Tectonics,magmatism, and mineralization of Circum–Balkash–Junggar area in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt

ABSTRACT

The Circum–Balkhash–Junggar area, including mostly Kazakhstan, NW China, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Mongolia, occupies an important tectonic position of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) (Figure 1). Tectonically, this vast area records the complicated geodynamic processes, among which the most prominent stages are the formation of the U-shaped Kazakhstan Orocline and its interactions with adjacent Altai (Altay), Junggar (West Junggar, Junggar Basin, and East Junggar), and Tianshan orogenic collages in the Palaeozoic, bearing large-scale mineral deposits. The formation of the Late Palaeozoic mineral deposits is related to the tectonic evolution of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian volcano-magmatic arcs in the region. However, the link between the metallogeny and the evolution of the volcano-magmatic arcs is not well understood and existing geodynamic models have not explained satisfactorily the mechanism of the huge metallogenic belt. Therefore, this special issue focuses on the formation of the Late Palaeozoic porphyry Cu deposits and their link to the tectonic evolution of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian volcano-magmatic arcs with emphasis on comparative studies across the international borders.     

Paleozoic Tectono-Metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay Region, Central Asia

The research on Paleozoic tectonics and endogenic metallogeny in the Tianshan-Altay region of Central Asia is an important and significant project. The Altay region, as a collision zone of the Early Paleozoic(500–397 Ma), and the Tianshan region, as a collision zone of the early period in the Late Paleozoic(Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, 385–323 Ma), are all the result of nearly N-S trending shortening and collision(according to recent magnetic orientation). In the Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous period(385–323 Ma), regional NW trending faults displayed features of dextral strike-slip motion in the Altay and Junggar regions. In the Tianshan region, nearly EW-trending regional faults are motions of the thrusts. However, in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period(323–260 Ma), influenced by the long-distance effect induced from the Ural collision zone, those areas suffered weaker eastward compression, the existing NW trending faults converted into sinistral strike-slip in the Altay and Junggar regions, and the existing nearly E-W trending faults transferred into dextral strike-slip faults in the Tianshan region. The Rocks of those regions in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian period(323–260 Ma) were moderately ruptured to a certain tension-shear, and thus formed a number of world famous giant endogenic metal ore deposits in the Tianshan-Altay region. As to the Central Asian continent, the most powerful collision period may not coincide with the most favorable endogenic metallogenic period. It should be treated to "the orogenic metallogeny hypothesis" with caution in that region.     

天山-阿尔泰地区古生代构造及相关的内生成矿作用

探讨天山-阿尔泰地区大地构造及其相关的内生成矿作用是一个重要而又有趣的研究课题.阿尔泰地区属于早古生代碰撞带,天山地区属于晚古生代早期(晚泥盆世一早石炭世)碰撞带,均为区域性近南北向缩短-碰撞作用的结果.在晚泥盆世一早石炭世,阿尔泰地区近NW向区域性断层呈现右行走滑的特征,天山地区近EW向的区域性断层表现为逆断层的活动.但在晚石炭世一早二叠世,受乌拉尔碰撞带挤压作用远程效应的影响,该地区受到较弱的向东挤压的作用,阿尔泰地区NW向断层转变成左行走滑断层,天山地区近EW向断层则转变为右行走滑断层,使该区岩石发生适度的破碎,以致形成大量世界著名的内生金属矿床.对于亚洲大陆来说,碰撞作用最强烈的时期并不一定是内生金属成矿作用最有利的阶段,应该审慎地对待所谓的“造山带成矿作用假说”.最后,笔者还对该区深部隐伏内生金属矿床的找寻提出了一些建议.     

