Fluid inclusions,C-H-O-S-Pb isotope systematics,geochronology and geochemistry of the Budunhua Cu deposit,northeast China:Implications for ore genesis

The Budunhua Cu deposit is located in the Tuquan ore-concentrated area of the southern Great Xing'an Range,NE China.This deposit includes the southern Jinjiling and northern Kongqueshan ore blocks,separated by the Budunhua granitic pluton.Cu mineralization occurs mainly as stockworks or veins in the outer contact zone between tonalite porphyry and Permian metasandstone.The ore-forming process can be divided into four stages involving stage Ⅰ quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite;stage Ⅱ quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite;stage Ⅲ quartz--polynetallic sulfides;and stage IV quartz-calcite.Three types of fluid inclusions(FIs) can be distinguished in the Budunhua deposit:liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs(L-type),vapour-rich aqueous FIs(V-type),and daughter mineral-bearing multi-phase FIs(S-type).Quartz of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ contains all types of FIs,whereas only L-type FIs are evident in stage Ⅳ veins.The coexisting V-and S-type FIs of stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ have similar homogenization temperatures but contrasting salinities,which indicates that fluid boiling occurred.The FIs of stages Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳyield homogenization temperatures of 265-396℃,245-350℃,200-300℃,and 90-228℃ with salinities of3.4-44.3 wt.%,2.9-40.2 wt.%,1.4-38.2 wt.%,and 0.9-9.2 wt.% NaCl eqv.,respectively.Ore-forming fluids of the Budunhua deposit are characterized by high temperatures,moderate salinities,and relatively oxidizing conditions typical of an H_2 O-NaCl fluid system.Mineralization in the Budunhua deposit occurred at a depth of0.3-1.5 km,with fluid boiling and mixing likely being responsible for ore precipitation.C-H-O-S-Pb isotope studies indicate a predominantly magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids and materials.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb analyses indicate that ore-forming tonalite porphyry and post-ore dioritic porphyrite were formed at 151.1±1.1 Ma and 129.9±1.9 Ma,respectively.Geochemical data imply that the primary magma of the tonalite porphyry formed through partial melting of Neoproterozoic lower crust.On the basis of available evidence,we suggest that the Budunhua deposit is a porphyry ore system that is spatially,temporally,and genetically associated with tonalite porphyry and formed in a post-collision extensional setting following closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean.     

Geochronology of the Xingshan molybdenum deposit,Jilin Province,NE China,and its Hf isotope significance

The Xingshan porphyry Mo deposit is located in the Lesser Xing’an Range–Zhangguangcai Range metallogenic belt, NE China. Mineralization occurred in granodioritic porphyry and monzogranite, which have zircon U–Pb ages of 171.7 ± 2.2 Ma and 170.9 ± 4.6 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os dating indicates that Mo mineralization occurred at 167.3 ± 2.5 Ma. These geochronological data suggest that the magmatic and hydrothermal activities of the Xingshan Mo deposit happened during the Middle Jurassic in Mesozoic. Positive ε_Hf values (6.2–11.6) and young T_DM2 (473–826 Ma) of the monzogranite (XS-3) and granodioritic porphyry (XS-5) indicate that the source materials of Xingshan ore-bearing rocks are the juvenile crust, which mainly accreted on the Songnen block during the Meso-Neoproterozoic. Xingshan porphyry Mo deposits resulted from the magmatism and tectonism induced by the subduction of Paleo-Pacific Ocean.     

吉林中东部季德屯钼矿床含矿岩体地质、地球化学及年代学研究

季德屯钼矿床是近年内在吉林中东部地区发现并初步探明的一个大型斑岩型钼矿床,钼矿体主要赋存在花岗闪长岩体内和花岗闪长岩体与二长花岗岩体的接触带及其附近。花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩岩体的地质、岩石地球化学和单颗粒锆石U-Pb年代学研究揭示:它们均属于偏铝质、高钾钙碱性系列的I型花岗岩;均富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti、Y等高场强元素;锆石U-Pb年龄分别为(180.2±0.8)Ma和(180.1±0.6)Ma;矿床辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为(169±3)Ma。综合研究表明,季德屯斑岩型钼矿床类型属于与钙碱性、高钾钙碱性岩石系列有关的深成侵入体型钼矿床,形成于古太平洋板块俯冲背景下形成的活动大陆板块边缘岩浆弧环境,其成矿物质主要来源于地壳,从岩体侵位成岩到最终形成钼矿床大致经历了11 Ma。     

