贵州省鸡场滑坡地下水化学特征反映的水-岩（土）作用

滑坡体水-岩(土)作用是一种复杂的物理化学综合作用,影响坡体的稳定性,但关于目前水-岩(土)相互作用对地质灾害发生方面的影响研究仍较为薄弱。以贵州省鸡场滑坡为研究对象,分析滑坡区岩土体矿物组成和化学成分特征,结合区域内基岩裂隙水、大气降水的成分变化,利用主成分分析方法,研究鸡场滑坡水-岩(土)作用过程,并分析水岩演化作用对滑坡稳定性的影响。结果表明：(1)滑体内玄武岩的风化过程是一种机械破碎-矿物蚀变耦合的水-岩相互作用,发生在“微观-细观-宏观”3种尺度上;(2)选取前3个因子Z₁、Z₂、Z₃(分别占总方差的49.365%、27.135%、15.092%)分析地下水的化学特征,主因子Z₁反映了玄武岩原生矿物的溶蚀作用对地下水化学成分的控制作用,主因子Z₂反映了地下水的蒸发作用与SiO₂溶解度随pH变化的矿物沉淀作用,主因子Z₃反映了地下水与岩(土)体间存在离子交换作用且主参与离子为Mg²⁺和K⁺     

御道口汉诺坝玄武岩偏硅酸矿泉水形成机制及其地质建造制约

冀北坝上一带玄武岩地区广布富偏硅酸地下水,研究其形成机制及其水岩作用过程对矿泉水的合理开发利用与京津冀水源涵养功能具有重要意义.结合玄武岩地质建造地下水赋存特征,综合利用水化学分析,玄武岩岩石风化机制,水岩相互作用矿物平衡体系,δD、δ18O和δ13C同位素、14C放射性同位素测年等方法,剖析了汉诺坝玄武岩偏硅酸矿泉水形成的岩石地球化学风化和水文地球化学过程及地质建造制约因素.结果表明,研究区矿泉水为低矿化度的HCO₃-Ca·Mg型与HCO₃-Na·Ca型水,矿泉水形成类型有构造断裂深循环淋溶型和层状补给富集埋藏型2类.上层古风化壳地下水14C校正年龄约为4 050 a,地下水可溶性无机碳来源于土壤CO₂与幔源CO₂的混合作用.偏硅酸矿泉水的形成与分布受玄武岩地质建造制约,受岩石地球化学特征、岩石风化地表过程和水文地球化学响应过程控制.地下水中偏硅酸主要来源于玄武岩中斜长石、单斜辉石、镁橄榄石等硅酸盐矿物的风化水解;岩石矿物风化的水化学响应过程受溶滤作用控制,受阳离子交换作用影响.      

地下水与玄武财反应趋势分析

通过建立水化学平衡反应模型,计算地下水组分的各种可能存在形式的浓度和活度,并求得各种矿的饱和指数,再用饱和指数分析水－岩相互作用过程中矿物的溶解与沉淀反应趋势。本文采用该方法对盱眙玄武岩土区水－岩间反应趋势进行了分析。     

地下水与玄武岩反应趋势分析

通过建立水化学平衡反应模型,计算地下水组分的各种可能存在形式的浓度和活度,并求得各种矿物饱和指数,再用饱和指数分析水－岩相互作用过程中矿物的溶解与沉淀反应趋势。本文采用该方法对盱眙玄武岩地区水－岩间反应趋势进行了分析。     

矿物成分、特征地球化学组分对水在滑带形成中作用的指示意义:以三峡库区大型滑坡为例

弄清滑坡滑带抗剪强度降低的根本原因是滑坡形成机理研究和滑坡活动趋势预测的主要内容之一。水是滑带形成过程中导致其抗剪强度衰减的最活跃因素之一。三峡库区两个大型滑坡实例分析显示,滑带及其周围岩土矿物成分、地球化学成分的变化特征指示滑带形成与水-岩(土)物理、化学作用的方式及作用程度,从而证实矿物学、地球化学研究方法和理论是揭示滑带抗剪强度降低内在机理的有效途径之一。三峡库区黄土坡滑坡临江I#崩滑体和泄滩滑坡滑带土及其周围岩土矿物学、主量化学元素的含量变化特征指示:前者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水因大气降水补给、地下水的氧化作用活跃,导致滑带土抗剪强度减低,其主要原因是其中泥灰岩碎屑的水解泥化作用、方解石溶解作用和伊利石向伊-蒙混层矿物的转化作用;后者滑带形成过程中,滑带部位地下水与外界水力联系较差、地下水的还原作用强烈,滑带部位长石化学风化、次生粘土矿物增多,可知由伊利石转化的伊-蒙混层矿物增多是导致滑带土抗剪强度衰减的主要原因。     