青海省东昆仑地区晚古生代—早中生代火山活动与区域构造演化

从沉积建造分析入手,通过对区内晚古生代—早中生代火山岩组合的构造属性识别,认为区内晚古生代—早中生代构造演化是一个连续的过程,它奠定了该区的基本构造格局,也是金与铜多金属矿产的主要成矿时期;晚古生代—早中生代发育的双岩浆弧是在同一动力学机制下不同阶段形成的造山岩浆弧：陆缘的钙碱性岩浆弧和陆内的高钾钙碱性岩浆弧。晚古生代—早中生代构造岩浆旋回可以划分为２个阶段,早期的俯冲造山阶段形成了与蛇绿岩有关的火山岩类和弧火成岩类,晚期的大洋闭合和碰撞造山阶段则形成了钾玄岩系列火山岩。     

Epithermal deposits in North Xinjiang, NW China

The North Xinjiang region (NW China) is an important part of the Central Asia Orogenic Belt, situated at the junction of Siberia, Tarim and Kazakhstan plates. It is an area characterized by multiple stages of Phanerozoic continental growth, during which several porphyry and epithermal systems were formed. The relationship of these mineral systems to the geodynamic evolution of the region has not yet been well understood. In this paper, we list the main geological characteristics of 21 significant epithermal precious and base metal deposits in North Xinjiang, and classify them into high-sulfidation and low-sulfidation styles, with the latter being predominant. We have selected seven epithermal deposits representing different styles formed under different tectonic regimes and discuss their geology and geochemistry in some detail. The deposit-scale geology and geochemistry of epithermal systems in North Xinjiang are essentially similar to those in other parts of the world. All epithermal deposits in North Xinjiang are hosted in volcanic rocks with ages ranging from Devonian to Triassic, with the Early Carboniferous volcanic sequences being the most important, followed by the Permian and Triassic. The Devonian–Early Carboniferous host rocks belong to the calc-alkaline series that developed in pre-collisional arc-back-arc basin systems; whereas the Permian–Triassic host volcanic rocks of shoshonite series formed in post-subduction regimes. Available isotopic ages of these epithermal systems cluster in two periods: Early Carboniferous (>320?Ma) and Late Carboniferous–Triassic (320–220?Ma), reflecting two metallogenic episodes that occurred during subduction-related accretion and post-subduction collision regimes, respectively. Accordingly, three groups of epithermal deposits in North Xinjiang can be recognized as (1) pre-collisional deposits without or with negligible collisional-related modification, (2) deposits formed in collision regime and (3) ore systems strongly overprinted by fluid flow in post-subduction collision regime.     

Problems of geodynamics, tectonics, and metallogeny of orogens

This is an overview of papers published in the present volume of Russian Geology and Geophysics (Geologiya i Geofizika), a special issue that covers presentations at the International Conference “Geodynamic Evolution, Tectonics, and Metallogeny of Orogens”, held on 28–30 June 2010 in Novosibirsk (http://altay2010.igm.nsc.ru). The workshop concerned the general evolution of the Central Asian orogenic system, with a special focus on continental growth, history of oceans and continental margins, and role of plumes in accretionary-collisional tectonics and metallogeny. The discussed papers are grouped in three sections: 1. General issues of geodynamics and geodynamic evolution; 2. Role of mantle plumes in tectonics, magmatism, and metallogeny; 3. Regional tectonic and geodynamic problems of Asia.The synthesis of data reported at the workshop demonstrates critical importance of mantle plumes for the evolution of the Paleoasian ocean and for orogenic processes in Central Asia.In addition to three large pulses of continental growth at about 2900–2700, 1900–1700, and 900–700 Ma, three orogenic stages have been distinguished in the geological history of Eurasia: Late Cambrian–Ordovician (510–470 Ma), Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous (380–320 Ma), and Permian–Triassic (285–230 Ma). In the evolution of the Central Asian orogen, these stages were associated with events of ultramafic-mafic and bimodal plume magmatism which promoted translithospheric strike-slip faulting. Plume magmatism was an active agent in ocean opening when the Paleotethys, Ural, Ob–Zaisan, and Turkestan basins appeared while the Late Cambrian–Ordovician orogen was forming in Central Asia (North Kazakhstan, Altai–Sayan, Tuva, and Baikal areas). Closure of the Ob–Zaisan ocean and collision of the Kazakhstan–Baikal continent with Siberia in the Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous was coeval with the maximum opening of the Turkestan ocean, possibly, as a consequence of plume activity. The Tarim (285–275 Ma) and Siberian (250–230 Ma) superplume events corresponded in time to closure of the Ural ocean and opening of the Meso- and Neotethys, as well as to major metallogenic events.     