长江中下游成矿带铜陵新桥矿床Re-Os同位素及流体包裹体研究

新桥Cu-Au-Fe-S矿床位于安徽铜陵矿集区,是长江中下游成矿带中非常典型的多金属硫化物矿床。本文在双目镜下手工挑选黄铁矿单矿物并进行Re-Os同位素测试,首次得到了两组等时线年龄,分别为138±26Ma和393±40Ma。二者的初始Os同位素具有明显的区别,前者较高,具有明显的地壳来源特征,而后者则呈现了一定的地幔物质贡献的特征。138±26Ma的等时线年龄与该地区侵入体石英闪长岩140.4±2.2Ma的年龄一致。这些结果显示:新桥矿床可能存在两期成矿作用,分别为燕山期岩浆热液成矿和古生代海底喷流沉积成矿。在对与燕山期岩浆热液成矿相关的流体包裹体进行了相关研究之后发现,流体包裹体主要为Na Cl-H2O体系,没有发现富CO2等其他类型的包裹体,显微测温结果显示其盐度变化范围为4.2%~50.7%Na Cleqv,而均一温度(Th)变化范围为140~432℃。说明成矿流体可能主要是来自岩浆的含Na Cl的水溶液,而结合岩相学观察及显微测温结果我们可以发现成矿流体可能在250℃左右经历了微弱的沸腾作用,这些结果同时也显示出岩浆水与大气降水的混合作用的特征,说明新桥矿床该期次成矿的成矿流体可能经受了以上两种作用的共同影响并最终导致成矿物质沉淀成矿,成矿的温度为250℃左右。     

克拉通破坏型金矿成矿机制:吉南板庙子金矿床闪长玢岩与重晶石流体包裹体、H-O-S同位素证据

克拉通破坏对于华北克拉通中生代的成矿作用有着深刻的影响。相对于胶东矿集区,其他克拉通破坏型金矿矿集区的研究程度相对较低,尤其是位于华北克拉通东北部的吉南矿集区更是缺乏典型矿床的研究。本文对华北克拉通东北部吉南矿集区板庙子金矿区出露的闪长玢岩进行了岩相学、年代学及地球化学研究,同时对成矿Ⅲ阶段的重晶石矿物进行了流体包裹体、H-O-S同位素组成分析。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年,在具有明显振荡环带的岩浆锆石中获得133.3±0.9Ma加权平均年龄,表明闪长玢岩的侵位时代为早白垩世;同时根据锆石CL图像下极弱的阴极发光特征识别出一组加权平均年龄为130.6±1.0Ma的热液锆石,说明岩浆侵位结晶后遭受热液蚀变改造,由此限定了板庙子金矿床的成矿时代为早白垩世。闪长玢岩地球化学特征显示亏损重稀土元素（HREEs）和Y,富集Sr,具有高钾钙碱性,Mg^#>60,Na₂O/K₂O>1,表现埃达克质岩石特征,其岩浆来源于拆沉下地壳部分熔融,并与地幔橄榄岩反应;富集轻稀土元素（LREEs）,以及亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSEs）。结合区域的岩浆活动资料,表明该闪长玢岩形成于古太平洋板块俯冲作用相关的强烈伸展构造背景。重晶石矿物H-O同位素组成表明成矿流体来源于岩浆水、建造水和变质水的混合;重晶石矿物S同位素表明成矿物质来源于大洋水和海相蒸发岩。综合板庙子金矿成矿时代、成矿构造背景以及成矿流体/物质来源的特点,提出板庙子金矿属于克拉通破坏型金矿,并阐述了古太平洋板块对欧亚大陆的俯冲作用及其在早白垩世引起的拆沉作用是克拉通破坏型金矿成矿机制的关键。

     

Triassic magmatism and Mo mineralization in Northeast China: geochronological and isotopic constraints from the Laojiagou porphyry Mo deposit

