滇西芦子园远程矽卡岩Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床流体包裹体初探及矿床成因探讨

滇西镇康芦子园是"三江"成矿带保山地块内迄今发现的唯一超大型Pb-Zn-Fe(Cu)多金属矿床,是区内系列同类层控热液铅锌矿床的典型代表。矿体呈似层状、脉状及透镜状产于寒武系碳酸盐岩建造的矽卡岩和大理岩层间破碎带,矿石构造以条带状、浸染状和脉状-网脉状为主要特征;围岩蚀变复杂、分带明显,由下至上依次为石榴子石-透辉石-透闪石-阳起石化带→绿泥石-绿帘石-阳起石-蔷薇辉石化带→碳酸盐-大理岩化带。矿床成矿流体从早期到晚期经历了多个矿化阶段。本文选取了该矿床早矽卡岩阶段、晚矽卡岩阶段、石英硫化物阶段和石英碳酸盐阶段的多种脉石矿物及闪锌矿进行了系统的流体包裹体研究。结果显示,早矽卡岩阶段发育微溶CO_2富液相和纯液相水溶液包裹体,并含大量K~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)、F~-和Cl~-和少量SO_4~(2-),气相成分主要为H_2O、CO_2及少量CH_4和N_2,包裹体均一温度为233.6~315.6℃,盐度为10.6%~17.6%NaCleqv;晚矽卡岩阶段发育含CO_2和子矿物三相包裹体,均一温度214.9~388.0℃,盐度5.9%~16.4%NaCleqv;石英硫化物阶段发育含CO_2的水溶液包裹体,气相成分为CH_4、H_2O和少量CO_2,均一温度150.0~285.0℃,盐度为2.5%~13.8%NaCleqv;石英碳酸盐阶段为单一成分的水溶液包裹体,均一温度为105.0~187.5℃,盐度为0.5%~12.3%NaCleqv。结合H-O同位素研究表明,成矿流体最初来源于具中高温、中高盐度、高K、Na,富CO_2、Cl、F等特征的深部岩浆热液,在石英硫化物阶段开始有大气降水混入,演化为中阶段中低温、低盐度、贫CO_2的热液流体,至成矿晚阶段转化为以大气降水占主导。该矿床成矿环境的改变、流体混合以及流体的沸腾作用可能是导致成矿物质富集沉淀的重要机制。综合矿床地质特征、成矿流体包裹体和HO同位素研究认为,该矿床为与陆陆碰撞造山和深部隐伏岩体有关的远程矽卡岩成矿系统。     

云南省文山县官房钨矿床矿床地质和流体包裹体研究

云南省文山县官房钨矿床是华南西部右江成矿带新近发现的大型钨矿床之一,产于滇东南褶皱带文山-富宁褶皱束薄竹山穹窿南翼。该矿床的形成与薄竹山S类花岗岩有关,形成于燕山期陆内碰撞体制。矿体产于燕山期花岗岩与寒武系碎屑岩-碳酸盐建造的外接触带,矿石构造主要是浸染状和网脉状。围岩蚀变类型复杂、蚀变分带明显,自花岗岩体向外依次为金云母-绿帘石化带→透辉石-透闪石化带→镁橄榄石化带。成矿过程包括矽卡岩阶段(早阶段)、石英-硫化物阶段(中阶段)和石英-碳酸盐(晚阶段)阶段。早阶段矽卡岩矿物(透辉石、石榴石)中发育含CH4的水溶液包裹体和含子矿物包裹体,中阶段石英中发育含CO2、CH4、N2的水溶液包裹体和含子矿物包裹体,晚阶段石英中发育含CO2的水溶液包裹体。各阶段矿物中不发育含石盐子晶包裹体。早阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于379～550℃,盐度为3.17%～9.86%NaCleqv;中阶段包裹体均一温度集中于250～370℃,盐度为8.95%～10.61%NaCleqv;晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度为115～221℃,盐度为1.74%～5.71%NaCleqv。估算的早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别为45～90MPa和10～30MPa,推测最大成矿深度为3km。上述流体包裹体研究表明成矿流体由早阶段高温、低NaCl的H2O-CH4-NaCl岩浆热液,演化为中阶段中温、低NaCl的H2O-CH4-CO2-NaCl热液体系,最终转化为晚阶段低温、含CO2的大气降水。     