北亚克拉通和造山带金属成矿作用及其相关的地球动力学研究

“北亚克拉通和造山带金属成矿作用、石油资源及地球动力学”国际研讨会上各国地质学家发表了各自的北亚地区金属成矿作用、石油资源及地球动力学观点,对早前寒武纪、西伯利亚克拉通、造山带、板内裂谷等成矿作用及其相关的地球动力学等方面进行了广泛、深入的研讨,基本反映了近些年来北亚地区在金属成矿作用及其有关的地球动力学方面研究现状和取得的进展。西伯利亚克拉通和褶皱造山带有明显的区别。前者演化历史可以分为前寒武纪—早中生代增生和中—新生代裂谷作用两个阶段,早前寒武纪成矿作用主要受区域深大断裂多期拉张和挤压、克拉通内古断裂的形成、古断裂中火山岩喷出或花岗岩类侵入等地球动力学控制,中生代金属成矿作用主要受深部地壳动力学过程控制。造山带包括了新元古代、古生代及中生代不同时期的大洋,主要有大洋、岛弧、大陆边缘、汇聚碰撞、碰撞后五大成矿地球动力学环境,各环境的金属成矿作用特色明显有差异     

Tectonics of Northeast Asia: An overview

The tectonic units of the Verkhoyansk-Chukotka Mesozoides and the Koryak-Kamchatka Fold Region substantially differ from each other in the structure and composition of terranes. The geodynamic settings of terrane formation are defined and the main stages of their tectonic history are reconstructed. The formation of Mesozoides was mainly controlled by collision, largely between the continent and the Kolyma-Omolon and Chukchi microcontinents. The accretionary structure of the Koryak Highland comprises various terranes transported by Pacific plates and docked to the Asian continent, periodically accreting its margin. The following evolutionary stages are established: destruction of the North Asian continent (Ordovician, Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous, Permian-Triassic); amalgamation (Middle Jurassic for Kolyma and Mid-Cretaceous for Koryak terranes); collision (terminal Early Cretaceous); and continental growth (terminal Early Cretaceous, terminal Late Cretaceous, middle Eocene).     

Porphyry deposits of the Urals: Geological framework and metallogeny

Most of the Cu (± Mo,Au) porphyry and porphyry-related deposits of the Urals are located in the Tagil-Magnitogorsk, East-Uralian Volcanic and Trans-Uralian volcanic arc megaterranes. They are related to subduction zones of different ages:

• (1)Silurian westward subduction: Cu-porphyry deposits of the Birgilda-Tomino ore cluster (Birgilda, Tomino, and Kalinovskoe) and the Zeleny Dol Cu-porphyry deposit;
• (2)Devonian Magnitogorsk eastward subduction and the subsequent collision with the East European plate: deposits and occurrences are located in the Tagil (skarn-porphyry Gumeshevskoe etc.) and Magnitogorsk terranes (Cu-porphyry Salavat and Voznesenskoe, Mo-porphyry Verkhne-Uralskoe, Au-porphyry Yubileinoe etc.), and probably in the Alapaevsk-Techa terrane (occurrences of the Alapayevsk-Sukhoy Log cluster);
• (3)Late-Devonian to Carboniferous subduction: deposits located in the Trans-Uralian megaterrane. This includes Late-Devonian to Early Carboniferous Mikheevskoe Cu-porphyry and Tarutino Cu skarn-porphyry, Carboniferous deposits of the Alexandrov volcanic arc terrane (Bataly, Varvarinskoe) and Early Carboniferous deposits formed dew to eastward subduction under the Kazakh continent (Benkala, etc.).
• (4)Continent-continent collision in Late Carboniferous produced the Talitsa Mo-porphyry deposit located in the East Uralian megaterrane.

Porphyry mineralization of the Magnitogorsk megaterrane shows an evolving relationship from gabbro-diorite and quartz diorite in the Middle Devonian (Gumeshevskoe, Salavat, Voznesenskoe) to granodiorite-plagiogranodiorite in the Late Devonian (Yubileinoe Au-porphyry) and finally to granodiorite in the Carboniferous (Talitsa Mo-porphyry) with a progressive increase in total REE, Rb and Sr contents. This corresponds to the evolution of the Magnitogorsk terrane from a volcanic arc which gave place to an arc-continent collision in the Famennian.     