The Laojiagou Mo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry Mo deposit located in the Xilamulun Mo metallogenic belt, Northeast China. Mo mineralization mainly occurred within the monzogranite and monzogranite porphyry. Re–Os isochron dating of molybdenites indicate a mineralization age of 234.9 ± 3.1 Ma. Zircon LA–ICP–MS U–Pb analysis for monzogranite porphyry and monzogranite yield ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 238.6 ± 1.8 and 241.3 ± 1.5 Ma, respectively, indicating that Laojiagou Mo mineralization is related to Middle Triassic magmatism. Hf isotopic compositions of zircons from both monzogranite porphyry and monzogranite are characterized by positive ε_Hf(t) values [ε_Hf(t) = 2.9–7.3 and 1.5–7.9, respectively] and young T_DM2 model ages, which implies that the magma was derived from juvenile crust created during accretion of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Identification of the Laojiagou Mo deposit adds another important example of Triassic Mo mineralization in the Xilamulun Mo metallogenic belt where most Triassic Mo deposits in northeast China cluster around the northern margin of North China Craton. Based on the regional geological setting and geochronological and Hf isotope characteristics, we propose that Triassic Mo deposits and related magmatic rocks in northeast China formed during the last stages of evolution of the CAOB. These deposits formed during post-collisional extension after the closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean and amalgamation of the North China–Mongolian Block with the Siberian Craton.     

吉林季德屯钼矿区石英二长岩SIMS锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学特征及其成因

吉林省季德屯钼矿床是近年来新发现的大型斑岩钼矿床,其位于小兴安岭-张广才岭成矿带上。本文以季德屯石英二长岩作为研究对象,对其开展了地球化学特征、SIMS锆石U-Pb同位素定年和Hf同位素特征研究。获得其锆石~(206)Pb/~(238)U同位素加权平均年龄为160.48±0.82 Ma,通过结合已有的研究成果,限定成岩成矿作用发生于170.9~160.5Ma之间,即中生代燕山早期。石英二长岩属于准铝质高钾钙碱性I型花岗岩,SiO_2含量在67.72%~70.84%之间,Al_2O_3含量为14.26%~15.68%,K_2O+Na_2O含量介于7.23%~7.95%,K_2O/Na_2O=0.72~0.97,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0.97~0.98。轻、重稀土元素分馏作用明显(La_N/Yb_N=6.39~32.34),具有弱的铕异常(δEu为0.68~0.9),HFSE和LILE分异明显,富集Rb、Th、U、K等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、P和Ti等元素。该岩体的锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值均为正值,变化于4.02~9.11,平均值为7.1,两阶段模式年龄t_(DM2)=625~950 Ma,成岩物质有可能主要来自于新元古代期间亏损地幔增生的年轻下地壳物质。结合区内已有的岩石地球化学、高精度成岩成矿年龄资料和区域构造演化史,表明季德屯斑岩钼矿床是中侏罗世大陆内部构造岩浆活化的产物,其形成与太平洋板块的俯冲作用密切相关。     

吉林松江河金矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

松江河金矿位于夹皮沟—海沟成矿带的东南段,矿床受一韧性剪切带控制,矿体主要赋存于SN向断裂中。按矿石自然类型,可进一步划分为蚀变岩型与石英脉型。矿化类型主要为浸染状和细脉状。依据矿物共生组合、交代与穿插关系,可将松江河金矿成矿过程划分为3个阶段:黄铁矿--石英阶段、多金属硫化物--石英阶段及石英--碳酸盐阶段。研究结果表明,包裹体类型主要为气液两相包裹体及CO2三相包裹体。成矿流体均一温度范围为138℃~355℃,盐度范围为2.23%~11.60%NaCl,密度范围为0.59~0.99 g/cm3,成矿压力为64~92 MPa,成矿深度为6.45~7.88 km。主成矿阶段含CO2三相包裹体与气液两相包裹体共存,且两种类型包裹体的均一温度相近,盐度差别较大,CO2/H2O比值降低,表明成矿流体发生了以CO2逸失为特征的不混溶或沸腾,残余流体盐度升高。成矿流体的气相成分为CO2与CH4,显示出幔源的特征。综合研究表明,松江河金矿床成因类型属于中成造山型金矿。     

湖南邓阜仙钨矿辉钼矿铼-锇同位素定年及硫同位素地球化学研究

邓阜仙钨矿是湘东南地区一个重要的钨矿床。本文对邓阜仙钨矿中的辉钼矿进行Re-Os同位素测年,显示辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素模式年龄范围为149.2±2.1Ma~156.9±2.2Ma,加权平均年龄为152.4±3.3Ma,对应的Re-Os等时线年龄为150.5±5.2Ma,与邓阜仙燕山期二云母花岗岩的锆石 LA-ICP-MS U-Pb 年龄(154.4±2.2Ma)接近,指示邓阜仙钨矿床与区内二云母花岗岩具有密切的成因关系。辉钼矿Re含量为2.927×10^-9~98.13×10^-9,表明成矿物质具有壳源的特征。硫化物δ³⁴S值介于-1.36‰~+0.61‰之间,说明成矿物质硫源主要来自于燕山期重熔型二云母花岗岩。邓阜仙钨矿的成岩成矿作用与南岭地区大规模的钨锡多金属成矿作用在时间上一致,具有统一的地球动力学背景,形成于区域地壳拉张减薄的动力学环境。     