Geological and fluid inclusion studies of the Dongpo tungsten skarn ore deposit,China

The Dongpo tungsten ore deposit, the largest scheelite skarn deposit in China, is located at the contact of a 172-m. y. biotite granite with a Devonian marble. The mineralization associated with the granite includes W, Bi-Mo, Cu-Sn and Pb-Zn ores. Several W mineralization stages are shown by the occurrence of ore in massive skarn deposits and in later cross-cutting veins. The high garnet/pyroxene ratio, the hedenbergite and diopside-rich pyroxene and the andradite-rich garnet show the deposit belongs to the oxidized skarn type. Detailed fluid inclusion studies of granite, greisen, skarn and vein samples reveal three types of fluid inclusion: (1) liquid-rich, (2) gas-rich and (3) inclusions with several daughter minerals. Type (3) is by far the most common in both skarn and vein samples. The dominant daughter mineral in fluid inclusions is rhembic, highly birefringent, and does not dissolve on heating even at 530°C. We assume that this mineral is calcite. The liquid phase in most of the fluid inclusions has low to moderate salinities: 0–15 wt. %; in a few has higher salinities (30–40 wt. % NaCl equivalent). The homogenization temperatures of inclusions in the skarn stage range from 350°C to 530°C, later tungsten mineralization-stage inclusions homogenize between 200°C and 300°C, as do inclusions in veins. Fluid inclusions in granite and greisen resemble those of the late tungsten mineralization stage, with low salinity and homogenization temperatures of 200°–360°C. The tungsten-forming fluids are probably a mixture that came from biotite granite and the surrounding country rocks.     

Geology,mineralization, stable isotope,and fluid inclusion characteristics of the Vostok-2 reduced W-Cu skarn and Au-W-Bi-As stockwork deposit,Sikhote-Alin,Russia

The large (>180 Kt WO₃ and at least 10–15 t Au) Vostok-2 deposit is situated in a metallogenic belt of W, Sn-W, Au, and Au-W deposits formed in late to post-collisional tectonic environment after cessation of active subduction. The deposit is related to an ilmenite-series high-K calc-alkaline plutonic suite that, by its petrologic signatures, is transitional between those at W-dominant and Au-dominant reduced intrusion-related deposits. Consistently, besides large W-Cu skarns of the reduced type, the deposit incorporates quartz stockworks with significant Au-W-Bi mineralization also formed in a reduced environment. The hydrothermal stages include prograde and retrograde, essentially pyroxene skarns, hydrosilicate (amphibole, chlorite, quartz) alteration, and phyllic (quartz, sericite, albite, apatite, and carbonate) alteration assemblages. These assemblages contain abundant scheelite associated with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and, at the phyllic stage, also with Bi minerals, As-Bi-Sb-Te-Pb-Zn sulfides and sulfosalts, as well as Au mineralization. The fluid evolution included hot, high-pressure (420–460 °C, 1.1–1.2 kbar), low-salinity (5.4–6.0 wt% NaCl-equiv.) aqueous fluids at the retrograde skarn stage, followed by lower temperature cyclic releases of high-carbonic, low salinity to non-carbonic moderate-salinity aqueous fluids. At the hydrosilicate stage, a high-carbonic, CH₄-dominated, hot (350–380 °C) low salinity fluid was followed by cooler (300–350 °C) non-carbonic moderate-salinity (5.7–14.9 wt% NaCl-equiv.) fluid. At the phyllic stage, a high-carbonic, CO₂-dominated, moderately-hot (330–355 °C, 0.9 kbar) low salinity fluid was followed by cooler (230–265 °C) non-carbonic moderate-salinity (6.6–12.0 wt% NaCl-equiv.) fluid. A homogenized magmatic source of water (δ¹⁸O_H2O = +8.3 to +8.7‰), and a sedimentary source of sulfur (δ³⁴S = −6.9 to −6.2‰) and carbon (δ¹³C_fluid = −20.1 to −14.9‰) at the hydrosilicate stage are suggested. A magmatic source of water (δ¹⁸O = +8.6 to +9.2‰) and a sedimentary source of sulfur (δ³⁴S = −9.3 to −4.1‰) but a magmatic (mantle- to crustal-derived) source of carbon (δ¹³C_fluid = −6.9 to −5.2‰) are envisaged for fluids that formed the early mineral assemblage of the phyllic stage. Then, the role of sedimentary carbon again increased toward the intermediate (δ¹³C_fluid = −16.4 to −14.5‰) and late (δ¹³C_fluid = −16.3 to −14.7‰) phyllic mineral assemblages. The magmatic differentiation was responsible for the fluid enrichment in W, whereas Au and Bi could also have been sourced from mafic magma. The decreasing temperatures, together with elevated Ca content in non-boiling fluids, promoted scheelite deposition at the early hydrothermal stages. The most intense scheelite deposition at the phyllic stage was caused by CO₂ removal due to boiling of CO₂-rich fluids; further cooling of non-boiling fluids favoured joint deposition of scheelite, Bi and Au.     