The East Variscan Shear Zone: new insights into its role in the Late Carboniferous collision in southern Europe

A comparison of the petro-tectonic features recorded in the Variscan Massifs scattered throughout the Alps, the Corsica-Sardinia-Maures-Tanneron Massif, the Calabria-Peloritani Arc, and the Northern Apennines, has allowed us to propose that they belonged to the same geodynamic realm until Late Carboniferous time. In the interval 330–300 Ma, the development of a regional dextral strike–slip shear zone, the East Variscan Shear Zone (EVSZ), affected all the massifs, leading to their spatial separation. The EVSZ developed, together with numerous regional shear zones, under a transpressional tectonic regime deriving from the Late Carboniferous collision between Gondwana, peri-Gondwana microcontinents (Armorica and Avalonia), and Laurussia plates. The EVSZ evidently played a key role in the evolution of the subsequent Alpine and Apenninic cycles, acting as a pre-existing tectonic barrier. Our proposed geodynamic reconstruction does not reflect the acquisition of new data, but is based on the analysis and review of the recent geological literature.     

Magmatism and Stages of the Tectonic Evolution in the Donets Folded Structure,Eastern Donets Basin

The structure of the Donets Folded Structure underwent a complicated evolution, which included stages of extension, the origin of rift troughs, compression, collision, inversion uplifts, orogenesis, and stages of stabilization and neotectonic reactivation. The paper presents data on the regional tectono-stratigraphic Late Proterozoic–Cenozoic complexes of the Donets Folded Structure, its magmatic complexes, and their setting in this structure, which is identified using geodynamic and paleotectonic analysis. The paper also reports data on the minerageny of the magmatic complexes, which are indicators of tectonic processes and provide guidelines in exploring for and assessing mineral deposits.     

东天山大南湖岛弧带石炭纪岩石地层与构造演化

详细的地质解剖工作表明,东天山地区大南湖岛弧带石炭纪出露4套岩石地层组合,即早石炭世小热泉子组火山岩、晚石炭世底坎儿组碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩、晚石炭世企鹅山组火山岩、晚石炭世脐山组碎屑岩夹碳酸盐岩。根据其岩石组合、岩石地球化学、生物化石、同位素资料以及彼此的产出关系,认为这4套岩石地层组合的沉积环境分别为岛弧、残余海盆、岛弧和弧后盆地。结合区域资料重塑了大南湖岛弧带晚古生代的构造格架及演化模式。早、晚石炭世的4套岩石地层组合并置体现了东天山的复杂增生过程。     

Metallogeny and craton destruction: Records from the North China Craton

The link between metallogeny and craton destruction in the North China Craton (NCC) remains poorly understood, particularly the mechanisms within the interior of the craton. In this overview, we summarize the major stages in the history of formation and evolution of the NCC, the spatio-temporal distribution and types of major ore species, as well as mantle contribution to the metallogeny, in an attempt to evaluate the geodynamic settings of metallogeny and the mechanisms of formation of the ore deposits. The early Precambrian history of the NCC witnessed the amalgamation of micro-blocks and construction of the fundamental tectonic architecture of the craton by 2.5 Ga. The boundaries of these micro-blocks and the margins of the NCC remained as weak zones and were the principal locales along which inhomogeneous destruction of the craton occurred during later tectonothermal events. These zones record the formation of orogeny related gold, copper, iron and titanium during the early to middle Paleoproterozoic with ages ranging from 2.5 to 1.8 Ma. The Early Ordovician kimberlite and diamond mineralization at ca. 480 Ma, the Late Carboniferous and Early to middle Permian calc-alkaline, I-type granitoids and gold deposits of 324–300 Ma, and the Triassic alkaline rocks and gold–silver-polymetallic deposits occurring along these zones and the margins of the blocks correlate with rising mantle plume, southward subduction of the Siberian plate and northward subduction of the Yangtze plate, respectively. The voluminous Jurassic granitoids and Cretaceous intrusives carrying gold, molybdenum, copper, lead and zinc deposits are also localized along the weak zones and block margins. The concentration of most of these deposits in the eastern part of the NCC invokes correlation with lithosphere thinning associated with the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. Although magmatism and mineralization have been recorded along the margins and few places within the interior of the NCC in the Jurassic, their peak occurred in the Cretaceous in the eastern part of the NCC, marking large scale destruction of the craton at this time. The junctions of the boundaries between the micro-continental blocks are characterized by extensive inhomogeneous thinning. We propose that these junctions are probably for future mineral exploration targeting in the NCC.     

