昌黎井水氡、水位、降雨之间的相关分析

对1982年至1997年昌黎井的水氡、水位月均值和昌黎气象站的降雨资料,以不同的时间尺度进行了相关计算。结果表明, 水氡与水位资料的趋势变化具有很好的相关性(R=0.833, n=168)和同步性。较小时间尺度的相关计算结果显示,水位、水氡与降雨不仅具有相关性、同步性,而且也具有差异性,这种差异性特征可作为地震前兆异常,并与唐山地区的地震对应较好,据此可作为短期地震预报指标。     

Hydrochemical aspects of the negro river,patagonia, argentina

Water samples collected in the Negro River drainage basin (Patagonia, Argentina) during two different field trips—the first in May 1972 and the second in January 1973—were analysed for the major dissolved inorganic constituents. Q-mode factor analyses demonstrate that two factors account for over 98 per cent of the variance in both sample suites. They represent: a) the direct influence of solution of evaporites and associated carbonate rocks in an arid environment-type; b) the influence of the weathering products of metamorphic, igneous rocks, and varied non-calcareous sediments. R-mode factor analyses of the two sets of data suggest that although the main mechanisms controlling water chemistry were essentially the same, the principal sources of dissolved solids differed significantly in each separate occasion. Further, the major mechanisms controlling its water chemistry are within a wide spectrum of the so-called ‘rock dominance’.     

山东水管倾斜仪观测运行分析

文章介绍了山东地区3个地震台站安装的水管倾斜仪的基本概况,并选取各台2007年—2011年的观测数据,从资料的完整性、观测质量及受干扰情况等方面进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:3个台站的观测资料均有很好的连续性和完整性,仪器稳定性较高,观测系统运转正常,可为地震研究提供数据支持。同时发现,在日常观测中,水管仪地倾斜观测主要受气压、降雨、观测环境变化和仪器调修等因素的干扰。     

河南郑州台数字化DSQ水管倾斜仪观测精度的评定

选取了河南郑州台数字化 DSQ型水管倾斜仪观测资料较好的 2 0 0 1年 10月 1日至 12月 31日的数据进行了分析处理 ,对该仪器的观测精度进行了评定。经计算 ,其北南向和东西向日飘移分别为 0 .0 0 0 7s和 0 .0 0 2 6 s,M2 的振幅因子为 0 .714 9和 0 .6 4 14 ,振幅因子中误差为 0 .0 0 5 5和0 .0 0 4 4。     

新疆乌鲁木齐地区多年水氡观测资料的统计与分析

通过对乌鲁木齐地区1980—7．001年的水氡观测资料进行全时域扫描分析，以乌鲁木齐为中心300km范围内Ms≥5．0的地震事件为研究对象，挑选出观测资料中异常时段，用地震预报效能评价评分的方法对水氡观测资料预报地震的能力进行评价。     

民和水化泉点观测环境及技术改造效果分析

针对民和水化泉点在周围环境条件及动态观测指标方面因人为因素而出现的一些情况和问题，按照水化观测规范要求，对其经过环境技术改造后，取得了较好的效果。通过分析对比该水点在实施改造前后不同阶段的资料变化，确立了新的可靠且稳定的观测指标，其环境条件和动态指标也得到了优化。     

山西奇村水汞与空白样同步的真正原因

讨论了《山西地震》2001年第4期封德俭发表的《山西奇村水汞相关性分析与区域分布特征的研究——剖析山西奇村水汞与空白样同步的原因》一文中水汞与空白样同步的真正原因。提出了与原作者不同的观点，认为，分析纯硫酸中含有大量的汞是21眼井测值一致并且动态变化同步的真正原因。山西忻州南部地区近1000km^2范围内的21个测点水汞含量一致是不可能的。建议每天使用优级纯硫酸和无汞蒸馏水观测空白控制样，然后测井水，井水含量真值是水样测值减去空白对照值。     

通辽CK－9井水位动态及影响因素的分析

本文在对通辽ＣＫ－９井、水文地质条件和水动态特征初步分析的基础上，采用ＰＣ－１５００计算机，对该井的观测数据与气压、蒸发、降雨、开采、河水位、固体潮、地震波和潜水位等相互关系，进行了定量的相互分析．研究所得结果，对该井水位动态变化和影响因素的关系，提出了新的结论．     