Geology,fluid inclusion and stable isotope study of the Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit,Zijinshan orefield,Fujian Province,China

The large Yueyang Ag-Au-Cu deposit is commonly regarded as a low-sulfidation epithermal deposit in the Zijinshan orefield, Fujian Province, southeastern China. The Ag-Ag-Cu orebodies hosted in the Zijinshan granitic batholith are mainly stratoid and lens in shape, and controlled by a series of NW-trending listric faults with shallow dip angles. Four mineralization stages are recognized on the basis of mineral assemblage, ore fabrics, and crosscutting relationships of the ore veins, namely: pre-ore (pyrite + sericite + quartz ± chlorite), main Cu (chalcopyrite + pyrite + sericite + quartz ± bornite), main Ag-Au (Ag and Au minerals + pyrite + quartz + adularia ± calcite ± apatite ± chalcopyrite ± galena ± sphalerite) and post-ore (quartz ± chalcedony ± calcite) stages. Fluid inclusions (FIs) in the deposit include aqueous liquid-rich (WL-), aqueous vapor-rich (WV-), and minor carbonic (C-) and daughter mineral-bearing (S-) type ones. WL-subtype is the main inclusion type in the Yueyang deposit, accounting for more than 90% in proportion in each stage. Minor WV-subtype inclusions occur in both the main Cu and Ag stages, while the C-type and S-type ones are only observed in the main Cu stage. Fluid inclusion and H-O isotope study indicated that the ore-forming fluid of the main Cu stage is primarily magmatic vapor, which further underwent fluid boiling and mixing with meteoric water, while the ore-forming fluid of the main Ag stage is meteoric water-dominated, and the precipitation of silver and gold was mainly resulted from fluid boiling and the precipitation of other sulfides. On the basis of the aforementioned geological, fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies, we proposed a two-stage model for the Yueyang deposit, including a magmatic vapor-related porphyry type Cu mineralization and meteoric water-related low-sulfidation epithermal Ag-Au-Cu mineralization, although the porphyry Cu mineralization is very limited in scale. The mineralization and exhumation depths of the Yueyang deposit are estimated to be 448‒527 m and 18‒97 m, respectively. By comparison with the exhumation depths of other deposits in the Zijinshan orefield, it is suggested that more epithermal deposits could be found in the southwest of the orefield due to less uplift and exhumation therein.     

Stratiform ore of the large Lengshuikeng silver deposit, China: Mineralogy, fluid inclusions, stable O and C isotopes

The composition of minerals from stratiform ores of the Lengshuikeng deposit, China was studied using contemporary techniques. Barite, enargite, and kutnohorite typical of postvolcanic mineralization have been identified for the first time at the studied deposit. The fluid inclusion study shows that the stratiform ore was formed at a temperature of 340?C140°C from homogeneous chloride solution with salinity of 0.2?C11.7 wt % NaCl equiv. The O and C isotopic compositions of carbonates from the stratiform ore allowed us to calculate the oxygen isotopic composition of the H₂O and the carbon isotopic composition of the CO₂ in the ore-forming fluid. The data on ore minerals, fluid inclusions in quartz, and stable O and C isotopes show that two or more fluids derived from different sources could have mixed during formation of the stratiform ores.     

