贵州上三叠统竹杆坡组海百合化石群的发现及意义

最近,在关岭、兴义一带上三叠统竹杆坡组中发现了海百合化石群。海百合产于上三叠统竹杆坡组底部1.5m的泥质灰岩层面上,海百合保存非常完好,常以丛状群体出现,根、茎、萼完整。丛状海百合群体由3～42枝海百合组成,海百合与双壳类:Daonella、菊石:Protrachyceras共生,亦见少量的水生爬行动物贵州龙与其共生。最近王立亭在竹杆坡组中发现晚三叠世牙形刺分于Neogondolella polygnathiformic,N.naantungensis,N.Tad pola将其归入晚三叠世。 海百合化石群主要分子有:Traumatocrinus hsui Mu,Traumatocrinus hsui enormis Mu,Encrinus liliformis Miller,占海百合化石群的90％。Traumatocrinus冠大,上宽下窄,萼部呈腕状,有5个内底板,5个底板,5个辐板,10个腕板及一个间腕板,三级腕20个,双列,内侧分,具有羽枝,在分枝处生长出疣和刺。茎圆,茎的中孔圆而小,节面上有放射状的小沟通到茎的缝合线处,形成许多小孔,节面小沟间的脊顶由许多人字形的突起排列而成。茎板近萼部分3、4级,向根渐渐变成各节近等,并变薄。该化石群为丛状群体.由3～42枝海百合组成、茎最粗者达2.2cm,小者为0.3cm,茎最长达1.4m,小者0.1m,经对完好海百合统计,茎节(茎板)一般为376节。茎中部的茎节×茎径=5.85。冠最大者达38cm,具五级羽枝,一     

关于创口海百合(Traumatocrinus)的分类、分布及古生态

在中国贵州关岭地区晚三叠世(卡尼期)小凹组(=瓦窑组)海生爬行动物和海百合化石库中产有大量完好保存的创口海百合(Traumatocrinus)(棘皮动物门,海百合纲)化石。根据对此类海百合分类、分布和形态构造及古生态的研究,特别是大量完好保存、且附着在漂浮木头上的群体化石标本的发现,进一步证明这种外形似海百合花的创口海百合营假浮游的生活方式。这类特化的海百合分枝起源于另一类底栖中三叠世石莲海百合科,很快占领了卡尼期初期的生态境,至卡尼期末创口海百合衰退以后,它的生态境在诺利期时为形态发生的趋同变异的链海百合(Seirocrinus)和五角海百合(Pentacrinites)所占领。     

贵州麻江下司寒武系杷榔组棘皮动物 始海百合新类型化石

和凯里生物群一样,贵州寒武系杷榔动物群也含有丰富的棘皮动物始海百合化石,包括两个属种即俞氏贵州始海百合 GuizhoueocrinusyuiZhao,ParsleyetPeng,2007及殷氏原始球状始海百合(新属新种)Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp. nov.).其中新属种是近期在杷榔组分布区南部贵州麻江下司淑里村杷榔组上部发现的,是凯里组中球形球状始海百合(GloboeocrinusglobolusZhao, ParsleyetPeng,2008)的原始属种,两者均具有发育的吸盘、长的茎、近于球形或椭球形的萼及较长 的腕.但新属种茎呈倒长锥柱形,缝孔长卵形,腕枝数少,两者区别明显.Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp.nov.)的发现及研 究,不仅追溯到凯里组球形球状始海百合的原始属种,了解两者演化规律是茎变短,萼变球形,缝孔变为圆形,腕枝数量增加, 捕食能力增强.而且还增添了杷榔组始海百合的多样性及其分区性:杷榔组分布区北部仅见Guizhouocrinusyui,南部仅见 Protogloboeocrinusyini(gen.etsp.nov.)      