Suspended sediment concentration controlling factors: an analysis for the Argentine Pampas region

ABSTRACT

In the Argentine Pampas region, there is little information about sediment concentration in agricultural catchments. The aims of this work are: (1) to analyse fluctuations in sediment concentration and discharge, as a first attempt to characterize hysteresis patterns; and (2) to study sediment concentration controlling factors and to assess the importance of these factors using principal component analysis and a multiple regression model. Twenty-five events registered during 4 years in a 560 ha gauged basin of Argentina were studied. Analysis of data suggested a positive clockwise pattern. The multiple regression model was performed with three factors obtained by principal component analysis: runoff, precipitation and antecedent conditions. The model explained 83% of the variability of sediment concentration. The runoff factor contributed to modelled sediment concentration with the highest magnitude, followed by precipitation and antecedent condition factors. Although the watershed is under conservation tillage, rill erosion seems to be the main source of sediment concentration.

Editor M.C. Acreman; Associate editor X. Fang     

Hydro-economic models: Concepts, design, applications, and future prospects

Future water management will shift from building new water supply systems to better operating existing ones. The variation of water values in time and space will increasingly motivate efforts to address water scarcity and reduce water conflicts. Hydro-economic models represent spatially distributed water resource systems, infrastructure, management options and economic values in an integrated manner. In these tools water allocations and management are either driven by the economic value of water or economically evaluated to provide policy insights and reveal opportunities for better management. A central concept is that water demands are not fixed requirements but rather functions where quantities of water use at different times have varying total and marginal economic values. This paper reviews techniques to characterize the economic value of water use and include such values in mathematical models. We identify the key steps in model design and diverse problems, formulations, levels of integration, spatial and temporal scales, and solution techniques addressed and used by over 80 hydro-economic modeling efforts dating back 45-years from 23 countries. We list current limitations of the approach, suggest directions for future work, and recommend ways to improve policy relevance.     

Water quality in rural areas of the Czech Republic: Key study Slapanka River catchment

The article evaluates the water quality in rural areas in the Czech part of Labe River catchment using the example of Slapanka River catchment. This river drains a typical landscape of Ceskomoravska Highland. Water quality in rural areas is still very low and the attention is paid to organic substances and nutrients. Increased amount of them in streams is caused mainly by agriculture and production of municipal wastewater resulting in increased eutrophication. A significant part of the article consists in the evaluation of point and non-point sources of water pollution. Identifying the type of the pollution source is helped by regression analysis using data from the public monitoring network. Eleven sampling sites were selected for evaluating the water quality. Physical and chemical analyses were made 12 times during the field monitoring in the years 2001–2003.In long-term development water quality has improved in all monitored parameters during the last 15 years. Least significant improvement has been found with the concentration of nitrate nitrogen. The water quality within the whole catchment area still remains low.To reduce the influence of pollution sources, we recommend the sanitation of diffuse sources of pollution from small settlements with less than 2000 inhabitants, and a successive change from agricultural management and intensive mass production to extensive ways, especially in mountain and sub-mountain areas.     

山西奇村水汞相关性分析与与区域分布特征的研究—剖析山西奇村水汞与空白样同步的原因

为揭示山西奇村水汞与空白样测值同步的原因，对水化热水井与空白样、水化热水井与制作空白样的冷水井、制作空白样的冷水井与空白样的特征进行了分析，并对忻定盆地南部近1 000km^2不同深度、不同水温的21眼井进行了水汞测量。研究表明，测区各井具有水汞含量一致、动态变化同步的基本特征，提出水汞动态可能反映了来自大构造及深层的变化信息的看法。     

Microbial and geochemical quality of shallow well water in high-density areas in Mzuzu City in Malawi