Metallogenesis and hydrothermal evolution of the Tonggou Cu deposit in the Eastern Tianshan: Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S isotopes,and Re-Os geochronology

The Tonggou Cu polymetallic deposit in the Bogda Orogenic Belt, Eastern Tianshan shows evidence for three stages of hydrothermal mineralization: early pyrite veins (Stage 1), polymetallic sulfide ± epidote–quartz (Stage 2), and late-stage pyrite–calcite veins (Stage 3). Fluid inclusion petrography and microthermometry analyses indicate that the liquid-rich aqueous inclusions (L), vapour-rich aqueous inclusions (V), and NaCl daughter mineral–bearing three phase inclusions (S) formed during the main stage of mineralization, and that the ore fluids represent high-temperature and high-salinity H₂O-NaCl hydrothermal fluids that underwent boiling. Stable isotope (H, O) data indicate that the ore fluids of the Tonggou deposit were originally derived from magmatic water in Stage 2 and subsequently mixed with local meteoric water during Stage 3. Sulphur isotope compositions (6.7‰ to 10.9‰) are consistent with the δ³⁴S values of pyrite from the Qijiaojing Formation sandstone, indicating the primary source of the sulphur ore. Furthermore, chalcopyrite grains separated from the chalcopyrite-rich ore samples yield an isochron age of 303 ± 12 Ma (MSWD = 1.2). These results indicate that the Tonggou deposit is a transition between high–sulfidation and porphyry deposits which formed in the Late Carboniferous. It also suggests an increased likelihood for the occurrence of Cu (Au, Mo) in the Bogda Orogenic Belt, especially at locations where the Cu-Zn deposits are thicker; further deep drilling and exploration are encouraged in these areas.     

Genesis of the Yuanlingzhai porphyry molybdenum deposit,Jiangxi province,South China: Constraints from petrochemistry and geochronology

The newly discovered Yuanlingzhai porphyry molybdenum (Mo) deposit in southern Jiangxi province belongs to the group of Mo-only deposits in the Nanling region. The mineralization developed at contact zones between the Yuanlingzhai granite porphyry and Neoproterozoic metamorphic rocks of the Xunwu Formation. Precise LA–MC–ICPMS zircon U–Pb dating of the Yuanlingzhai porphyry, as well as the adjacent western Keshubei and eastern Keshubei granites, yielded ages of 165.49 ± 0.59 Ma, 159.68 ± 0.43 Ma, and 185.13 ± 0.52–195.14 ± 0.63 Ma, respectively. Molybdenite Re–Os isochron ages of the ores are 160 ± 1–162.7 ± 1.1 Ma, which is consistent with the age of large-scale W–Sn deposits in South China. The Yuanlingzhai porphyry is characterized by high K₂O, P₂O₅, and A/CNK (1.33–1.59), and low CaO and Na₂O. The rock shows relatively enriched LREE without significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* = 0.80–0.90). Geochemical and mineralogical characteristics indicate that the ore-hosting porphyry is a typical S-type granite generated from the partial melting of crustal material with only minor mantle contribution. Both Harker and evolutionary discrimination diagrams indicate that the Yuanlangzhai and western Keshubei granites are not products of co-magmatic evolution. The Keshubei granites and Xunwu Formation were not significant sources for the components in the porphyry mineralization, but the Yuanlangzhai granite may have supplied some ore-forming material. However, the main ore-forming material was carried by fluids from deep sources, as demonstrated by fluid inclusion and stable isotope data from the molybdenum deposit. The Mo porphyry deposit formed in an extensional setting, and was possibly associated with Jurassic subduction of the Izanagi Plate.     