滇西中泥盆统穹房海百合一新属

本文所描述的化石,采于施甸县何元寨公社中泥盆统何元寨群的上部层位。这个标本,为一保存完好的海百合萼部。经笔者详细研究,认为是一海百合的新属,将其命名为拟杯形海百合(Parascyphocrinites)。拟杯海百合的萼杯较大,骨板及其排列特征都与杯形海百合(Scyphocrinites)有相似之处,因而它应属于杯形海百合科(Scyphorinitidae)。但是,拟杯形海百合的腕板、间辐板及其它许多部份与怀形海百合又有所不同;特别是杯形     

贵州关岭动物群中的海百合

关岭动物群是由海百合、水生爬行动物、鱼、双壳类、菊石、牙形石等多门类生物组成的动物群,保存在上三叠统瓦窑组近底部.本文仅描述了其中的海百合1属2种:Traumatocrinus kueichouensis Mu, Traumatocrinus guanlingensis sp. nov.,其中Traumatocrinus guanlingensis 为1新种.     

凯里生物群中始海百合类形态功能、生态及埋藏特征初探

贵州剑河八郎中寒武世凯里生物群中始海百合十分丰富,化石标本多达1万多件,分属长茎型的卢氏中国始海百合（Sinoeocrinus Zhao, Huang et Gong,1994）及短茎型的球形中国始海百合（Sinoeocrinus globus Zhao et al, 1999）。它们均具有腕枝、萼、茎及吸盘,少数标本见有肛锥。幼年体缝孔不发育,成年体具有较发育的缝孔。大部分个体为单体生活。短茎型的萼呈球形,茎短,吸盘大,常固着在腕足动物外壳及三叶虫背壳碎片上。长茎的萼呈长椭圆球形茎长,吸盘小,常固着在砂泥质海底。两个种的腕肢也有差别,长茎的直长,短茎的旋转生长,显示两个种的形态差别及多样性。由于始海百合死亡后迅速被掩埋,80%以上的个体保存完整。化石大部分保存无定向性,显示静水环境,海底紊流很少,不仅显示原地埋藏特征,也为凯里生物群是原地埋藏提供了重要证据。     

贵州关岭三叠纪海龙类化石一新种

描述了采自贵州省关岭巴毛林小凹组的海龙类(新铺龙属)化石，并确定其为一新种———Xinpusaurus bamao-linensis sp.nov.。头骨和下颌骨受到背腹向挤压，且有少许错位。各骨块形状、接触关系等方面与孙氏新铺龙都极为相似，所以认为其与孙氏新铺龙同为新铺龙属。但又以其特长的吻部(吻长是头长之半)、外鼻孔由鼻骨和上领骨围成、较短的齿骨(占下颌长度的47．2％)和非常靠后的顶孔等为特点与Xinpusaurus suni相区别。     

关岭生物群——世界上罕见的化石库

以产保存完美海生爬行动物和海百合化石为特色，多门类脊柱动物、无脊柱动物共同繁盛，且夹带有少许古植物化石的关岭生物群是世界上极为罕见的珍衡古生物组合。其化石保存之完美，类型之多样，数量之丰富，堪称世界上少有的晚三叠世“化石库”。在该“化石库”中，海生爬行动物主要有鱼龙类（ichthyosaurs)：Qianichthyosaurus zhoui Li(1999),Cymbospondylus asiaticus Li et You(2002),Panjiangsaurus epicharis Chen et Cheng gen.et sp.nov.;海龙类（thalat-tosaurs):Anshunsaurus huangguoshuensis(Liu,1999),Xinpusaurus suni(Yin et al.,2000),X.banaolinensis Cheng et Liu sp.nov.Shun齿龙类（placodonts):Sinocymodus xinpuensis Li(2000)以及某些尚待研究的类型。在所储藏的海百合化石中，以重新厘定的许氏创口海百合Traumatocrinus hsui(Mu)[?=T.caudes(Dittmar,1866);?=T.guanlingensis Yu et al.]为主，新的发现说明，此类海百合营假浮游生活方式，它们通过其网状或铰接状根簇附着在漂浮树干上而广泛分布。共存的化石还有：新近发现和重厘定的Metapolygnathus nodosus带的牙形石，少量鱼类（Asialepidotus sp.nov.），大量软骨鱼类（elas-mobranch ichthyoliths）鳞片和牙齿化石的新类型，Trachyceras multituberculatus带的菊石，Halobia-“Daonella” bifurcata组合带的双壳类，以及腕足类：Koninckina guizhouensis,K.zhengfengensis等以及古植物化石：Equisetites arennaceus,Ctenozamites sarrani等。系统调查、科学发掘和对上述各门类化石时代综合分析后指,了这个珍稀生物群形成于晚三叠世卡尼期早－中期，主要产在新铺乡黄土塘、小凹、毛凹、巴毛林和岗乌乡白岩一带小凹组下段，距5－11m的地层间隔中，其分布面积约200km^2。构造古地理及层序、生态、化学地层的综合研究说明，关岭生物群可能是伴随晚三叠世卡尼期早中期的海侵在南盘江裂陷槽盆西北角活动外陆棚边缘所形成的“避难所”中形成和发展起来的。随着海侵的扩大，海水的加深和有机质的过盛贮存所诱发的缺氧和海水的咸化事件，可能是导致该生物群的集群绝灭，并形成完好保存埋藏群落的主要原因。     