Isotope and fluid inclusion geochemistry of the Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit in Yunnan,SW China

The Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag polymetallic deposit is located in the Baoshan Block, southern Sanjiang Orogen. The orebodies are hosted in low-grade metamorphic rocks and skarn in contact with Cenozoic granitic rocks. Studies on fluid inclusions (FIs) of the deposit indicate that the ore-forming fluids are CO₂-bearing, NaCl-H₂O. The initial fluids evolved from high temperatures (462–498 °C) and high salinities (54.5–58.4 wt% NaCl equiv) during the skarn stage into mesothermal (260–397 °C) and low salinities (1.2–9.5 wt% NaCl equiv) during the sulfide stage. The oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions (δ¹⁸O_H2O: 2.7–8.8‰; δD: −82 to −120‰) suggest that the ore-forming fluids are mixture of magmatic fluids and meteoric water. Sulfur isotopic compositions of the sulfides yield δ³⁴S values of −2.3 to 3.2‰; lead isotopic compositions of ore sulfides are similar to those of granitic rocks, indicating that the sulfur and ore-metals are derived from the granitic magma. We propose that the Cangyuan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit formed from magmatic hydrothermal fluids. These Cenozoic deposits situated in the west of Lanping-Changdu Basin share many similarities with the Cangyuan in isotopic compositions, including the Laochang, Lanuoma and Jinman deposits. This reveals that the Cenozoic granites could have contributed to Pb-Zn-Cu mineralization in the Sanjiang region despite the abundance of Cenozoic Pb-Zn deposits in the region, such as the Jingding Pb-Zn deposit, that is thought to be of basin brine origin.     

Fluid inclusion and stable isotope (O, H, C, and S) constraints on the genesis of the Serrinha gold deposit, Gurupi Belt, northern Brazil

The Serrinha gold deposit of the Gurupi Belt, northern Brazil, belongs to the class of orogenic gold deposits. The deposit is hosted in highly strained graphitic schist belonging to a Paleoproterozoic (∼2,160 Ma) metavolcano-sedimentary sequence. The ore-zones are up to 11 m thick, parallel to the regional NW–SE schistosity, and characterized by quartz-carbonate-sulfide veinlets and minor disseminations. Textural and structural data indicate that mineralization was syn- to late-tectonic and postmetamorphic. Fluid inclusion studies identified early CO₂ (CH₄-N₂) and CO₂ (CH₄-N₂)-H₂O-NaCl inclusions that show highly variable phase ratios, CO₂ homogenization, and total homogenization temperatures both to liquid and vapor, interpreted as the product of fluid immiscibility under fluctuating pressure conditions, more or less associated with postentrapment modifications. The ore-bearing fluid typically has 18–33mol% of CO₂, up to 4mol% of N₂, and less than 2mol% of CH₄ and displays moderate to high densities with salinity around 4.5wt% NaCl equiv. Mineralization occurred around 310 to 335°C and 1.3 to 3.0 kbar, based on fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures and oxygen isotope thermometry with estimated oxygen fugacity indicating relatively reduced conditions. Stable isotope data on quartz, carbonate, and fluid inclusions suggest that veins formed from fluids with δ¹⁸O_H2O and δD_H2O (310–335°C) values of +6.2 to +8.4‰ and −19 to −80‰, respectively, which might be metamorphic and/or magmatic and/or mantle-derived. The carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) varies from −14.2 to −15.7‰ in carbonates; it is −17.6‰ in fluid inclusion CO₂ and −23.6‰ in graphite from the host rock. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite are −2.6 to −7.9‰. The strongly to moderately negative carbon isotope composition of the carbonates and inclusion fluid CO₂ reflects variable contribution of organic carbon to an originally heavier fluid (magmatic, metamorphic, or mantle-derived) at the site of deposition and sulfur isotopes indicate some oxidation of the originally reduced fluid. The deposition of gold is interpreted to have occurred mainly in response to phase separation and fluid-rock interactions such as CO₂ removal and desulfidation reactions that provoked variations in the fluid pH and redox conditions.     