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿的次火山岩浆-热液成矿:熔体-流体包裹体证据

黑龙江乌拉嘎金矿是我国陆相火山岩区的重要金矿之一。构造位置处于古亚洲构造域与滨太平洋构造域交接复合部位的东北缘,矿体主要分布于团结沟斜长花岗斑岩接触带部位的隐爆角砾岩带和黑龙江群变质岩的层间裂隙中。斜长花岗斑岩的石英斑晶中发育3类包裹体:熔体包裹体、原生的L-V包裹体(及少量的L-V-S包裹体)和次生的L-V包裹体。玻璃质熔体包裹体相当于酸性殘浆的成分(SiO2达69.5%～73.8%),其捕获温度大于800℃。石英斑晶中次生L-V包裹体均一温度集中在210～350℃、盐度5%～7%NaCleqv,代表了次火山岩浆热液的特征,与黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段中Q1的包裹体均一温度范围很接近,而盐度略高于白色玉髓状石英Q1的。乌拉嘎金矿的金成矿可划分3个成矿阶段,发育盐水溶液包裹体:(1)黄铁矿-早期白色玉髓状石英阶段,包裹体均一温度为154～355℃,集中在190～330℃,盐度为1.3%～8.2%NaCleqv,密度为0.53～0.88g/cm3。(2)烟灰色玉髓状石英-多金属硫化物阶段,石英中包裹体均一温度为159～196℃,集中在170～190℃,盐度为2.2%～3.2%NaCleqv,密度0.79～0.92g/cm3。(3)碳酸盐-石英阶段,方解石中包裹体均一温度集中在170～270℃;盐度0.5%～2.9%NaCleqv。成矿流体以中低温、低盐度、贫CO2的盐水体系为特征,与国内外陆相火山-次火山热液矿床十分相似。石英斑晶中熔体、流体包裹体及其共存反映了次火山岩浆活动晚期,由硅酸盐熔体通过不混溶产生含矿的盐水溶液的可能,说明了金成矿与斑岩的成因联系,乌拉嘎金矿应该属于陆相火山-次火山活动有关的中低温浅成热液金矿床。     

Timing of carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic mineralization in the supergiant Huayangchuan deposit,Qinling Orogen:Constraints from titanite U-Pb and molybdenite Re-Os dating

The newly-discovered supergiant Huayangchuan uranium(U)-polymetallic(Sr,Se,REEs,Ba,Nb and Pb) deposit is located in the Qinling Orogen,central China.The deposit underwent multistage mineralization,with the main carbonatite ore stage being the most important for the U,Nb,REE,Sr and Ba endowments.According to the mineral assemblages,the main carbonatite ore stage can be divided into three substages,i.e.,sulfate(Ba-Sr),alkali-rich U and REE-U mineralization.Main-stage titanite from the Huayangchuan igneous carbonatite are rich in high field strength elements(HFSEs,e.g.,Zr,Nb and REEs),and show clear elemental substitutions(e.g.,Ti vs.Nb+Fe+Al and Ca+Ti vs.Fe+Al+REE).High-precision LA-ICP-MS titanite dating yielded a U-Pb age of 209.0 ± 2.9 Ma,which represents the mainstage mineralization age at Huayangchuan,and is coeval with the local carbonatite dyke intrusion.This mineralization age is further constrained by the Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the Huayangchuan carbonatite,which yielded a weighted mean age of 196.8 ± 2.4 Ma.Molybdenite Re contents(337.55-392.75 ppm) and C-OSr-Nd-Pb isotopic evidence of the Huayangchuan carbonatite both suggest a mantle origin for the carbonatite.Our study supports that the Late Triassic carbonatite magmatism was responsible for the world-class U-Mo-REE mineralization in the Qinling Orogen,and that the regional magmatism and ore formation was likely caused by the closure of the Mianlue ocean and the subsequent North China-South China continent-continent collision.     

Genesis of the Maanqiao gold deposit in the western Qinling orogen,central China: Constraints from fluid inclusions and in-situ sulfur isotopes