贵州关岭地区法郎组瓦窑段菊石类新材料

本文对采自于贵州关岭地区上三叠统卡尼阶法郎组瓦窑段上部的齿菊石目化石进行了研究, 共识别出3属3种, 其中包含一新种 Arctosirenites mingqingensis sp. nov.。Arctosirenites mingqingensis sp. nov. 以具有细密横肋及粗壮腹缘瘤为特征, 属Klipsteinia在华南为首次发现。根据Klipsteinia和Arctosirenites组合特征判断贵州关岭地区上三叠统法郎组瓦窑段底部时代为晚三叠世早卡尼期早期 (Julian 1),上部时代归属于晚卡尼期早期 (Tuvalian 1), 并且认为造成法郎组瓦窑段底部的岩性变化是由于构造因素导致, 而并非受到卡尼期湿润幕事件 (CPE, Carnian Pluvial Episode)的影响。     

关岭海生爬行动物群研究评述

贵州省关岭县上三叠统海生爬行动物化石自1999年被发现以来,先后有12属17种被报道,其中包括我国首次发现的檑齿龙类和海龙类。由于化石的保存状况以及标本的修理难度等多种原因,已经发表的材料中包括了大量的同物异名现象以及无效的属种。通过对已发表文献的全面回顾和总结,确认了该动物群中命名有效的5属6种——即周氏黔鱼龙、黄果树安顺龙、新铺中国豆齿龙、多板砾甲龟龙、孙氏新铺龙和巴毛林新铺龙,指出两种尚未命名的大型海龙类和鱼龙类的存在,这一组合基本反映了关岭三叠纪海生爬行动物群的真实面貌。同时提出了关岭海生爬行动物化石研究过程中,标本的真实性、化石修理及学术沟通等方面存在的问题。     

The Discovery of a Crinoid Community in the LateTriassic Zhuganpo Formation of Guizhou Provinceand Its Geological Significance

Recently a rich and well-preserved crinoid community including Traumatocrinus and Encrinus has been found in the Late Triassic Zhuganpo Formation in Guanling and Xingyi, Guizhou province, China. Among the fossils Traumatocrinus is the richest, and most of it occurs as clusters, with each cluster containing 3-42 crinoid branches. Study of the stem and calyx of Traumatocrinus shows that the number of stem-joints (columnals) is equal to the total stem length × K (5.85 per cmx stem-diameter). There are about 376 first- and second-order columnals on the whole stem. This number seems to coincide with the number of days in a year at that time. According to the present study of the palaeoecological environment of the crinoid community, it is considered that the reproduction and preservation of the crinoid community were controlled by the Late Triassic regression and the restricted bay of an interior sea behind the S-shaped shoal zone.     