Dzhida island-arc system in the Paleoasian Ocean: structure and main stages of Vendian-Paleozoic geodynamic evolution

We propose a model of the geodynamic evolution of the Dzhida island-arc system of the Paleoasian Ocean margin which records transformation of an oceanic basin into an accretion-collision orogenic belt. The system includes several Vendian-Paleozoic complexes that represent a mature oceanic island arc with an accretionary prism, oceanic islands, marginal and remnant seas, and Early Ordovician collisional granitoids. We have revealed a number of subunits (sedimentary sequences and igneous complexes) in the complexes and reconstructed their geodynamic settings. The tectonic evolution of the Dzhida island-arc system comprises five stages: (1) ocean opening (Late Riphean); (2) subduction and initiation of an island arc (Vendian-Early Cambrian); (3) subduction and development of a mature island arc (Middle-Late Cambrian); (4) accretion and formation of local collision zones and remnant basins (Early Ordovician-Devonian); and (5) postcollisional strike-slip faulting (Carboniferous-Permian).     

Ore deposits of the French Massif Central: insight into the metallogenesis of the Variscan collision belt

The French Massif Central (FMC) represents the whole West European Variscan (WEV) belt, in terms of both the geodynamic evolution and the metallic content. Thus, a study of the metallogenic evolution of the FMC may elucidate the conditions that allow the mineralisation of a collision belt, since recent collision belts, e.g. the Himalayas or the Alps show that mineralisation does not necessarily result from the collision process. The Palaeozoic history of the FMC is divided into three geodynamic stages unevenly involved from the metallogenic view point. The Eo-Variscan stage (Cambrian to Silurian) was not important; the Meso-Variscan stage (Devonian-Early Carboniferous) was of limited importance; and most of the mineralisations formed during the Neo-Variscan stage (Late Carboniferous-Early Permian). In addition, some more mineralisation was produced during the Mesozoic because of the thermal reactivation linked with the Alpine orogenies. The Eo-Variscan stage (Cambrian-Silurian) corresponded to the pre-collision history, marked at the WEV belt scale by a fragmentation of the northern Gondwana (immature crust evolved from the Late Proterozoic Cadomian orogeny), up to the break-up of the crust and the formation of oceanic basins (Cambrian-Ordovician), followed by their resorption by subduction during the Silurian. In the FMC, no subduction-related magmatism is known (being rare at the WEV belt scale), and consequently subduction-related mineralisation, e.g. porphyry copper, is unknown in the WEV belt. Although some ophiolitic remnants are known, they never display Cyprus-type VMS deposits, nor massive podiform chromitites. Beside platformal sedimentary deposits on passive margins, the only deposits formed during the Eo-Variscan stage were of the SEDEX type, linked with the early rifting of the Gondwanian crust. The Meso-Variscan stage (Devonian-Early Carboniferous) corresponded to the collision proper, with the formation of crustal-scale nappe structures and the intrusion of collision-related peraluminous granites. Although these granites were enriched in rare metals they did not yield significant hydrothermal mineralisation, due to the great depth of their emplacement, as the similar granites in the Himalayas. However, they were a source of rare metals (in particular, uranium) for later mineralisation events. At the WEV belt scale Devonian distensive events are coeval with the collision. They were recorded by the formation of sedimentary basins of limited time and space extent, corresponding to the splitting of the continental crust (up to formation of oceanic domains in many cases), and were characterised by a bi-modal (“spilite-keratophyre”) volcanism. These basins formed in transtensional (or pull-apart) settings along major strike-slip faults, a peculiarity of the Variscan collision belt (which may conveniently be described as a “strike-slip orogen”). In such basins, many deposits linked with the volcanic thermal energy were formed: SEDEX deposits of the Meggen-type, iron deposits of the Lahn-Dill-type and VMS base metal deposits, the latter being the only ones known in the FMC (Brévenne deposits). The Neo-Variscan stage corresponded to the “hypercollision” and was characterised by a shift from compressional tectonics (late thickening of the crust during the Sudetian event and long-lasting dextral strike-slip tectonics along NW-SE to NE-SW fault zones) towards extensional tectonics (“basin and range” of the Late Stephanian-Early Permian), as well as by high heat flows, recorded by LP-HT metamorphism, extensive granitisation and granulitisation of the lower crust. These characteristics record the development of a lithospheric delamination process. In response to the energetic input released by this process, numerous hydrothermal deposits were formed in the FMC, as well as in the whole WEV belt, during the Neo-Variscan stage. These are mainly: (1) high-temperature granite-centered tungsten deposits, mainly associated with cordierite-bearing high level intrusions of Namurian-Westphalian age; (2) rare metal granites (and the associated hydrothermal tin mineralisations), resulting from fluid-induced low-degree partial melting of the middle crust in relation with the devolatilisation of the granulitised lower crust; (3) shear-zone hosted gold and antimony deposits, related to crustal-scale hydrothermal circulation, triggered by the transition to extensional tectonics at about 300 Ma; and (4) uranium deposition in extensional settings related to the Early Permian distension. The Post-Variscan mineralising events recorded the renewal of thermal flows in the lithosphere linked with early Alpine events (mainly the Trias-Lias distension in the Tethyan realm and the middle Cretaceous opening of the Bay of Biscay in the Pyrenean realm). They resulted in low-enthalpy geothermal systems, leading to a variety of deposits, mainly: (1) F-Ba districts, reworking F and Ba from Late Variscan granites and ignimbrites; (2) a major uranium deposit (Lodève), reworking uranium from the Permian Lodève basin; and (3) Zn-Pb districts of the MVT-type. Finally, the mineralisation of the Variscan collision belt is mainly the consequence of the Neo-Variscan lithospheric delamination process. By contrast, the absence of such a process in collision belts like the Himalayas or the Alps is the key of them being devoid of mineralisation. It appears that the mechanical energy released by the collision itself is not sufficient to mobilise and concentrate the trace elements involved in the metallogenic processes. Received: 1 September 1998 / Accepted: 3 February 1999     