In Malawi, shallow wells constitute the most important water sources for domestic purposes. However, increasing human population coupled with poor sanitation and infrastructure is undermining the quality of shallow well water. An assessment of microbial and geochemical quality of shallow well water in high-density areas of Zolozolo, Ching’ambo and Chiputula in Mzuzu City, Northern Malawi, has been carried out. The study aimed at characterising domestic water sources, identifying possible sources of water contamination and determining levels of microbial and chemical contamination. Arc-view GIS was used to map the water sources. A questionnaire survey was carried out to elicit information on characteristics of drinking water sources. Water samples were collected from quasi-randomly selected shallow wells and analysed for microbial and chemical parameters using standard methods. HCA, performed using R-programme, was used to group sampled sites according to their bio-physicochemical characteristics. Compliance of the water with MBS/WHO water quality guidelines was determined. The WQI was computed to turn multifaceted data obtained from laboratory analyses into simple information that is comprehensible and useable by the public to assess overall quality of water at a specific water points. The GW-chart was used to show hydrogeochemical water types from each sampled site. Microbial analysis revealed that water from 96.3% of shallow wells recorded faecal coliforms ranging from 129 to 920 cfu per 100 ml which were significantly higher than the Malawi Standards and WHO thresholds. In general, shallow well water is of low mineralisation (EC range 80–500 μS cm⁻¹), with hydrogeochemical facies dominated by Ca–HCO₃, which evolves to Ca–Cl water type. The shallow well water registered a WQI range of 50.16–66.04%, with a medium WQ rating. This suggested that the water obtained from the shallow wells is unsuitable for direct human consumption. It was observed that 100% of the shallow wells were at risk of pollution from onsite sanitation because of their proximity to sanitary facilities. It was strongly recommended that onsite treatment interventions have to be mobilised and initiated to protect the households from further possible consequences of using the water.     

辽宁省大伙房水库及入库河流水质空间特征与河库水质关系

入库河流与水库存在空间上的连续性,河流污染物输入是水库水质恶化的主要原因,对大伙房水库及其入库支流61个采样点的水质状况进行调查,并运用聚类分析和主成分分析对大伙房水库及入库支流的水质空间特性和主要污染物进行分析.聚类分析显示,按照水质相似性将大伙房水库及入库支流水质可分为上游区、下游区和库区3个典型空间区域.分别对3个区域进行主成分分析,结果显示:入库支流上游区和下游区水质主要影响因素为氨氮、总氮和化学需氧量,库区影响水质的主要因素为温度、p H值、浊度、溶解氧、电导率、氨氮和总氮.对上游、下游和库区水质均有显著影响的因子为氨氮和总氮,上游区、下游区和库区氨氮浓度均值分别为0.06、0.10和0.19 mg/L,总氮浓度均值分别为0.13、0.16和0.26 mg/L.入库河流下游区对水库水质影响较大,受社河和浑河污染物输入的影响,大伙房水库水质在空间上呈现社河入库区水质优于浑河入库区水质.并且库区氨氮和总氮浓度均与距岸边距离呈负相关,溶解氧和p H值均与距入库口距离呈负相关,表明入库河流污染物输入和环库区面源污染均对大伙房水库水质产生一定影响.     

Water Quality Management Based on Division of Dry and Wet Seasons in Pearl River Delta,China

In the Pearl River Delta (PRD), river water quality deteriorates continually due to the population increase and ongoing industrialization and urbanization. In this study, a water quality management paradigm based on the seasonal variation is proposed. For better exploring the seasonal change of water quality, wavelet analysis was used to analyze the division of dry and wet seasons in the PRD during 1952–2009. Then water quality seasonal variation in 2008 and relevant impact factors were analyzed by multivariate statistic methods as a case to make some management measures. The results show that there are some differences of dry and wet seasons division among different years. Wet season mainly appear from April to September, which occupy the largest proportion among the 58 years (about 70%) and then followed by the wet season from May to October (about 13.8% of the total years). As to the water quality of 2008, significant differences exist between dry and wet seasons for 17 water quality parameters except TP, , Fe²⁺, and Zn²⁺. Levels of parameters pH, EC, COD_Mn, BOD₅, , , and Cl^? in dry season are much higher than those in wet season. In dry season the variations of river water quality are mainly influenced by domestic sewage, industrial effluents, and salt water intrusion. While in wet season, except the aforementioned pollution sources, drainages from cultivated land and livestock farm are also the main factors influencing water pollution. Thus, water quality management measures are proposed in dry and wet seasons, respectively. The results obtained from this study would further facilitate water quality protection and water resources management in the PRD.     

