饱和湿大气Brunt-V3/4is3/4l3/4频率及修正的相当位温

实际大气中受扰动的饱和气块发生凝结后 ,凝结水会部分脱离气块。以前研究饱和湿大气的Brunt V is l 频率 (N2 m)没有考虑凝结水的部分脱离 ,相当位温 (θe)也忽略了饱和气块的混合比的作用。文中针对这些不足 ,在假设饱和空气中只存在气液转换条件下 ,推导出液态水部分脱离气块的、更符合实际情况的N2 m 表达式和修正的饱和湿大气θe 表达式。新的N2 m 表达式增加了部分脱离气块的液态水的作用项 ,新的θe 表达式中包含有饱和气块的混合比 ,并对有关的表达式分别作了讨论和比较     

关于等熵位涡应用的一点认识

位涡、湿位涡及其守恒开启了(湿)位涡理论的较广泛应用,使(湿)位涡成为天气系统、天气现象演变的重要诊断物理量,能有效解释一些天气系统、天气现象的演变。为合理应用(湿)位涡及等熵位涡思维,简单分析了气象常用坐标中位涡、湿位涡表达式的限制性条件,强调此条件与(湿)等熵坐标成立的条件相同,指出z 坐标(湿)位涡与p、θ(θse)坐标(湿)位涡存在物理差异。在θ(θse)坐标中,气块的水平速度是相对水平面(地面)的移动速度,而非气块沿着等θ(θse)面的移动。在(湿)等熵位涡分析中,(湿)等熵位涡强度的变化,是平流、垂直输送以及非绝热过程的综合作用,不能简单归因为只由高层的(湿)等熵位涡异常向中低层传输、或中低纬的(湿)等熵位涡异常向高纬传送所造成。     

湿大气的广义位温与干大气位温及饱和湿大气相当位温的比较

实际大气既非完全是干空气,也不是处处达到饱和的湿空气,而是处于含有水汽但又不饱和的湿空气状态。基于这样一种湿大气状态,在湿大气中广义位温定义的基础上,对不同暴雨类型的广义位温与干大气的位温及饱和湿大气的相当位温做了比较。对2003年江淮流域暴雨过程、2004年华北一次暴雨过程以及2006年碧利斯台风中的位温、相当位温和广义位温分布的对比分析表明:即使是在暴雨系统中,湿空气的相对湿度也不一定达到100%,饱和湿空气相当位温的引入条件不能完全满足。而广义位温的定义用一个表达式就可以表示出于大气、未饱和湿大气以及饱和湿大气这3种大气状态的位温,位温和相当位温则是广义位温的特殊情况。当大气比湿为零时,广义位温就变成位温;当大气比湿达到饱和后,广义位温就变成相当位温。除了可以衔接干大气位温和饱和湿大气的相当位温外,广义位温包含了水汽由干到湿再到饱和的变化过程,更好地体现了大气中水汽的实际分布和变化特征。     

青海省东北部地区春季空中水资源潜力分析

采用动力气象学原理计算了青海高原东北部春季水汽输送、辐合辐散情况 ,利用微波辐射计观测总水汽含量 (V)、液态水 (L)的情况。经计算 ,青海高原东北部大气水汽状况为输入大于输出 ,且有近 83%的水汽影响该地区后移出青海 ,有较大的潜在水资源 ;从液态水含量情况来看 ,尽管水汽含量比平原地区少 ,但液态水含量却比平原地区偏高。另外还计算了 1997年 3月下旬至 5月上旬的云总凝结水和降水效率 ,大气总凝结水量为 2 84× 10 8t,但实际降水量为 34× 10 \+8t,平均降水效率为 0 .12。如果能提高 1%的降水效率 ,则可增加约 2 .5× 10 8t降水 ,且具有较好的人工增雨潜力。     

我国各地大气透明系数资料

大气透明系数P_m是表征大气混浊程度的重要参数.其表达式为: P_m=(S_m//S_o)~(1/m) 式中m——大气质量数;S_o——太阳常数,取值1.98卡/厘米~2分;S_m——到达地表面的垂直辐射强度. 为了消去福布斯(??)效应对大气透明系     

夏季对流性降水量的完全预报法

本文应用部分实时资料和数值预报产品,以对流参数化方案为基础,依据湿绝热过程中饱和湿静力总能量守恒原理,实现积云形成所需凝结水汽量及积云面积比等大气参数的计算,进而实现对流性降水量的计算。对所计算出的降水量再做经验订正,建立对流性降水量经验预报公式。计算效果很好。     