贵州关岭生物群中植物化石的发现及其意义

关岭生物群是近年来在我国贵州关岭地区瓦窑组中发现的一个十分重要的生物群 ,其中的植物化石经研究计有 Equisetites cf.arenaceus(Jaeger) Bronn.、Ctenozamitessarrani Zeiller。依据植物化石 C.sarrani常见于晚三叠世和 E.cf.arenaceus系似木贼属中较古老的类型 ,指出含植物化石的地层时代为晚三叠世卡尼期。瓦窑组系海相沉积 ,其中的植物化石无疑为异地埋藏 ,但从化石通常保存尚好来看 ,估计搬运的距离不会很远 ,它们可能是从距海岸不远的陆地被河流带到较平静的海湾或海槽而沉积下来的。此外 ,从该组植物茎干化石具清楚的年轮分析 ,推测卡尼期时 ,贵州关岭一带为非热带雨林地区 ,一年中气候不是四季如一 ,而是有明显的季节变化     

贵州西南部“法郎组”牙形石及其时代

根据近年牙形石研究,在“法郎组”中从下而上识别了３个牙形石带：１、Ｎｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｈｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｎｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｍａａｎｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ组合带;２、Ｎｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ－Ｎ－ｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｔａｄｐｏｌｅ组合带;３、Ｎｅｏｇｏｎｄｏｌｅｌｌａｐｏｌｙｇｎａｔｉｆｏｒｍｉｓ带。根据牙形石Ｎ．ｅｘｃｅｌｓａ谱系演化、牙形石发展事件、牙形石分带及其与国内外的牙形石带对比,论证了“法郎组”的时代,“法郎组”可解体为瓦窑组和竹杆坡组,全属晚三叠世卡尼期,而不是拉丁期。     

黔南Ladinian-Carnian期海侵与碳酸盐岩台地演化

位于扬子地块西南缘的黔南地区在中三叠世晚期(相当于Ladinian—Carnian期)出现了一次大规模的海侵，使从晚元古代至中三叠世末期(约从850～236Ma)以浅水相碳酸盐岩沉积为主的扬子碳酸盐岩台地被海水淹没，形成了一套深水相的瘤状暗色灰泥岩和代表最大海泛面的黑色页岩沉积，之后扬子台地被以陆相碎屑岩为主的沉积所覆盖，从此结束了其长达约630my的碳酸盐岩台地生长演化历史。研究表明，黔西南地区Ladinian—Carnian期海侵与全球海平面变化同步，是一次全球性的海平面变化。     

西藏改则地区上三叠统亭共错组的建立及其意义

亭共错组是发育在羌南地块上的一套晚三叠世磨拉石建造，以浅灰-紫灰色杂色砾岩为主。夹少量灰色细-粗砂岩。总体为一套河床一边滩相沉积。在粉砂岩夹层中获植物化石Neocolamites carcinoides Harris，Neoca／am／tesn卿淞Sze，Neocalamites sp．，时代为晚三叠世。亭共错组的建立完善了上三叠统肖茶卡群的地层系统。亭共错组与下伏地层之间角度不整合关系的发现，为研究羌南地块向羌塘盆地转化的时限、藏北地区的印支运动和古特提斯的终结提供了直接依据。     

晚三叠世卡尼期黑色页岩事件在龙门山地区的沉积学和古生物学响应

龙门山前缘地区卡尼阶-诺利阶马鞍塘组中部发育一套薄-中层状黑灰色、灰黑色、黑色（含介壳）钙质泥（页）岩,在该套岩石中瓣鳃类生物多见,原生二价金属硫化物（黄铁矿）发育,水平层理发育,显示着低能环境贫氧条件的典型特征。与马鞍塘组中部黑灰色、灰黑色钙质泥（页）岩相当层位的卡尼期晚期沉积,在松潘-甘孜地区、昌都地区、可可西里地区均可见到,多显示为黑色、灰黑色色调,岩性为泥（页）岩或粉砂质板岩、钙质板岩,反映了一次黑色页岩地质事件在中国西部古特提斯东部地区产生了大范围的影响。全球对比表明,该套深色泥（页）岩在西特提斯、印度喜玛拉雅等地均有分布,覆盖在卡尼期早期碳酸盐沉积之上。据此,作者认为晚三叠世卡尼期特提斯范围的黑色页岩事件,很有可能与卡尼期全球性的碳酸盐生产危机有关,马鞍塘组中部发育的深色泥（页）岩即是此次事件在扬子地台西缘的反映。根据对川西北地区绵竹汉旺、安县雎水、江油马鞍塘等剖面的实际考察与研究,认为代表缺氧事件沉积的马鞍塘组中部黑灰色泥（页）岩之下为卡尼阶灰岩段（即汉旺组中下部灰岩段,主要为鲕粒灰岩、海绵礁灰岩等）,之上为诺利阶灰色粉、细砂岩夹灰岩、泥岩段（相当于石元组）。黑灰色钙质泥（页）岩不仅是该组岩性变化的转折点,亦是古生物、古生态急剧变化的转折点。在马鞍塘组下部广泛可见的六射海绵、海百合、苔藓虫、珊瑚等海相化石在马鞍塘组中上部地层（上卡尼阶至诺利阶底部）中很少看到,仅见丰富的瓣鳃类、菊石、腕足类等有壳类动物化石。
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湖北崇阳二叠纪-三叠纪之交钙质微生物岩的时代及基本特征