Estimating subsurface nitrogen accumulation-depletion in catchments by input-output flow analysis

We use input-output analysis of nitrogen flows between various sources-sectors and natural waters in the Swedish Norrström drainage basin for investigating and bounding the implication range of some uncertainty sources for results of subsurface nitrogen accumulation-depletion in this basin. We quantify different possible base and extreme assumptions of nitrogen discharges and transport pathways from agriculture to surface and groundwater in the basin. The results are robust in showing considerable nitrogen accumulation-depletion flow interactions taking place between the basin’s mobile water and accumulated nitrogen pools in soils, sediments and/or relatively immobile subsurface water zones for all different scenario assumptions. Similar scenario robustness is also found in resulting relative contributions of different active nitrogen source-sectors to nitrogen flows in natural water systems. In the Norrström basin, and possibly more generally, nitrogen accumulation-depletion flows to and from accumulated legacies for the future or from the past appear therefore to be more important for water quality than current nitrogen discharges from active source-sectors.     

瑞昌ML4.9级地震星子井水氡异常分析

通过对星子井水氡资料的数据处理。提取出1995年瑞昌ML4.9级地震前的前兆异常，针对该中等地震异常的短临性质和幅度不明显的现象。分析了产生的主要原因。并结合计算过程阐述了异常分析的思路，还归纳了星子井震兆异常具有分区性的特点并做了初步解释。     

Two-scale analysis for environmental dispersion in a two-layer wetland

Studies on environmental dispersion are essential for applications as water management. The two-scale perturbation analysis is applied in this paper to deduce the environmental dispersion model for the typical case of contaminant transport in two-layer wetland flows. The analysis follows the established theoretical framework on the basis of phase average and the concept of Taylor dispersion. By the obtained flow velocity distribution for the two-layer flow, the analytical expression for the environmental dispersivity is deduced and shown to be consistent with previous results by the concentration moment method, while with much simplifications on the expression for ignoring the less concerned time-dependent stage of the dispersivity.     

Bathing waters: New directive, new standards, new quality approach

Bathing water quality is an important public health issue, mainly because of fecal contamination. In 2006, the European Commission (EC) adopted a new directive with respect to recreational bathing waters that calls for stricter standards and reduces the number of laboratory tests done in routine beach monitoring from nineteen to two bacterial indicators, namely, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci, replacing policies of the EC Bathing Water Directive that have existed since 1976. Our practice in Portugal is in line with this international development, and this study demonstrates the equivalency of the new bacteriological parameters with the old. The water quality of 25 coastal beaches was surveyed using both new and old microbiological indicators of fecal contamination. Statistical analysis demonstrated equivalency of the results obtained for fecal coliforms with Escherichia coli and for fecal streptococci with intestinal enterococci.     

River Water Pollution in Developed and Developing Countries: Judge and Assessment of Physicochemical Characteristics and Selected Dissolved Metal Concentration

To compare water quality in rivers of developed and developing countries, a study based on physicochemical parameters and dissolved metals levels was conducted. Water samples were collected from selected sites in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Hokkaido and Osaka, Japan; Erdenet, Mongolia and West Java, Indonesia. Analysis of least significant differences revealed that most water quality parameters were within comparable low levels in both developed and developing countries. The dissolved metals concentrations were found to be similar and below those of water standards except for manganese and cadmium at every sampling point, and lead in Erdenet, Mongolia. Some metals showed high enrichment factors in the rivers of Osaka, Japan and Erdenet, Mongolia, indicating accumulation possibility of metals in the river‐bed sediments. High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, Escherichia coli and dissolved metals suggested greater water pollution in some rivers of developing countries than in the rivers of Japan. Principal component analysis showed strong correlations between “dissolved organic carbon and chemical oxygen demand” and “conductivity and total dissolved solids” at each sampling point, and E. coli, nitrate (NO), nitrite (NO), and pH levels were found to be higher in the rivers of Dhaka and Erdenet. In addition, there were high levels of Al and Zn in West Java, Pb in Erdenet, and Mn, Fe, and Cr in the rivers of Dhaka and Japan. Based on pressures and impacts, it is evident that dissolved metal, organic, and fecal pollution in the rivers of developing countries are in somewhat dreadful condition in comparison with the rivers of developed country.