利的情况下,整个南支河段可为3‰左右的盐度所控制.文中根据实测资料的统计分析,预测了枯水年、平水年和丰水年南水北调对上海市吴淞口氯度变化的影响;还采用一维近似计算和相关分析法两个途径,预测南水北调后长江口5‰盐水入侵长度的变化情况.最后指出,洪季调水对长江口盐水入侵影响甚微,枯季调水,则需持慎重态度.长江口北支是盐水入侵的第二个自然污染源,如果堵塞北支,则可完全抵销南水北调所带来的对长江口盐水入侵的影响.     

Bedforms and bed material transport pathways in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary

Bed features were mapped using a thermal depth recorder and a side-scan sonar in the Changjiang (Yangtze) Estuary, and flows were observed and bed surface materials were sampled to investigate bed material transport pathways. Distinct scales and dimensions of dunes were observed in terms of the classification scheme of Ashley [Ashley, G.M., 1990. Classification of large-scale sub-aqueous bedforms: A new look at an old problem. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 61, 160–172], forming a dune set in the flood season. Large dunes occurred predominately in the surveyed area of the estuarine zone, and two-dimensional dunes predominated in the dry season while three-dimensional dunes prevailed in the flood season. Sharp lee sides of dunes have low angles, indicating a significant suspended-load transport for the bedform migration, and the majority of them face down-estuary reflecting the controlling process by the ebb current. The bed material migrations in terms of relative maximum gross transport show a satisfactory agreement with the sonar mapping in the dry season. The relative maximum gross transport as an independent estimator of migration direction, can be used to effectively determine the bed material transport directions in the Changjiang Estuary.     

近百年来长江河口航道拦门沙的形态演变特征

长江河口航道拦门沙对长江航运、泄洪以及上海港的建设具有重大的影响。通过近百年来历史资料和最新图件中北支、北港、北槽和南槽拦门沙河段的主泓剖面与平面图,分析近百年来4 个入海航槽拦门沙的形态演变特征。经分析发现：近100 年来,北支拦门沙由口外向口内逐渐移动并演变为口内巨型沙坎;北港拦门沙滩顶向下游移动了近30 km,2001 年后北港拦门沙河段开始有心滩发育;北槽拦门沙有两个明显的滩顶,但至2010 年这一显著特征消失;南槽拦门沙滩顶呈双峰型-多峰型-单峰型变化趋势,且滩顶向下游移动了约14 km。显然,除了北支拦门沙演变与崇明岛大规模围垦、北槽拦门沙演变与深水航道直接相关外,北港、南槽拦门沙演变特征主要与长江深水航道整治工程、横沙东滩圈围以及青草沙水库等大型工程影响有关。     

近百年来长江河口航道拦门沙的形态演变(英文)

The mouth bar in the Yangtze estuarine waterways has a significant influence on navigational transport within the estuary,flood discharge and construction of the Shanghai Port.In this paper the morphological evolution and mechanisms of mouth bar formation of the Yangtze estuarine waterways are studied by analyzing hundreds of years of historical data and the latest profile maps of some or the main mouth bar channels in the Yangtze Estuary.The results are shown as follows:The mouth bars in the North Branch have moved gradually from outside the mouth to the inside and formed a huge sand bar.In the North Channel,the head of the mouth bar has migrated about 30 kilometers downstream,and a channel bar has been developing since 2001.Two mouth bar tops,which always existed in the North Passage,disappeared in 2010.The head of the mouth bar in the South Passage has migrated downstream about 14 km and the number of tops increased at first but is reduced to only one now.According to the results,we can conclude that the evolution of the mouth bars differs depending on their location.In the North Branch it is directly related to large-scale reclamation in Chongming Island,but in the North Passage it has a close relationship with regulation of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel.However,the evolution of mouth bars in the North Channel and South Passage is not only connected with the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Regulation Project,but also with the reclamation in the East Hengsha Shoal and the closure of the Qingcaosha Reservoir.     

长江磷和硅的输送通量

于1997年枯水期 (11月~12月) 和1998年丰水期 (8月和10月),对长江流域从金沙江至河口干流和主要支流、湖泊各种形式的磷和硅酸盐进行了调查。长江干流枯、丰期颗粒磷和总磷浓度变化几乎是同步的,上游快速增加,中、下游下降且变化不大;溶解态磷和硅酸盐浓度变化较小。枯、丰期各种形式磷和硅酸盐通量从上游至中、下游呈增加趋势。枯水期长江各种形式磷和硅酸盐通量,大部分是由中、下游贡献的,其中一半以上来自于支流和湖泊。丰水期各种形式磷和硅酸盐的输送,仅上游支流贡献了一半以上的颗粒磷,其余大部分是由干流贡献的。颗粒磷所占的比例,上游高于中、下游,丰水期高于枯水期,干流高于支流,主要与悬浮泥沙含量有关,颗粒态磷是长江磷的主要贡献者。溶解态磷的输送通量,枯水期干流中有机磷略占优势,支流中有机和无机磷各占一半;丰水期均是无机磷占优势。长江水中各种形式磷和硅酸盐的输送通量和总磷、磷酸盐的输出通量主要受径流量所控制,特别是硅酸盐通量具有比磷更加明显的随径流而增加的特征。本文提出了长江各种形式磷和硅酸盐的输送通量方程式及总磷、磷酸盐的输出通量方程式。     

