Domestic Well Capture Zone and Influence of the Gravel Pack Length

Domestic wells in North America and elsewhere are typically constructed at relatively shallow depths and with the sand or gravel pack extending far above the intake screen of the well (shallow well seal). The source areas of these domestic wells and the effect of an extended gravel pack on the source area are typically unknown, and few resources exist for estimating these. In this article, we use detailed, high-resolution ground water modeling to estimate the capture zone (source area) of a typical domestic well located in an alluvial aquifer. Results for a wide range of aquifer and gravel pack hydraulic conductivities are compared to a simple analytical model. Correction factors for the analytical model are computed based on statistical regression of the numerical results against the analytical model. This tool can be applied to estimate the source area of a domestic well for a wide range of conditions. We show that an extended gravel pack above the well screen may contribute significantly to the overall inflow to a domestic well, especially in less permeable aquifers, where that contribution may range from 20% to 50% and that an extended gravel pack may lead to a significantly elongated capture zone, in some instances, nearly doubling the length of the capture zone. Extending the gravel pack much above the intake screen therefore significantly increases the vulnerability of the water source.     

Geochemical characteristics of Carboniferous greenstones in the Inner Zone of Southwest Japan

Abstract Greenstones, representing remnants of paleo-oceanic crust, occur in Permian and Jurassic accretionary complexes of the Inner Zone in the Southwestern Japan arc. The formation age of most of the greenstones is early Carboniferous, based on fossil ages for overlying limestones and Sm-Nd isotope ages of the greenstones themselves. The geochemistry of such greenstones is similar to those of present-day oceanic islands. Greenstones of the Permian accretionary complex (Akiyoshi belt) are alkalic and tholeiitic in composition. Some alkali basalts show peculiar features from an EM-1 mantle source, such as the Gough Island and Tristan da Chunha basalts in the South Atlantic. Greenstones of the Jurassic accretionary complex (Tamba belt) are also alkali and tholeiitic basalts with both basalt types in the northern part of the Tamba belt coming from strongly depleted characters similar to a mid-ocean ridge basalt source mantle. The variable geochemistry of the oceanic basalts is explained by hypothesis on existence of a Carboniferous mantle plume below the spreading ridge which divides the Farallon and Izanagi plates. The Akiyoshi belt seamounts and/or oceanic islands of the Farallon plate and Tamba belt seamounts and/or oceanic islands of the Izanagi plate formed simultaneously by the upwelling of the thermal plume. Some part of the Akiyoshi belt basalts originated locally from an EM-1 mantle source, while basalts from the northern parts of the Tamba belt have a normal-type mid-ocean ridge basalt (N-MORB) source component. Existence of an N-MORB signature is consistent with the presence of a spreading center in a Carboniferous 'Pacific Ocean' that caused separation of the Farallon and Izanagi plates. Disparity in accretion ages of the basaltic rocks in the Permian and Jurassic may have been caused by differences in the relative motion of the two plates.     

岷江断裂带北段温泉流体地球化学特征

温泉流体地球化学方法是研究活动断裂带深浅部流体耦合变化的有利手段。通过对2011年6月至2018年7月岷江断裂带内的7个采样点进行了7次系统的调查,测定了16个气体样品中的³He/⁴He和δ¹³C_CO2以及27个水样中的常量元素、微量元素和稳定同位素（δD、δ¹⁸O）,得出以下结论：①岷江断裂带温泉水化学类型主要分为Ca-HCO₃、Mg-HCO₃、Ca·Mg-HCO₃、Mg·Ca-HCO₃四种;②δD、δ¹⁸O的测量结果表明岷江断裂带温泉水主要为大气降水的补给,补给高程为3.4～4.5km;③温泉水中SiO₂含量为2.49～5.92mg/L,热储温度为26.00～52.22℃,循环深度为1.17～2.67km;④Na-K-Mg三角图表明岷江断裂带温泉水均为未成熟水;⑤岷江断裂带温泉水中除B、Sr、Ba外,微量元素的富集因子均小于1,说明微量元素含量较低,主要来自于岷江断裂带的灰岩;⑥幔源和壳源之间的混合作用为控制He-C系统和He-Sr系统的主要因素,且研究结果表明³He/⁴He变化范围为0.02 Ra～0.68Ra（Ra为大气中³He/⁴He的比值,为1.39×10^-6）,温泉水逸出气体中幔源He贡献率变化范围为0.07%～7.8%,表明温泉气体中的He主要来自壳源,岷江断裂带内温泉水逸出气中的CO₂主要来自地壳中的灰岩（75.00%～99.47%）。2017年发生了九寨沟M_S7.0地震,研究发现地震前后温泉水地球化学特征有明显变化,但幔源He较低,表明无明显幔源He增加。因此,根据岷江断裂带温泉流体地球化学数据以及相关研究资料,建立了岷江断裂带深浅部流体耦合模型,对于今后判定岷江断裂带未来中强地震的短临前兆流体异常具有一定的参考意义。     