The western Qinling orogen (WQO) is one of the most important prospective gold provinces in China. The Maanqiao gold deposit, located on the southern margin of the Shangdan suture, is a representative gold deposit in the WQO. The Maanqiao deposit is hosted by the metasedimentary rocks of the Upper Devonian Tongyusi Formation. The EW-trending brittle-ductile shear zone controls the orebodies; they occur as disseminated, and auriferous quartz–sulfide vein. The ore-related hydrothermal alteration comprises silicification, sulfidation, sericitization, chloritization, and carbonatization. Native gold is visible and mainly associated with pyrite and pyrrhotite. Mineralization can be classified into the following three stages: bedding-parallel barren quartz–pyrite–(pyrrhotite) (early-stage), auriferous quartz–polymetallic (middle-stage), and carbonate–(quartz)–sulfide (late-stage).Detailed fluid inclusion (FI) studies revealed three types of inclusions in quartz and calcite: aqueous (W-type), CO₂–H₂O (C-type), and pure carbonic (PC-type) FIs. The primary FIs in the early-stage quartz are C- and PC-type, in the middle-stage quartz are mainly W- and C-type, and in the late-stage calcite are only W-type. During gold mineralization, the total FI homogeneous temperatures evolved from 189–375 °C (mostly 260–300 °C) to 132–295 °C (mostly 180–240 °C) to 123–231 °C (mostly 130–150 °C), and the salinities varied among 2.2–9.1 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 5–8 wt.%) to 0.2–9.0 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 3–6 wt.%) to 0.3–3.6 wt.% NaCl equiv. (mostly 2–4 wt.%). The ore-forming fluid was characterized as an H₂O–NaCl−CO₂−CH₄–(N₂) system with medium-low temperature and low salinity. The fluid immiscibility and fluid-rock interaction may be responsible for the precipitation of the sulfides and gold at the Maanqiao gold deposit. Three types of pyrite corresponding to the three mineralization stages, as well as pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite in the middle stage, are micro-analyzed for in-situ sulfur isotopic composition by LA-ICP-MS. Py1 yield near-zero δ³⁴S values of −2.5‰ to 3.0‰, which are somewhat lower than that of the granite hosted pyrites (Py-g, 4.8‰ to 6.6‰). The result suggests a mixed sulfur source from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids and the metamorphism of diagenetic pyrite. Pyrite + pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite assemblages in the middle-stage have relatively higher δ³⁴S values (6.6‰ to 12.3‰) and are mainly developed due to the metamorphism of the ore-host and underlying Devonian sedimentary sequences. The low δ³⁴S values of the late-stage fracture-filled Py3 (−21.9‰ to −17.0‰) resulted from an increasing oxygen fugacity, which was caused by the inflow of oxidized meteoric waters.Based on our studies, the Maanqiao gold deposit is considered to be an orogenic type and closely related to the Indosinian Qinling orogeny.     

滇西保山地块金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床成矿机制——基于流体包裹体和硫、铅同位素证据

滇西金厂河铁铜铅锌多金属矿床位于保山地块北部，是西南"三江"成矿带内已知的大中型矽卡岩型矿床之一，具较高的经济价值及重要科研意义。文章在详细野外地质调查和岩相学观察基础上，对不同成矿阶段、特别是含子矿物的流体包裹体进行了研究，同时结合金厂河矿床S、Pb同位素特征，综合分析金厂河矿床成矿流体和物质的来源与演化，探讨矿床的形成机制。对石英内流体包裹体的研究表明，退化蚀变阶段均一温度为165~335℃，盐度w（NaCl_eq）为1.1%~9.0%；石英硫化物阶段均一温度为151~266℃，WL型包体盐度w（NaCl_eq）为1.9%~18.9%，S型包体盐度w（NaCl_eq）为31.9%~33.5%；碳酸盐阶段均一温度为148~250℃，盐度w（NaCl_eq）为2.6%~9.9%，各阶段均一温度依次降低，盐度先升高，再降低。拉曼光谱分析显示，流体成分为H₂O和极少量N₂，新发现了子矿物斑铜矿（Cu₅FeS₄），流体属H₂O-NaCl体系。S、Pb同位素特征对比研究表明，金厂河矿床各成矿阶段内硫同位素分馏已达平衡状态，矿石硫化物的δ³⁴S值能代表成矿流体的S同位素组成，用来限定其氧化-还原环境，δ³⁴S值为+2.5‰~+11.1‰、均值+5.65‰，硫源为深部幔源岩浆硫和地层硫构成的混合硫；Pb同位素硫化物组成显示，富铀铅、略亏损钍铅，铅源以上地壳铅为主，另含有少量深部壳源乃至幔源岩浆铅，属造山带铅特征，且与S同位素研究成果基本一致。综合研究认为，成矿系统氧化-还原环境的变化及流体沸腾作用的发生是主要的成矿机制。     