湖北崇阳钙质微生物岩产在二叠纪末礁相绝灭界线之上, 绝灭界线之下即为晚二叠世长兴期的海绵礁灰岩、棘屑灰岩及藻有孔虫生物碎屑灰岩.微生物岩基本上由中粗晶-微晶方解石组成, 主要沉积构造有“花斑状构造”及藻叠层构造.目前微生物岩中发现的化石主要有球状菌藻类化石、介形虫、微型腹足、双壳、鱼牙及分类位置尚无法确定的棒状微型化石.微生物岩中已发现有牙形石化石: Hindeodusparvus, H.typicalis和H.latidentatus, 从牙形石的类型及产出层位分析, 崇阳钙质微生物岩的下部属于晚二叠世长兴期, 上部为早三叠世.崇阳微生物岩在沉积特征、生物组成及牙形石带上均基本可与华南其他地区已发现的微生物岩进行对比.      

鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性探讨

有关鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世的构造属性问题,前人的观点大多认为该时期为(类)前陆盆地,笔者对此提出置疑,主要有3个方面的依据:首先,对西缘汝箕沟、石沟驿和崆峒山地区晚三叠世延长组的3套粗碎屑沉积进行了重新认识。汝箕沟延长组确实为边缘相沉积,但其附近层位板内玄武岩的出现,表明该区晚三叠世为拉张环境下的沉积。最新研究表明,石沟驿地区延长组沉积厚度并不大,不超过1500m。崆峒山砾岩沉积可能受西南部的秦祁造山带影响所致,不能作为盆地西部沉积的代表。其次,通过编制晚三叠世延长组地层等厚图及一系列东西向地层剖面对比,发现该时期以往认为的盆地西部从南至北的巨厚沉降带并不存在。最后,通过地震剖面、平衡剖面和裂变径迹测试数据分析,指出西部现今存在的横山堡后冲构造带和马家滩大型逆冲推覆构造带并未形成于晚三叠世,其最早形成于晚侏罗世。故鄂尔多斯盆地西部晚三叠世构造属性并非为前陆盆地,而是残延克拉通内叠合盆地的组成部分。该认识对盆地西部的油气勘探具有重要意义。     

Stratigraphy, biostratigraphy and C-isotopes of the Permian–Triassic non-marine sequence at Dalongkou and Lucaogou, Xinjiang Province, China