青藏高原东北侧一次暴雪过程的湿位涡分析

利用NCEP（1°×1°）全球再分析格点资料,对青藏高原东北侧2002年10月18日一次暴雪天气进行诊断分析。结果表明：500 hPa北上的西南暖湿气流与东移南压的西北冷空气在36°N附近交汇形成的高原切变线是造成这次强降水的主要天气系统。暴雪发生在700 hPa湿位涡正压项MPV1正值密集带和湿位涡斜压项MPV2负值区中。由于等eθ线变得陡立密集,大气对流不稳定能量释放,MPV2绝对值增大,大气湿斜压性增强导致下滑倾斜涡度发展是形成此次暴雪的重要原因,它对暴雪预报有着很好的指示作用。     

广义湿位涡理论及其应用研究

押重点介绍了诊断暴雨落区与强度的广义湿位涡理论研究方面的两个内容,一是由于暴雨系统中强降水引起的质量亏空导致的暴雨系统中质量强迫下的湿位涡异常理论,二是非均匀饱和大气中的广义湿位涡理论;对暴雨系统中质量强迫的物理意义和非均匀饱和大气中的广义位温引入的思路与意义作了详细说明,并对位涡理论作了细致推导。在此基础上,针对暴雨个例,利用质量强迫的湿位涡异常和非均匀饱和广义湿位涡异常诊断了暴雨落区,从理论和诊断上论证了利用这两种湿位涡异常判断暴雨落区的可行性。     

影响山东的台风暴雨天气的湿位涡诊断分析

应用湿位涡理论 ,对发生在山东境内由台风和台风减弱的低压引发的两场大暴雨过程进行诊断。结果表明 :这两场暴雨都产生在θe 陡立密集区附近 ,θe 陡立密集区附近易导致湿斜压涡度发展 ;对流层中低层MPV1 <0 ,850hPa上MPV2 >0 ,综合反映了暴雨区对流不稳定和斜压不稳定的发展 ;对流层高层高值湿位涡下传 ,有利于位势不稳定能量的储存和释放 ,使降水增幅。     

中尺度模式云降水物理方案介绍

介绍大气模式中湿过程的饱和凝结、对流参数化和显式云物理三种方法的适用条件和特点.中尺度大气模式的对流参数化和显式过程一般有多种方案,介绍了多种方案的主要处理方法、基本微物理过程、预报量和主要特点.对流云模式都采用显式过程,但不同模式的湿过程有一定的差别,有各自的微物理特点,对有代表性的云物理方案进行了叙述和分析.     

“Economic” and “Political” cooperation in various climate policy scenarios

Cooperation in the economic sense considers efficiency issues. Cooperation in the political sense, like the Kyoto Protocol, considers other issues like equity and historical responsibility. The environmental and economic impacts of the Kyoto Protocol and other scenarios are thus examined. The US pullout may then be viewed, among others, as the result of not untying “economic” and “political” cooperation; and since the Protocol will be much less effective without the US, it is shown that an external economic stimulus should and may theoretically be found for retaining their participation.     

干旱胁迫对冬小麦水分关键期的生理特性和物质生产影响

以冬小麦品种“齐麦2号”为试材,在水分关键期(拔节期~扬花期),设计5个水分处理(T1处于适宜水平,T2、T3、T4、T5分别按照水分关键期常年降水量减少20%、50%、75%、100%进行一次性补水)和1个雨养对照水分控制试验,模拟研究不同程度干旱胁迫对水分关键期冬小麦光合生理特性、抗氧化酶活性及产量结构的影响。结果表明：轻度干旱胁迫会造成冬小麦叶片最大光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度降低,气孔限制值升高,气孔因素是导致冬小麦叶片光合速率降低的主要原因;而当干旱胁迫达到重度时,胞间CO2浓度升高,气孔限制值降低,非气孔因素是导致冬小麦叶片光合速率降低的主要原因。轻度干旱胁迫会使得冬小麦叶片SOD酶、POD酶、CAT酶活性显著升高,从而减轻MDA含量升高对冬小麦叶片膜系统的损伤,复水后抗氧化酶活性和MDA含量均可恢复至正常水平,而重度干旱胁迫下冬小麦叶片SOD酶、POD酶、CAT酶活性不同程度降低,复水后抗氧化酶活性及MDA含量均无法恢复至正常水平,抗氧化酶系统遭受不可逆损伤。此外,水分关键期干旱胁迫还导致冬小麦灌浆速率降低、不孕穗率升高,理论产量大幅降低。研究结论可为科学评估干旱胁迫对冬小麦生长发育及产量形成的影响提供理论依据。     

NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> change over China and its influences