安徽庐枞矿集区东顾山钨矿床成矿流体来源与演化:来自H、O、S同位素和流体包裹体的证据

长江中下游成矿带是我国重要的铁铜金等金属成矿带,庐枞矿集区中新勘探发现的东顾山矿床与成矿带内燕山期铁、铜大规模成矿作用不同,矿化以钨为主,且已达大型规模。前人已对该矿床开展了基础地质特征和成岩成矿年代学工作,但该矿床的成矿流体和来源特征仍不清楚,矿床成因的确定需要开展相关研究。本文在详细的野外调查基础上,对各成矿阶段流体包裹体及H、O、S同位素进行了系统测定及分析,并结合地质事实,确定了成矿流体特征和来源,为成矿带内钨矿床的成因认识和下一步找矿提供理论依据。流体包裹体研究表明,东顾山矿床流体包裹体类型以纯液相包裹体（L）和气液两相包裹体（V+L）为主,矽卡岩阶段（Ⅰ）的包裹体均一温度集中变化于351~397℃,盐度变化于10.87%~13.60% NaCleqv;氧化物阶段（Ⅱ）的包裹体均一温度集中变化于283~367℃,盐度变化于7.73%~10.62% NaCleqv;第三阶段石英-硫化物阶段（Ⅲ）的包裹体均一温度变化于180~284℃,盐度变化于4.08%~7.57% NaCleqv。从Ⅰ阶段到Ⅲ阶段,均一温度和盐度均有降低的趋势,显示流体混合的特征,可能是其矿质沉淀的重要机制。H-O同位素分析结果（δ¹⁸O_H2O值为-0.37‰~2.79‰,δD值为-60.56‰~-46.16‰）显示成矿流体主要为岩浆流体,并有约40%大气降水的加入。硫化物S同位素研究显示,黄铁矿δ³⁴S值范围为4.39‰~6.00‰,高于幔源硫,略低于赋矿地层硫值（7.60‰~8.13‰）,指示东顾山钨矿床硫源为地层硫和岩浆硫混合,地层硫的贡献不容忽视。综合矿床地质、流体包裹体及H、O、S同位素特征可知,东顾山矿床热液成矿过程中发生了显著的流体混合作用,破坏了钨络合物的稳定性,使得大量钨等金属离子从络合物载体中脱离出来并与Ca²⁺相结合,最终钨酸钙沉淀成矿。通过与成矿带铜铁矿床的成矿流体对比可知,长江中下游成矿带内钨矿床与铜（金）、铁矿床的成矿流体温度和盐度特征相似（中高温、中高盐度向中低温、中低盐度演化）,但是由于围岩性质不同导致硫来源不同,且沉淀机制各不相同,根本原因是不同矿种的成矿岩体性质和搬运金属元素的方式存在差异。     

Origin and evolution of ore-forming fluid for the Gaosongshan gold deposit,Lesser Xing'an Range:Evidence from fluid inclusions,H-O-S-Pb isotopes

Epithermal gold deposits are typical precious metal deposits related to volcanic and subvolcanic magmatism.Due to the lack of direct geological and petrographic evidences,the origin of the ore-forming fluid is deduced from the spatial diagenesis-mineralization relationship,chronological data,physicochemical characteristics of mineral fluid inclusions,mineral or rock elements and isotopic geochemical characteristics.By objectively examining this scientific problem via a geological field survey and petrographic analysis of the Gaosongshan epithermal gold deposit,we recently discovered and verified the following points:(1)Pyrite-bearing spherical quartz aggregates(PSQA)occur in the rhyolitic porphyry;(2)the mineralization is structurally dominated by WNW-and ENE-trending systems and occurs mostly in hydrothermal breccias and pyrite-quartz veins,and the ore types are mainly hematite-crusted quartz,hydrothermal breccia,massive pyrite-quartz,etc.;(3)the alteration types consist of prevalent silicification,sericitization,propylitization and carbonation,with local adularization and illitization.The ore minerals are mainly pyrite,primary hematite,native gold,and electrum,with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite,magnetite,sphalerite,and galena,indicating a characteristic epithermal low-sulfidation deposit.The ore-forming fluid may have been primarily derived from magmatic fluid exsolved from a crystallizing rhyolitic porphyry magma.Further zircon U-Pb geochronology,fluid inclusion,physicochemical and isotopic geochemical analyses revealed that(1)rhyolitic porphyry magmatism occurred at 104.6 ± 1.0 Ma,whereas the crystallization of the PSQA occurred at 100.8 ± 2.1 Ma;(2)the hydrothermal fluid of the pre-ore stage was an exsolved CO_2-bearing H20-NaCl magmatic fluid that produced inclusions mainly composed of pure vapor(PV),vapor-rich(WV)and liquid-rich(WL)inclusions with a small number of melt-(M)and solid-bearing(S)inclusions;mineralization-stage quartz contains WL and rare PV,WV and pure liquid(PL)inclusions characterized by the H_2 O-NaCl system with low formation temperatures and low salinities;(3)the characteristics of hydrogen,oxygen,sulfur,and lead isotopes and those of rare earth elements(REEs)provide insight into the affinity between PSQA and orebodies resulting from juvenile crust or enriched mantle.Combined with previous research on the mineralogenetic epoch(99.32± 0.01 Ma),we further confirm that the mineralization of the deposit occurred in the late Early Cretaceous,which coincides with the extension of the continental margin induced by subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate.The formation of the ore deposit was proceeded by a series of magmatic and hydrothermal events,including melting of enriched juvenile crust,upwelling,the eruption and emplacement of the rhyolitic magma,the exsolution and accumulation of magmatic hydrothermal fluid,decompression,the cooling and immiscibility/boiling of the fluid,and mixing of the magmatic fluid with meteoric water,in association with water-rock interaction.     