新疆阿尔泰—准噶尔北缘晚古生代构造演化和内生金属矿床成矿系列

阿尔泰是中亚成矿域重要的内生金属矿产集中区,该矿集区晚古生代发育有 5类内生摘金属要矿床：1）块状硫化物Cu-Pb-Zn矿床,2）斑岩型Cu-Au矿床,3）岩浆 Cu-Ni硫化物矿床,4）矽卡岩型Cu-Mo-Fe矿床,5）造山型金矿床和伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床。在构造上,这些矿床的形成与阿尔泰造山带俯冲—增生作用密切相关。阿尔泰晚古生代矿床的形成可以划分为3个主要阶段：Ⅰ）早-中泥盆世,沿阿尔泰南缘古生代活动大陆边缘弧后伸展,导致在阿尔泰西部琼库尔—塔拉特地质体中形成的多金属火山成因块状硫化物矿床,以及阿尔泰东段铁—铜矽卡岩矿床;Ⅱ）石炭纪—二叠纪的地体增生和弧岩浆作用,在布尔津—二台和额尔齐斯地体中形成了广泛分布的斑岩型矿床、岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床,在额尔齐斯地体中形成的铜铁矽卡岩矿床;Ⅲ）早二叠世的持续增生导致阿尔泰南部的杜拉特岛弧形成,并伴随有矽卡岩铜钼矿床和造山型金矿的形成;晚二叠世阿尔泰地区进入造山带演化阶段,并发生区域动力热流变质作用和片麻岩穹隆,伴随有花岗岩化和重熔岩浆活动和大量伟晶岩矿床的形成。晚古生代阿尔泰南缘的俯冲—增生构造演化过程,导致了不同类型内生金属矿床的形成,构成了我国重要的内生金属矿集区和矿山后备基地。     

Tectonics and geodynamics of the western Central Asian Fold Belt (Kazakhstan Paleozoides)