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of the increase of NOx emission over China. The model is capable to reproduce basically the seasonal variation of surface NOx and ozone over eastern China. NOx emission data and observations reveal that NOx over eastern China increases quite quickly with the economic development of China. Model results indicate that NOx concentration over eastern China increasingly rises with the increase of NOx emission over China, and accelerates to increase in winter. When the NOx emission increases from 1995 to its double, the ratio of NO2/NOx abruptly drops in winter over northern China. Ozone at the surface decreases in winter with the continual enhancement of the NOx level over eastern China, but increases over southern China in summertime. It is noticeable that peak ozone over northern China increases in summer although mean ozone changes little. In summer, ozone increases in the free troposphere dominantly below 500 hPa.Moreover, the increases of total ozone over eastern China are proportional to the increases of NOx emission.In a word, the model results suggest that the relationship between NOx and ozone at the surface would change with NOx increase.     

Quick measurement of CH<Subscript>4</Subscript>, CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions from a short-plant ecosystem

Combining improved injector, gas line and valve-driving models, a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with Hydrogen Flame Ionization Detector (FID) and Electron Capture Detector (ECD), can measure CH4, CO2, and N2O simultaneously in an air sample in four minutes. Test results show that the system has high sensitivity, resolution, and precision; the linear response range of the system meets the requirement of flux measurements in situ. The system is suitable for monitoring fluxes of the main greenhouse gases in a short-plant field since it is easy to use, efficacious, and constant and reliable in collecting data.     

Multi-Phase Chemistry of C<Subscript>2</Subscript> and C<Subscript>3</Subscript> Organic Compounds in the Marine Atmosphere

A box model is used to explore the detailed chemistry of C₂ and C₃ organic compounds in the marine troposphere by tracing the individual reaction paths resulting from the oxidation of ethane, ethene, acetylene, propane, propene and acetic acid. The mechanisms include chemical reactions in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase of clouds and aerosol particles at cloud level under conditions resembling those in the northern hemisphere. Organic hydroperoxides are found to be important intermediate products, with subsequent reactions leading partly to the formation of mixed hydroxy or carbonyl hydroperoxides that are readily absorbed into cloud water, where they contribute significantly to the formation of multifunctional organic compounds and organic acids. Organic hydroperoxides add little to the oxidation of sulfur dioxide dissolved in the aqueous phase, which is dominated by H₂O₂. Next to acetaldehyde and acetone, glycol aldehyde, glyoxal, methyl glyoxal and hydroxy propanone are prominent oxidation products in the gas and the aqueous phase. Acetaldehyde is not efficiently converted to acetic acid in clouds; the major local sources of acetic acid are gas-phase reactions. Other acids produced include hydroperoxy acetic, glycolic, glyoxylic, oxalic, pyruvic, and lactic acid. The mechanism of Schuchmann et al. (1985), which derives glycolic and glyoxylic acid from the oxidation of acetate, is found unimportant in the marine atmosphere. The principal precursors of glyoxylic acid are glyoxal and glycolic acid. The former derives mainly from acetylene and ethene, the latter from glycolaldehyde, also an oxidation product of ethene. The oxidation of glyoxylic acid leads to oxalic acid, which accumulates and is predicted to reach steady state concentrations in the range 30–90 ng m⁻³. This is greater, yet of the same magnitude, than the concentrations observed over the remote Pacific Ocean.     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and non-CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> radiative forcings in climate projections for twenty-first century mitigation scenarios

Climate is simulated for reference and mitigation emissions scenarios from Integrated Assessment Models using the Bern2.5CC carbon cycle–climate model. Mitigation options encompass all major radiative forcing agents. Temperature change is attributed to forcings using an impulse–response substitute of Bern2.5CC. The contribution of CO₂ to global warming increases over the century in all scenarios. Non-CO₂ mitigation measures add to the abatement of global warming. The share of mitigation carried by CO₂, however, increases when radiative forcing targets are lowered, and increases after 2000 in all mitigation scenarios. Thus, non-CO₂ mitigation is limited and net CO₂ emissions must eventually subside. Mitigation rapidly reduces the sulfate aerosol loading and associated cooling, partly masking Greenhouse Gas mitigation over the coming decades. A profound effect of mitigation on CO₂ concentration, radiative forcing, temperatures and the rate of climate change emerges in the second half of the century.     