长江口悬沙浓度变化的同步性和差异性

近年来长江流域入海沙量呈现阶梯性减小趋势,三峡水库蓄水后加剧了这一减小趋势,并通过传递效应影响河口悬沙浓度变化。基于长江口1950-2013年悬沙浓度数据,结果表明：① 长江口南支河段及口外海域悬沙浓度为减小趋势,且越向海域减幅越小,同时与流域入海沙量减幅差距加大;② 北支优势流变化不大,但悬沙浓度为减小趋势,主要为南支和海域大环境悬沙浓度减小所致;③ 拦门沙河段悬沙浓度的峰值区域因径流减小、潮流相对增强,2003-2012年较1984-2002年期间峰值位置向口内上溯约1/6经度,上溯距离洪季 > 年均 > 枯季;④ 1999-2009年南槽进口悬沙浓度减小,主要是再悬浮和滩槽交换引起的悬沙浓度增量小于流域和海域悬沙浓度锐减引起的减量,中段该作用相反,悬沙浓度为增加趋势;⑤ 北槽进口由于分流分沙比减小、流域和海域悬沙浓度减小及再悬浮量减小等综合影响下,1999-2012年逐年的8月份悬沙浓度呈减小趋势,中段越堤沙量作用明显高于外部坏境引起的减小量,为增加趋势。     

一种新的流域水沙关系模型及其在年际时间尺度的应用

根据陕西子洲试验站9个流域和山西离石试验站3个流域的观测数据,研究了黄土丘陵沟壑区次暴雨径流和产沙的关系。结果表明:在研究区,当流量超过某一临界值后,含沙量保持稳定,且次洪平均含沙量主要取决于大流量时段,故对于较大的洪水事件,其平均含沙量也趋于稳定,次暴雨和次暴雨过程两个时间尺度的水沙关系表现出很好的相似性。因此可用正比关系式来拟合较大洪水次暴雨径流深和产沙模数之间的关系。由于极端事件对研究区水土流失的重要性,使得该模型有很好的实用性。模型在年际时间尺度上的应用结果表明,对仅在次暴雨期间产流的地区,该模型可以很好地预测年产沙量,而对于常年流水的流域,在丰水年根据汛期径流量该模型也有较好的计算精度。     

特枯2006年长江中下游径流特征及江湖库径流调节过程

利用1978特枯年、2000~2006年长江中下游宜昌、汉口、大通、城陵矶及湖口等水文实测资料,对2006年长江中下游出现特大枯水水情条件下的径流变化和江、湖与水库的调节过程进行分析。结果表明:长江中下游径流变化出现洪季不洪、枯季不枯特征,洪季来水量不到平常年的60%~70%,枯季基本维持平常年的来水量;其中长江上游来水量急剧减少是造成长江中下游洪季不洪的主要因素,三峡在枯水期间的调蓄对维持长江中下游干流的水量有一定的贡献,洞庭湖与鄱阳湖两大湖泊在枯季因干流水位显著降低形成的胁迫效应是长江中下游枯季不枯的重要因素。     

The synchronicity and difference in the change of suspended sediment concentration in the Yangtze River Estuary

The sediment discharge from the Yangtze River Basin has a stepwise decreasing trend in recent years. The impounding of the Three Gorges Reservoir exacerbated this decreasing trend and affected the change of the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the Yangtze River Estuary through the transmission effect. The SSC data of the Yangtze River Estuary during 1959-2012 showed that: (1) The SSC in the South Branch of the Yangtze River in the estuary and in the off-shore sea area displayed decreasing trends and decreased less towards the sea. At the same time, the difference in decreasing magnitude between SSC and sediment discharge became bigger towards the sea. (2) For the North Branch the preferential flow did not change much but the SSC tended to decrease, which was mainly caused by the decrease of SSC in the South Branch and China East Sea. (3) Due to the decreased runoff and the relatively strengthened tide, the peak area of the SSC in the bar shoal section in 2003-2012 moved inward for about 1/6 longitude unit compared with that in 1984-2002, and the inward-moving distance was in the order of flood season > annual average > dry season. (4) In the inlet of the South Passage, the SSC decreased mainly because the increase caused by resuspension and shore-groove exchange was less than the decrease caused by the sharp SSC decrease in the basin and the sea areas. The reverse was true in the middle section, where the SSC showed an increasing trend. (5) In the inlet of the North Passage, under the combined influence of decreased flow split and sediment split ratios, the decreased SSC in the basin and the sea area and decreased amount of resuspension, the SSC displayed a decreasing trend. In the middle section, because the increased amount caused by sediment going over the dyke was markedly more than the decreased amount caused by external environments, the SSC tended to increase. Holistically, the sharp decrease in sediment discharge caused synchronized SSC decreases in the Yangtze River Estuary. But there were still areas, where the SSC displayed increasing trends, indicating synchronicity and difference in the response of SSC to the sharp decrease in sediment discharge from the basin.     