Genesis of the Saishitang skarn type copper deposit,West Qinling,Qinghai Province: Evidence from fluid inclusions and stable isotopes

The Saishitang skarn type copper deposit, located in the southeast part of the Dulan–Ela Mountain Triassic volcanic–magmatic arc and forearc accretionary wedge, belongs to the Tongyugou–Saishitang tin–copper polymetallic ore field in West Qinling, Qinghai province. Based on the contact/crosscutting relationships, mineral associations and mineralization characteristics, hydrothermal fluid evolution can be divided into three stages: skarn (I), quartz sulfide (II) and polymetallic sulfide-bearing quartz–calcite vein (III). The quartz sulfide stage (II) can be further divided into a massive sulfide stage (II-1) and a layered sulfide stage (II-2). This paper presents detailed analysis of fluid inclusions, H–O, S and Pb isotope compositions of rock samples from each of the above three stages as well as analysis of fluid inclusions from quartz diorite. The homogenization temperature, salinity, density and pressure of fluid inclusions in quartz diorite and typical transparent minerals showed a tendency of gradual decline in these evolutionary stages. The ore-forming fluid can be classified as a Na⁺–Ca^2 +–SO₄^2 − Cl⁻ system with a minor proportion of a Na⁺–Ca^2 +–NO₃⁻ SO₄^2 − system, which likely resulted from mixing of magmatic and formation water. The H–O isotope composition indicates that the proportion of formation water increased during the ore-forming process, and meteoric water was mixed in the late quartz–calcite vein stage. The δ³⁴S (CDT) values (− 6.45–5.57‰) and Pb isotope compositions show that the ore-forming materials were mainly derived from magmatic fluid. Ore-forming fluid was boiling during the main ore-forming stage (II-1) due to pressure decrease. Consequently, the physical and chemical conditions (i.e., pH, Eh, f_O2, f_S2) changed, and metallic elements (including Cu) in the fluid could no longer exist in the form of complexes and precipitated from the fluid. According to the integrated analysis of ore features, mineral associations, alteration characteristics, ore-forming environment and fluid evolutionary process, it is concluded that the Saishitang deposit is a typical skarn deposit.     

兰坪金顶铅锌矿方解石微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征研究

金顶铅锌矿矿床成因一直受到广泛关注,但至今没有达成共识,其重要原因之一是对矿床成矿流体性质和来源认识的局限。本文以金顶铅锌矿床成矿早期脉状方解石和晚期结核状方解石为研究对象,系统开展了微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学研究,在此基础上探讨了该矿床成矿流体的性质和可能的来源。研究发现,虽然2种产状方解石都以轻稀土富集、轻重稀土显著分异、配分模式向右陡倾为特征,并且具有相似的Mg、Fe和Mn含量,但它们在微量元素、流体包裹体和碳-氧同位素地球化学特征上亦存在显著差异。脉状方解石相对于结核状方解石稀土元素总量较高,富集Co、Ni、(W)、Mo、Bi;脉状方解石流体包裹体显示相对高温高盐度的特征(T_h>250℃,S>8.0% NaCleqv),而结核状方解石流体包裹体相对低温低盐度(T_h<200℃,S<8.0% NaCleqv); 脉状方解石的碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-22.95‰~-2.56‰)较分散,具有多源性,而结核状方解石碳同位素组成(δ¹³C_PDB=-7.02‰~-6.18‰)相对集中,二者的氧同位素组成(δ¹⁸O_SMOW=20.16‰~23.49‰)与沉积岩类似。综合分析认为,金顶铅锌矿成矿期脉状和结核状方解石虽然均属热液成因,但它们分别代表了2类不同性质的热液体系,早期成矿流体为多源的混合流体,成矿过程中可能有深源组分的加入,而晚期成矿流体以大气降水为主。     

Cadmium isotopic constraints on metal sources in the Huize Zn-Pb deposit,SW China

The Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou(SYG)Zn-Pb metallogenic zone in SW China contains＞400 carbonate-hosted hydrothermal Zn-Pb deposits.Some of these,such as the Huize,Tianbaoshan,and Daliangzi deposits,are super-large deposits with significant reserves of Cd,Ge,and Ag.However,the sources of these metals remain controversial.This study investigated the Cd isotopic geochemistry of the Huize deposit,the largest Zn-Pb deposit in the SYG area.Sphalerites formed at three stages in the deposit have different colors:black or dark brown(Stage Ⅰ),red(Stage Ⅱ),and light-yellow(Stage Ⅲ).The δ114/110Cd values of the sphalerites are in the order Stage Ⅲ＜Stage Ⅰ＜Stage Ⅱ.Kinetic isotopic fractionation is likely the key factor causing the lower δ114/110Cd values in the early formed Stage Ⅰ sphalerites than in later-formed Stage Ⅱ sphalerites,with cooling of ore-forming fluids being responsible for the still lower values of the Stage Ⅲ sphalerites.In galena,the δ114/110Cd values are inversely correlated with Cd contents and tend to be higher in high-Zn galena.We speculate that Cd isotopic fractionation was significant during the precipitation of sphalerite and galena,with light Cd isotopes being enriched in galena rather than sphalerite.Comparison of the Cd isotopic signatures and Zn/Cd ratios of different endmembers suggests that the δ114/110Cd values and Zn/Cd ratios of sphalerite from the Huize deposit,as well as other large-scale deposits from the SYG area,are lie in those range of Emeishan basalts and sedimentary rocks and the mean δ114/110Cd values of these deposits show good negative correlation with 1/Cd,suggesting that the ore-forming materials of these deposits were derived from the mixing of Emeishan basalts and sed-imentary rocks.This study demonstrates that Cd isotopes can be useful proxies in elucidating ore genesis in large Zn-Pb deposits.     

扬子西南缘拉拉IOCG矿床辉钼矿硫同位素及其地质意义

正硫是铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)矿床中铜和金沉淀的重要因素之一(Williams et al., 2005),因此,硫的来源对于了解此类矿床的形成过程及其成因具有重要意义(Haynes, 2000),但由于IOCG矿床在成矿环境、成矿时代、矿床类型上的多样性以及成矿机制的复杂性,加之硫同位素数据的相对缺乏,人们对系类矿床硫的来源有较大争议(何德峰,2009)。     

云南保山核桃坪铅锌矿成矿年龄及动力学背景分析

保山地块成矿作用主要形成了铁铜铅锌银汞锡稀有金属的热液矿床,核桃坪铅锌矿为保山地块中一个重要的典型矿床,矿床赋存在寒武系碳酸盐岩地层中,矿化类型包括矽卡岩型富铜矿体、矽卡岩型磁铁矿体和矽卡岩型-热液脉型铜铅锌多金属矿体,估计铅锌储量大于100万吨、潜在铜资源量大于100万吨。矿区有矽卡岩及大量辉绿岩脉出露,外围有多期花岗岩岩体、岩株产出。经人工分选出核桃坪铅锌矿矿石中的闪锌矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿及与矿石矿物密切共生的纯净石英共10件单矿物样品,采用Rb-Sr同位素定年分析,获得等时线年龄116.1±3.9Ma、矿石硫化物锶同位素组成初值0.71185。同时,我们对保山地块内部出露的志本山花岗岩体和柯街岩体进行了锆石U-Pb年龄及Hf同位素组成分析。志本山花岗岩、柯街花岗岩均为高钾过铝质花岗岩,锆石U-Pb年龄分析获得成岩年龄分别为126.7±1.6Ma和93±13Ma。同位素年龄测定的结果揭示成矿作用与地块内燕山晚期岩浆活动时期一致,并与中特提斯班公湖-怒江洋的闭合时代大致相当。志本山、柯街花岗岩锆石的εHf(i)值变化范围分别为-3～-8和-0.7～-4,亏损地幔模式年龄值分别在1.5Ga和1.3Ga左右,指示岩浆来源于中元古代地壳物质的深熔作用,与俯冲作用无关。花岗岩的地球化学组成表明其与变质杂砂岩熔出的熔体相当,分析认为岩浆源区为中、下地壳变质杂砂岩,岩浆活动形成于碰撞造山带后造山的拉张构造背景,地壳缩短加厚基础上的剪切拉张导致地壳发生深熔作用。地壳深熔成因的过铝质花岗岩、岩石圈伸展有关的辉绿岩、矽卡岩型-岩浆热液型矿床构成了保山地块早白垩世成矿作用中相关联的地质体组合、是中特提斯怒江洋闭合过程中碰撞造山作用的响应,核桃坪铅锌矿为三江特提斯复合造山成矿系统中一种重要的成矿作用类型。     