A nocturnal atmospheric loss of CH<Subscript>2</Subscript>I<Subscript>2</Subscript> in the remote marine boundary layer

Ocean emissions of inorganic and organic iodine compounds drive the biogeochemical cycle of iodine and produce reactive ozone-destroying iodine radicals that influence the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Di-iodomethane (CH₂I₂) and chloro-iodomethane (CH₂ICl) are the two most important organic iodine precursors in the marine boundary layer. Ship-borne measurements made during the TORERO (Tropical Ocean tRoposphere Exchange of Reactive halogens and Oxygenated VOC) field campaign in the east tropical Pacific Ocean in January/February 2012 revealed strong diurnal cycles of CH₂I₂ and CH₂ICl in air and of CH₂I₂ in seawater. Both compounds are known to undergo rapid photolysis during the day, but models assume no night-time atmospheric losses. Surprisingly, the diurnal cycle of CH₂I₂ was lower in amplitude than that of CH₂ICl, despite its faster photolysis rate. We speculate that night-time loss of CH₂I₂ occurs due to reaction with NO₃ radicals. Indirect results from a laboratory study under ambient atmospheric boundary layer conditions indicate a k _CH2I2+NO3 of ≤4 × 10^?13 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1; a previous kinetic study carried out at ≤100 Torr found k _CH2I2+NO3 of 4 × 10^?13 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1. Using the 1-dimensional atmospheric THAMO model driven by sea-air fluxes calculated from the seawater and air measurements (averaging 1.8 +/? 0.8 nmol m^?2 d^?1 for CH₂I₂ and 3.7 +/? 0.8 nmol m^?2 d^?1 for CH₂ICl), we show that the model overestimates night-time CH₂I₂ by >60 % but reaches good agreement with the measurements when the CH₂I₂ + NO₃ reaction is included at 2–4 × 10^?13 cm³ molecule^?1 s^?1. We conclude that the reaction has a significant effect on CH₂I₂ and helps reconcile observed and modeled concentrations. We recommend further direct measurements of this reaction under atmospheric conditions, including of product branching ratios.     

The Heterogeneous Reaction of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> with NH<Subscript>4</Subscript>Cl: A Molecular Diffusion Tube Study

The heterogeneous interaction of nitrogen dioxide with ammonium chloride was investigated in a molecular diffusion tube experiment at 295–335 K and interpreted using Monte Carlo trajectory calculations. The surface residence time (τ_surf) of NO₂ on NH₄Cl is equal to 15 μs at 295 K, increases with temperature up to 323 K (τ_surf = 45 μs) and probably decreases beyond 323 K. The same experiment also yields uptake coefficients, γ, which are derived from the absolute number of surviving molecules effusing out of the diffusion tube. The rate of uptake of NO₂ on NH₄Cl followed a rate law first order in [NO₂] and the uptake coefficient γ is equal to 7 × 10⁻⁵ at 295 K, increases with temperature up to 323 K (γ = 2.1 × 10⁻⁴) and probably decreases beyond 323 K. Nitrous acid, water and nitrogen were detected as products. From these products, it is concluded that the reaction of NO₂ with NH₄Cl is a reverse disproportionation reaction where two moles of NO₂ result in ammonium nitrite, NH₄NO₂, as an intermediate, and nitryl chloride, NO₂Cl. NH₄NO₂ decomposes in two pathways, one to nitrous acid, HONO and NH₃, the other to nitrogen and water. The branching ratio for the production of HONO + NH₃ to that of N₂ + H₂O is approximately 20 at 298 K and increases with increasing temperature.     

Influence of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization on Daily and Monthly Mean Concentrations of O3 and NOy

Two parameterization schemes for vertical eddy diffusivity were utilized to investigate their impacts on both the daily and monthly mean concentrations of ozone and NOy, which are the major fractions of the sum of all reactive nitrogen species, i.e., NOy=NO＋NO2＋HNO3＋PAN. Simulations indicate that great changes in the vertical diffusivity usually occur within the planetary boundary layer （PBL）. Daily and monthly mean concentrations of NOy are much more sensitive to changes in the vertical diffusivity than those of ozone and ozone and NOy levels only at or in （relatively） clean sites and areas, where long-range transport plays a crucial role, display roughly equivalent sensitivity. The results strongly suggest that a widely-accepted parameterization scheme be selected and the refinement of the model＇s vertical resolution in the PBL be required, even for regional and long-term studies, and ozone only being examined in an effort to judge the model＇s performance be unreliable, and NOy be included for model evaluations.     

A Linear Diagnostic Equation for the Nonhydrostatic Vertical Motion W in Severe Storms

A linear diagnostic equation for the nonhydrostatic vertical motion W in severe storms is derived in the Cartesian-earth-spherical coordinates. This W diagnostic equation reveals explicitly how forcing factors work together to exert influence on the nonhydrostatic vertical motion in severe storms. If high-resolution global data are available in Cartesian coordinates with guaranteed quality, the Lax-Crank-Nicolson scheme and the Thomas algorithm might provide a promising numerical solution of this diagnostic equation. As a result, quantitative analyses are expected for the evolution mechanisms of severe storms.