Marine flooding in the Thames Estuary and tidal river c.1250–1450: impact and response

Marine flooding, particularly that associated with North Sea storm surges, has posed a recurrent threat to human use of the Thames Estuary and its shorelines. During the later Middle Ages a growing frequency of surges placed increasing burdens upon the resources of coastal communities. This is reflected in expenditure upon sea-walls and related defences and in the frequent issuing of commissions of sewers, the mechanism by which the Crown intervened in matters of flood prevention and drainage. In the era of labour shortages initiated by the Black Death of 1349, the defence of some reclaimed marshlands around the Estuary and tidal river was abandoned in a precursor of managed retreat or realignment.     

基于小波分析的江河源区汛期和枯水期径流特征(英文)

By decomposing and reconstructing the runoff information from 1965 to 2007 of the hydrologic stations of Tuotuo River and Zhimenda in the source region of the Yangtze River, and Jimai and Tangnaihai in the source region of the Yellow River with db3 wavelet, runoff of different hydrologic stations tends to be declining in the seasons of spring flood, summer flood and dry ones except for that in Tuotuo River. The declining flood/dry seasons series was summer > spring > dry; while runoff of Tuotuo River was always increasing in different stages from 1965 to 2007 with a higher increase rate in summer flood seasons than that in spring ones. Complex Morlet wavelet was selected to detect runoff periodicity of the four hydrologic stations mentioned above. Over all seasons the periodicity was 11-12 years in the source region of the Yellow River. For the source region of the Yangtze River the periodicity was 4-6 years in the spring flood seasons and 13-14 years in the summer flood seasons. The differences of variations of flow periodicity between the upper catchment areas of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River and between seasons were considered in relation to glacial melt and annual snowfall and rainfall as providers of water for runoff.     

基于小波分析的长江和黄河源区汛期、枯水期径流特征

利用db3小波分解和重构1965~2007年长江源沱沱河站、直门达站和黄河源吉迈站、唐乃亥站春汛期、夏汛期和枯水期流量数据,除沱沱河外,各站春汛期、夏汛期和枯水期流量皆呈下降趋势,各站流量下降速率依次为夏汛期>春汛期>枯水期。沱沱河站多年流量呈增加趋势,夏汛期变化速率依然高于春汛期。应用复Morlet小波分别分析上述4个水文站实测流量的周期特征。黄河源总体存在11~12a波动周期;长江源春汛期有4~6a波动周期,夏汛期有13~14a波动周期。不同流域春汛期、夏汛期和枯水期主周期分布规律不同。     

三江源区径流演变及其对气候变化的响应(英文)

Runoff at the three time scales(non-flooding season,flooding season and annual period) was simulated and tested from 1958 to 2005 at Tangnaihai(Yellow River Source Region:YeSR),Zhimenda(Yangtze River Source Region:YaSR) and Changdu(Lancang River Source Region:LcSR) by hydrological modeling,trend detection and comparative analysis.Also,future runoff variations from 2010 to 2039 at the three outlets were analyzed in A1B and B1 scenarios of CSIRO and NCAR climate model and the impact of climate change was tested.The results showed that the annual and non-flooding season runoff decreased significantly in YeSR,which decreased the water discharge to the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River,and intensified the water shortage in the Yellow River Basin,but the other two regions were not statistically significant in the last 48 years.Compared with the runoff in baseline(1990s),the runoff in YeSR would decrease in the following 30 years(2010-2039),especially in the non-flooding season.Thus the water shortage in the midstream and downstream of the Yellow River Basin would be serious continuously.The runoff in YaSR would increase,especially in the flooding season,thus the flood control situation would be severe.The runoff in LcSR would also be greater than the current runoff,and the annual and flooding season runoff would not change significantly,while the runoff variation in the non-flooding season is uncertain.It would increase significantly in the B1 scenario of CSIRO model but decrease significantly in B1 scenario of NCAR model.Furthermore,the most sensitive region to climate change is YaSR,followed by YeSR and LcSR.     

沿海城市社区暴雨洪水风险评价——以温州龙湾区为例

从风险角度探讨了基于GIS空间网格的沿海城市社区空间尺度暴雨洪水淹没情景模拟方法。通过对温州龙湾区暴雨降水量的频率计算,得到不同频率下的降水量及其对应的径流深度。根据"雨量体积法"原理,利用编制的程序得到不同重现期暴雨洪水水面高程和不同淹没水深区间对应的淹没面积,并进行暴雨洪水淹没情景模拟和洪水风险评价。最后,根据2005年龙湾区"海棠"台风暴雨实测资料进行典型历史台风暴雨洪水事件实证研究。     

长江河源地区河流水文特性分析

本文简要介绍了青藏高原长江河源地区冰川,冻土和地质构造对水系发育和河况的影响,初步分析了该地区河流的经流、洪水、枯水、水温和冰情的变化规律.文中着重阐明河流洪水形成的基本特征,并据观测资料和洪水调查资料,探讨了百年一遇洪峰流量的分布规律,该成果可供长江河源地区铁路,公路桥涵设计参照使用.