江西香炉山矽卡岩型钨矿床流体包裹体研究

从江西西北部至安徽南部发育一条显著的斑岩-矽卡岩型钨成矿带,香炉山是其中一典型的矽卡岩钨矿床。矿床具有明显的矿化分带特征,由近接触带矽卡岩和云英岩矿体和远接触带脉状石英-硫化物-白钨矿和透镜状矿体组成。通过对不同蚀变带上矿石矿物和脉石矿物的流体包裹体显微测温分析表明:矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的均一温度范围在209～383℃,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的均一温度范围分别为163～278℃和204～284℃,晚期方解石脉的温度最低为143～235℃;矽卡岩中的流体包裹体的盐度范围在0.35%～5.26%NaCleqv,脉状石英-白钨矿和石英-硫化物-白钨矿中流体包裹体的盐度范围分别为0.35%～5.86%NaCleqv和0.70%～9.21%NaCleqv,晚期方解石脉的盐度为0.35%～2.07%NaCleqv。激光拉曼探针测试表明,矽卡岩、石英-白钨矿脉和石英-硫化物-白钨矿脉中流体包裹体组分主要为H2O,还含有一定量CH4和少量的N2。从早期到晚期成矿阶段表现为一个降温的过程,指明了钨成矿温度较宽泛;钨在流体中可能以钨酸的形式运移,与围岩反应时,温度降低和碱性升高,促使白钨矿沉淀成矿。早期到晚期成矿流体温度和物质组成发生变化是成矿发生分带的重要原因。     

粤东宝山银（锑）矿床地质特征和成因

粤东宝山大型银（锑）矿床产于早侏罗世火山－沉积地层中，银、硫（锑）化物矿体呈脉状，沿下侏罗统金鸡组上段碳质页岩和粉砂岩的层间断裂中分布。矿床深部具青磐岩化蚀变，中部以黄铁矿化、硅化、碳酸盐化主，上部以硅化为特征。矿区自西向东锑矿化减弱，银矿化增强，在垂直方向上，６０ｍ标高之上为锑矿化富集带，０ｍ标高以下为银矿化富集带，研究表明，区域早侏罗世火山－沉积地层可能是矿源层，矿床是与燕山中一晚期火山－次火     

Trace elements (REE) and isotopes (O,C, Sr) to characterize the metasomatic fluid sources: evidence from the skarn deposit (Fe,W, Cu) of Traversella (Ivrea,Italy)

The skarn complex of Traversella was formed at the expense of various rock types (calcic hornfels, gneiss, dolomitic marble) occurring in the contact aureole of the dioritic intrusion of Traversella (30±5 Ma). Application of phase equilibria has fixed the temperature of the primary stage of skarn formation between 550° C to 625° C. Similar applications indicate a larger range of temperature (525° C to 300° C) for the secondary stage. The different types of skarn (primary stage) are enriched in REE relative to the corresponding precursor rock (T.R.=126 ppm (protolith) to 228 ppm (inner zone) for the skarn on gneisses; T.R.=14 ppm to 71 ppm for the skarn on calcic hornfelses; T.R.=12 ppm to 200 ppm for the skarn on dolomitic marbles), but all the inner zones of these different types of skarn show a similar REE distribution with a slight LREE fractionation and no Eu anomaly. It is inferred that the primary metasomatic fluid has a parallel REE pattern. The oxygen isotope composition of water in equilibrium with the early stage of skarn at T=600° C ranges from 8.3 per mil to 8.9 per mil. At the beginning of the first hydroxylation stage (secondary stage), the fluid σ ¹⁸O remains in the range observed in the primary stage but within it, there is a sharp decrease from 8.0 per mil to 5.0 per mil. During the sulphidation stage, the fluid σ ¹⁸O decreases more gradually from 5.0 per mil to 3.0 per mil. The I _Sr of the early skarn silicates ranges from the values observed in the dolomitic marbles (0.70874 to 0.70971) to the I _Sr of the intrusion (0.70947 to 0.71064). During the secondary stage, there is a progressive increase of the minerals I _Sr up to 0.71372. The REE pattern of the primary metasomatic fluid does not put any precise constraint on the primary fluid source. On the other hand, both stable and radiogenic isotopes suggest that the early high-temperature metasomatic fluid was isotopically equilibrated with the dioritic intrusion. This implies that this early fluid is either exsolved from the crystallizing intrusion or a metamorphic water previously equilibrated with the intrusion. During the secondary stage, the replacement of the early anhydrous phases by hydrated parageneses is accompanied by the mixing with meteoric fluid as indicated by stable (σ ¹⁸O) and radiogenic (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) isotopes.     