郯庐断裂带江苏段断层气氡地球化学特征研究

为讨论郯庐断裂带江苏段断层气体氡的地球化学特征,在重岗、晓店、桥北和何庄4个地点跨断层测量了断层气氡浓度。测量结果表明:郯庐断裂带江苏段上断层气氡浓度异常衬度为2.05~5.73,且其浓度异常主要集中分布在断裂带内及附近,这与活动断裂带地震活动性有很好的一致性。     

Geochemical implications for the alteration of the Dras volcanic rocks from the ophiolites of Indus Suture Zone,Kashmir Himalaya

The Dras volcanic rocks form a part of the ophiolite belt along the Indus Suture Zone in the Kashmir Himalaya. These volcanic rocks have suffered alteration as in any other ophiolite zone. Three types of alterations spilitisation, submarine weathering and ridongitisation were suggested. The spilitic mineralogy appears to be secondary and must have developed due to the reaction of these rocks with hot sea water. Depletion of MgO and CaO and enrichment of K₂O of these rocks relate to the submarine weathering at lower temperatures. Rodingitisation effect is reflected in the chemistry of some rocks with enriched CaO and depleted SiO₂. The trace elements — Co, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb and Rb do not show any considerable changes during alteration.     

唐山断裂带南西段和北东段土壤气Rn和CO2浓度特征

本文通过测量唐山断裂带南西段王兰庄和北东段巍峰山的土壤气Rn和CO₂浓度, 探讨了Rn和CO₂浓度的空间分布特征及其与断裂活动的关系。 测量结果显示, 王兰庄剖面和巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度范围分别为691~57 671 Bq/m³和471~32 739 Bq/m³, CO₂浓度范围分别为0.17%~7.21%和0.08%~1.71%。 两个剖面Rn和CO₂浓度均高于区域背景值, 这与唐山断裂带断层的开放状态有关。 Rn和CO₂释放强度(K_Q)在王兰庄剖面分别为2.90和4.04, 在巍峰山剖面释放强度分别为0.90和0.99。 王兰庄剖面测线中部土壤气浓度明显高于两端, 而巍峰山剖面测线中部与两端浓度平均值相近, 这种浓度空间分布特征的差异主要是断层破碎程度不同所致。 巍峰山剖面土壤气Rn浓度水平较高, 地球物理学研究发现此区域应力值高, 断层活动性较强, 表明土壤气Rn浓度与断层活动性有着密切的关系。     

基于Matlab的断裂带温泉水地球化学特征及地震活动性研究

基于Matlab开发出地下流体分析软件,对比分析了甘肃西秦岭北缘的武山、街子和清水温泉水化学组分特征;初步分析了温泉水水质类型、补给来源、水-岩平衡状态以及循环深度,并讨论了温泉水深循环对地震活动性的影响.研究表明温泉水均为大气降水成因,其水化特征受围岩的控制作用;清水温泉水的成熟度没有武山和街子温泉水高.地下水循环深度较浅的武山温泉和街子温泉水化类型属于Na-HCO3·SO4·Cl,所处断裂的地震活动频繁;地下水循环深度较深的清水温泉水化类型属于Na-SO4·Cl,所处断裂的地震活动性弱.     

广义海原断裂带断层气地球化学特征与地震活动性关系对比研究

根据广义海原断裂带断层气汞、氡浓度现场测量结果,对该断裂带不同段断层气浓度空间分布特征以及整体分布趋势进行深入分析,结合该区历史大震背景、现今地震活动性以及地震时空分布特征及b值空间扫描,深入探讨断层气分布特征与地震活动性之间的关系。研究表明,该断裂带断层气浓度强度分段性明显,与地震活动性存在较好的对应关系。研究结果可为该断裂地震危险性分析提供现今深部流体地球化学活动方面的证据,也为今后地震中长期预报提供重要基础资料。     

Geochemical and Physical Controls on Vadose Zone Hydrology of Holocene Carbonate Sands,Grand Bahama Island

This paper explores the relationship between vadose zone hydrology and geochemical changes in mixed mineralogy carbonate sands from a Bahamian coastal dune of Holocene age. Cores were taken from two sites: at site A, a shallow humic Entisol is developed beneath open scrub vegetation, while at site B a deeper, more organic-rich Inceptisol has formed beneath a mature hardwood coppice. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals significant contrasts in mineralogy both within and between the two sites, with partial stabilization of high-Mg calcite and aragonite, to low-Mg calcite. Stabilization is greater at site B, and is accompanied by a significant increase in total porosity. Diagenetic changes in pore-size distribution have implications for residence times of percolating water, as determined using measurements of moisture retention characteristics using pressure plate apparatus, and hydrological models of unsaturated zone moisture flux. The diagenetically more mature sands from site B have a 50–100 per cent higher moisture retention, although unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is also higher, particularly at greater suctions. The increase in water retention is likely to enhance further rates of mineral-controlled reactions, while development of an organic-rich soil also enhances the geochemical drive for dissolution. Carbonate diagenesis thus appears to be strongly linked to vadose zone hydrology, and the interactions identified here have important consequences for the nature and long-term rates of mineral stabilization. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

"琼北火山探查及喷发危险性研究"项目成果介绍

本文详细介绍了"火山灾害预警研究"项目的立项背景、目标、所开展的主要工作、取得的成果、研究成果的社会效益和对该领域研究未来工作的展望。