Measured lithostratigraphic sections of the classic Permian–Triassic non-marine transitional sequences covering the upper Quanzijie, Wutonggou, Guodikeng and lower Jiucaiyuan Formations at Dalongkou and Lucaogou, Xinjiang Province, China are presented. These measured sections form the framework and reference sections for a range of multi-disciplinary studies of the P–T transition in this large ancient lake basin, including palynostratigraphy, vertebrate biostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy. The 121 m thick Wutonggou Formation at Dalongkou includes 12 sandstone units ranging in thickness from 0.5 to 10.5 m that represent cyclical coarse terrigenous input to the lake basin during the Late Permian. The rhythmically-bedded, mudstone-dominated Guodikeng Formation is 197 m and 209 m thick on the north and south limbs of the Dalongkou anticline, respectively, and 129 m thick at Lucaogou. Based on limited palynological data, the Permian–Triassic boundary was previously placed approximately 50 m below the top of this formation at Dalongkou. This boundary does not coincide with any mappable lithologic unit, such as the basal sandstones of the overlying Jiucaiyuan Formation, assigned to the Early Triassic. The presence of multiple organic δ¹³C-isotope excursions, mutant pollen, and multiple algal and conchostracan blooms in this formation, together with Late Permian palynomorphs, suggests that the Guodikeng Formation records multiple climatic perturbation signals representing environmental stress during the late Permian mass extinction interval. The overlap between the vertebrates Dicynodon and Lystrosaurus in the upper part of this formation, and the occurrence of late Permian spores and the latest Permian to earliest Triassic megaspore Otynisporites eotriassicus is consistent with a latest Permian age for at least part of the Guodikeng Formation. Palynostratigrahic placement of the Permian–Triassic boundary in the Junggar Basin remains problematic because key miospore taxa, such as Aratrisporites spp. are not present. Palynomorphs from the Guodikeng are assigned to two assemblages; the youngest, from the upper 100 m of the formation (and the overlying Jiucaiyuan Formation), contains both typical Permian elements and distinctive taxa that elsewhere are known from the Early Triassic of Canada, Greenland, Norway, and Russia. The latter include spores assigned to Pechorosporites disertus, Lundbladispora foveota, Naumovaspora striata, Decussatisporites mulstrigatus and Leptolepidites jonkerii. While the presence of Devonian and Carboniferous spores and Early Permian pollen demonstrate reworking is occurring in the Guodikeng assemblages, the sometimes common occurrence of Scutasporites sp. cf. Scutasporites unicus, and other pollen, suggests that the Late Permian elements are in place, and that the upper assemblage derives from a genuine transitional flora of Early Triassic aspect. In the Junggar Basin, biostratigraphic data and magnetostratigraphic data indicate that the Permian–Triassic boundary (GSSP Level) is in the middle to upper Guodikeng Formation and perhaps as high as the formational contact with the overlying Jiucaiyuan Formation.     

Nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary at Chaotian,Sichuan, South China

Nitrogen isotopic compositions of upper Permian to lowermost Triassic rocks were analyzed at Chaotian in northern Sichuan, South China, in order to clarify changes in the oceanic nitrogen cycle around the Permian–Triassic boundary (P–TB) including the entire Changhsingian (Late Late Permian) prior to the extinction. The analyzed ca. 40 m thick interval across the P–TB at Chaotian consists of three stratigraphic units: the upper Wujiaping Formation, the Dalong Formation, and the lowermost Feixianguan Formation, in ascending order. The upper Wujiaping Formation, ca. 10 m thick, is mainly composed of dark gray limestone with diverse shallow-marine fossils such as calcareous algae and brachiopods, deposited on the shallow shelf. In contrast, the overlying Dalong Formation, ca. 25 m thick, is mainly composed of thinly bedded black mudstone and siliceous mudstone containing abundant radiolarians, deposited on the relatively deep slope/basin. Absence of bioturbation, substantially high total organic carbon contents (up to 15%), and abundant occurrence of pyrite framboids in the main part of the Dalong Formation indicate deposition under anoxic condition. The lowermost Feixianguan Formation, ca. 5 m thick, is composed of thinly bedded gray marl and micritic limestone with minor fossils such as ammonoids and conodonts, deposited on the relatively shallow slope. δ¹⁵N_TN values are in positive values around +1 to +2‰ in the upper Wujiaping Formation implying denitrification and/or anammox in the ocean. δ¹⁵N_TN values gradually decrease to −1‰ in the lower Dalong Formation and are consistently low (around 0‰) in the middle Dalong to lowermost Feixianguan Formation. No clear δ¹⁵N_TN shift is recognized across the extinction horizon. The consistently low δ¹⁵N_TN values suggest the enhanced nitrogen fixation in the ocean during the Changhsingian at Chaotian. Composite profiles based on previous and the present studies demonstrate the substantial δ¹⁵N variation on a global scale in the late Permian to earliest Triassic; a systematic δ¹⁵N difference by low and high latitudes is particularly clarified. Although the enhanced nitrogen fixation throughout the Changhsingian at Chaotian was likely a regional event in northwestern South China, the composite δ¹⁵N profiles imply that the sea area in which fixed nitrogen is depleted has gradually developed worldwide in the Changhsingian, possibly acting as a prolonged stress to shallow-marine biota.