山西北落峡铁矿床流体包裹体研究与矿床成因讨论

北落峡铁矿床是太行山南段矽卡岩型铁矿成矿区域内一个比较重要的矿床。本文通过对北落峡铁矿床流体包裹体研究,讨论了该矿床成矿流体特征、性质、流体演化及铁矿床形成机制。认为成矿流体源自岩浆,流体组分以Na-Fe-Cl-SO_4-H_2O为主。成矿流体温度、盐度分别高达540—660℃和55—66wt.％Nacl。岩浆期后流体不混溶作用是造成成矿流体高盐度的原因。由于流体温度、盐度降低以及沸腾作用导致溶液中铁溶解度急剧下降并发生磁铁矿沉淀。     

滇西笔架山锑矿床地质特征与流体包裹体研究

滇西巍山笔架山锑矿床位于三江复合造山带之兰坪-思茅盆地中段,属于巍山-永平多金属成矿带的重要组成部分。矿体主要赋存在黑惠江背斜上三叠统碳酸盐岩-泥页岩建造中,矿体严格顺层产出。热液成矿期可进一步分为两阶段,Ⅰ阶段以发育辉锑矿与萤石为标志,此阶段为矿化主阶段;Ⅱ阶段发育萤石-石英-碳酸盐,无锑矿化;表生期发育次生氧化物锑华等。笔架山锑矿床脉石矿物中流体包裹体类型单一,以发育气液两相水溶液包裹体为主。Ⅰ阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中在145~185℃,Ⅱ阶段集中在125~155℃;各阶段流体显示中低盐度特征(多6%Na Cleqv)。矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及同位素综合分析表明,笔架山锑矿床显示层控沉积-改造型热液矿床的特征,硫、锑成矿物质主要来自研究区上三叠统三合洞组和挖鲁八组地层,而与萤石沉淀有关的流体可能来源于地层建造水或盆地卤水与大气降水的混合。     

Geology and vein tin mineralization in the Dadoushan deposit,Gejiu district,SW China

Vein-type tin mineralization in the Dadoushan deposit, Laochang ore field, Gejiu district, SW China, is predominantly hosted in Triassic carbonate rocks (Gejiu Formation) over cupolas of the unexposed Laochang equigranular granite intrusion. The most common vein mineral is tourmaline, accompanied by skarn minerals (garnet, diopside, epidote, phlogopite) and beryl. The main ore mineral is cassiterite, accompanied by minor chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite, as well as scheelite. The tin ore grade varies with depth, with the highest grades (~1.2 % Sn) prevalent in the lower part of the vein zone. Muscovite ⁴⁰Ar–³⁹Ar dating yielded a plateau age of 82.7 ± 0.7 Ma which defines the age of the vein-type mineralization. Measured sulfur isotope compositions (δ ³⁴S = −4.1 to 3.9 ‰) of the sulfides (arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite) indicate that the sulfur in veins is mainly derived from a magmatic source. The sulfur isotope values of the ores are consistent with those from the underlying granite (Laochang equigranular granite, −3.7 to 0.1 ‰) but are different from the carbonate wall rocks of the Gejiu Formation (7.1 to 11.1 ‰). The calculated and measured oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of the ore-forming fluids (δ ¹⁸O_H2O = −2.4 to 5.5 ‰, δD = −86 to −77 ‰) suggest an initially magmatic fluid which gradually evolved towards meteoric water during tin mineralization.