利用因子分析确定岩溶地下河系统水质的影响因素

根据云南南洞地下河系统2008年旱季的水化学分析结果,利用因子分析方法探讨地下水水质的影响因素及程度,结果表明:流域地下水成分变动范围较大,具有明显的空间变异性;地下水水质受人类活动、水岩作用过程和土壤等自然因素的共同影响,三个因素能够解释地下水水质形成的79%,其中人类活动是主要影响因素;地下水中的Cl-、NO3-、SO42-、Na+、K+主要受人类活动特别是农业和生活废水等因素的控制,Ca2+主要是水-岩作用的产物,但也受人类活动的影响,pH值、电导率受水岩作用过程和人类活动的影响,Mg2+、HCO3-受土壤CO2含量和水-岩作用过程的共同影响。     

滑坡中地下水与岩土体相互作用机理的研究

滑坡中地下水与岩土体相互作用机理的研究周平根（地质矿产部环境地质研究所，北京，１０００８１）滑坡的变形发展及破坏是一个复杂的过程，影响因素很多。内在因素有岩土体性质、岩土体结构，这些因素的变化是十分缓慢的，它们决定滑坡变形的形式及规模。外在因素有水文...     

新安江流域上游地区地下水化学特征及水文地球化学作用研究

新安江流域上游地区地下水水化学成分复杂,水与含水介质间发生的各种溶解、沉淀、吸附等水-岩相互作用在地下水复杂成分形成和演化过程中发挥重要功能。文章采用数理统计、主成分分析和聚类分析、Gibbs模型、硅酸平衡、主要离子比例系数等方法,研究了新安江流域上游地区地下水水化学特征和水文地球化学作用,分析了水化学组分来源。结果表明：研究区地下水阳离子以Ca²⁺、Na⁺为主,阴离子以HCO^-₃为主,还存在少量Cl^-、SO^2-₄,地下水主要水化学类型为HCO₃-Ca型、HCO₃-Na·Ca型、HCO₃-Ca·Mg型;地下水水化学组分主要来自碳酸盐矿物和硅酸盐矿物的风化溶解,其次来源于蒸发岩的风化溶解。地下水的溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用以及人类生产生活等活动共同影响地下水水化学特征。     

典型新生代断陷盆地内孔隙地下水地球化学过程及其模拟：以山西太原盆地为例

以地处中国北方半干旱地区的典型新生代断陷盆地--太原盆地为例,分析了影响孔隙地下水化学特征的水岩相互作用过程。研究结果显示:孔隙地下水的水化学类型表现出明显分带性,并与盆地水文地质单元分区吻合得很好。地下水地球化学过程的定性研究结论与基于PHREEQC的反向水文地球化学模拟结果一致,均表明对于地下水化学特征的形成和演化而言,硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物的溶解沉淀作用、排泄区地下水的蒸发浓缩作用及其与含水层介质的阳离子交换作用是控制性的地球化学过程。研究表明：地下水地球化学特征可指示地下水流动场,水化学过程研究是地下水系统结构研究的重要手段之一。     

因子分析法在确定大孙庄地区裂隙岩溶水化学成分形成机制中的应用

根据大孙庄地区2015年旱季的裂隙岩溶水水化学分析结果,确定了水化学成分指标间的相关关系,采用因子分析法探讨了区内裂隙岩溶水形成的影响因子及程度,结果表明:水化学成分变动范围较大,具有明显的空间变异性;水化学成分形成主要受三个主要因子影响控制:主因子1代表人类活动,主因子2代表水-岩作用的影响,主因子3反映土壤等自然因素,三个主要因子能够解释地下水水质形成的81.221%,将因子分析法的分析结果与水文地质作用相结合分析了水化学成分形成机制,证实利用因子分析法研究地下水水化学成分形成机制是一种可靠、有效的方法,具有简单易行、可操作性强、结果直观准确等优点。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.