On the basis of stratigraphical and geological data, paleogeographical and palinspastic reconstructions of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides were done; their multistage geodynamic evolution was considered; their tectonic zoning was proposed. The main stages are described: the initiation of the Cambrian and Ordovician island arcs; the development of the Kazakhstan accretionary–collisional composite continent in the Late Ordovician as a result of continental subduction and the amalgamation of Gondwana blocks with the island arcs (a long granitoid collisional belt also formed in this period); the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and its tectonic destruction in the Late Paleozoic.In the Late Ordovician, compensated terrigenous and volcanosedimentary complexes formed within Kazakhstania and developed in the Silurian. The Sakmarian, Tagil, Eastern Urals, and Stepnyak volcanic arcs formed at the boundaries with the Ural, Turkestan, and Junggar–Balkhash Oceans. In the late Silurian, Kazakhstania collided with the island arcs of the Turkestan and Ob'–Zaisan Oceans, with the formation of molasse and granite belts in the northern Tien Shan and Chingiz. This was followed by the development of the Devonian and Carboniferous–Permian active margins of the composite continent and the inland formation of the Early Devonian rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, Middle–Late Devonian volcanic molasse, Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous rift-related volcanosedimentary rocks, terrigenous–carbonate shelf sediments, and carbonaceous lake–bog sediments, and the Middle–Late Carboniferous clastic rocks of closed basins. In the Permian, plume magmatism took place on the southern margin of the Kazakhstan composite continent. It was simultaneous with the formation of red-colored molasse and the tectonic destruction of the Kazakhstan Paleozoides as a result of a collision between the East European and Kazakhstan–Baikal continents.     

西藏克鲁-冲木达矿集区资源潜力分析及找矿方向

克鲁-冲木达矿集区位于西藏南部扎囊-桑日之间,累计估算铜金属资源量达200多万t.文章从"景"、"场"、"相"、"床"金属成矿省等级体制出发,阐述了该矿集区在印-亚陆陆碰撞"陆内汇聚-地壳分层加厚-重力均衡调整"的高原隆升过程中的成矿地质背景,指出区内存在着与碰撞挤压流体迁移汇聚有关的层控铜矿床、碰撞后伸展环境中夕卡岩铜矿床、斑岩型铜矿床3种矿床类型.利用"成矿构造聚敛场"观点分析成矿资源潜力,并指明了找矿方向.     

新疆东天山晚古生代地壳增生和成矿作用

地壳增生和成矿作用是矿床学研究的前沿领域;东天山作为中亚造山带的重要组成部分,在晚古生代地壳演化过程中经历了板块俯冲、碰撞造山大规模走滑剪切和后造山演化阶段,在每个构造演化阶段都伴随有地壳增生和大量有用金属元素的堆积。按照地壳增生和成矿作用关系,研究区晚古生代主要有如下几种矿床类型:1)晚泥盆世—早石炭世增生前形成的Cu-Mo-Au-Ag矿床;2)早石炭世增生前形成的Fe-Cu-Pb-Zn矿床;3)晚石炭世—早二叠世增生后形成的造山型Cu-Ni-PGE矿床;4)晚石炭世—早二叠世增生后形成的造山型Au-Cu矿床。上述矿床在形成过程中既有地壳的水平增生,也有地壳的垂向增生作用,已经构成了我国重要的内生金属矿床富集区。     

新疆哈图-包古图金铜矿集区锆石年龄及成矿特点

晚古生代,新疆西准噶尔地区发生了强烈的构造-岩浆活动和广泛的金、铜成矿作用,形成了哈图-包古图大型金铜矿集区。锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄测量表明,含矿闪长岩体形成于312.3±2.2Ma～332.0±2.8Ma,矿集区岩浆活动及其成矿作用发生在石炭纪。哈图-包古图矿集区成矿作用有4个显著特点:(1)地幔流体活动强烈;(2)构造应力转化快速;(3)拉斑系列和钙碱性系列岩浆成矿;(4)多种矿化类型集中发育等。哈图-包古图矿集区发育石英脉型-蚀变岩型金矿床、斑岩型铜矿床和同期的石英脉型-蚀变岩型金矿床以及热液脉型铜金矿床的成矿系列。