40Ar/39Ar dating,fluid inclusions and S–Pb isotope systematics of the Shabaosi gold deposit,Heilongjiang Province,China

The Shabaosi deposit is the only large lode gold deposit in the northern Great Xing'an Range. The gold ore bodies are hosted by sandstone and siltstone of the Middle Jurassic Ershi'erzhan Formation, and are controlled by three N–S‐trending altered fracture zones. The gold ore bodies are composed of auriferous quartz veinlets and altered rocks. Fluid inclusion studies indicate that the ore‐forming fluids belong to a H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄ system, with salinities between 0.83 and 8.28 wt% NaCl eq., and homogenization temperatures ranging from 180 to 320 °C. The δ³⁴S values of sulphides show a large variation from −16.9‰ to 8.5‰. The Pb isotope compositions of sulphides are characterized by a narrow range of ratios: 18.289 to 18.517 for ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, 15.548 to 15.625 for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and 38.149 to 38.509 for ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb. The μ values range from 9.36 to 9.51. These results suggest that the ore‐forming fluids/materials were mainly of magmatic hydrothermal origin, derived from magmas produced by partial melting of the lower crust. The ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of auriferous quartz veinlets from the Shabaosi gold deposit is about 130 Ma. The Shabaosi gold deposit has counterparts in similar orogenic gold deposits, and was formed during the post‐collisional setting of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Orogen. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Origin of the Dachang gold deposit,NW China: constraints from H,O, S,and Pb isotope data

The Dachang gold deposit is located in the Late Triassic Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt, NE Tibetan Plateau. Gold ore is concentrated as veins along secondary faults and fracture zones in the Bayan Har Group metaturbidites. No exposed felsic plutons are present in the vicinity of the deposit. The auriferous veins contain <15% sulphide minerals, mainly arsenopyrite, pyrite, and stibnite. Gold is commonly enclosed within arsenopyrite and pyrite. Typical alteration around the ore bodies includes silicification, sericitization, and weak carbonatization.

Gold-bearing quartz samples have δ¹⁸O values of 16.9–21.2‰ (V-SMOW) from which δ¹⁸O_H2O values of 6.2–9.6‰ can be calculated from the fluid inclusion temperatures (or 10.0 to 12.7‰ if we used the average arsenopyrite geothermometer temperature of 301°C). The δD values of fluid inclusions in quartz range from –90‰ to –72‰. δ³⁴S values of gold-bearing sulphides mainly range from –5.9‰ to –2.8‰ (V-CDT). Pyrite and arsenopyrite in ores have ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 18.2888 to 18.4702, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 15.5763 to 15.6712, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 38.2298 to 38.8212. These isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids were of metamorphic origin, and the S and Pb may have been derived from the host metaturbidites of the Bayan Har Group. The Dachang Au deposit has geological and geochemical features similar to orogenic gold deposits. We propose that the ores formed when the Songpan-Ganzi Fold Belt was intensely deformed by Late Triassic folding and thrusting. Large-scale thrusting resulted in regional allochthons of different scales, followed by secondary faults or fracture zones that controlled the ore bodies.     

山东大张矽卡岩型铁矿床中铁的富集机制 ——来自流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素的证据

大张铁矿是鲁西地区近年来新发现的一个重要的矽卡岩型矿床.矿体主要赋存于石英二长闪长岩与奥陶系马家沟组灰岩接触带及其附近.根据脉体穿插关系和交代蚀变特征,将大张矽卡岩型铁矿床成矿过程划分为矽卡岩阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段.通过对透辉石、绿帘石、石英和方解石等透明矿物显微观察发现,大张铁矿中流体包裹体类型主要...