北极拉普捷夫海春季冰藻和浮游植物群落结构及生物量分析

对1999年春季采集于北极拉普捷夫海东南部的冰藻和冰下浮游植物群落的种类组成进行了分析,并对丰度和生物量进行了统计和对比。藻种以硅藻占绝对优势,其中又以羽纹硅藻为主。优势种集中,主要包括海洋拟脆杆藻(Fragilariopsisoceanica)、圆柱拟脆杆藻(F.cylindrus)、寒冷菱形藻(Nitzschiafrigida)、普罗马勒菱形藻(N. promare)、带纹曲壳藻(Ach nanthestaeniata)、新寒冷菱形藻(Nitzschianeofrigida)、大洋舟形藻(Naviculapelagica)、范氏舟形藻(N. vanhoeffenii)、北极直链藻(Melosiraarctica)、北方舟形藻(N. septentrionalis)、新月细柱藻(Clindrothecaclosterium)和绿藻门的塔形藻(Pyramimonassp. )。微藻主要集中在冰底10cm,丰度为14. 6-1562. 2×104 cells·L-1,平均为639. 0×104 cells·L-1;生物量为7. 89-2093. 5μgC·L-1,平均为886. 9μgC·L-1,总体上比次冰底高1个数量级,比冰下表层水柱高2个数量级。冰底20cm冰柱的累计丰度和生物量平均分别为冰下20m水柱累计量的7. 7和12. 2倍,显示冰藻在春季海冰融化前在近岸生态系统中的重要作用。尽管各站位冰底和冰下表层水柱藻类群落的相似性普遍不高,但整个调查海域冰底和冰下水柱优势种极为相似,春季期间冰藻对冰下浮游植物群落的影响明显。由于     

从南极冰盖和气候演化研究历史的回顾看格罗夫山地区新生代沉积岩发现的意义

南极冰盖自形成以来就一直是全球环境体系最重要的组成部分 ,其扩展和消融的动态演化过程不仅是南极大陆最重要的地质过程 ,而且也是全球气候和环境变化最直接的反映和体现。因此 ,有关这一课题的研究一直是国际地质学界所关注的热点。本文回顾了南极冰川和气候演化研究的历史 ,总结了当前这方面研究的成果以及所存在的问题 ,探讨了其未来的发展趋势 ,在此基础上 ,对我国南极考察队发现格罗夫山 (GroveMountains)地区新生代沉积岩的意义进行了阐述     

Psychological changes of fifteen Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition members

ＰｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｈａｎｇｅｓｏｆｆｉｆｔｅｅｎＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＥｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎｍｅｍｂｅｒｓＸｕｅＺｕｏｈｏｎｇ（薛祚）（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｙ．ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｄｅｒｓｉｔｙ，Ｂ...     

中国第34次南极科学考察简报

正中国第34次南极科学考察始于2017年11月8日,至2018年4月21日结束,历时165天。本次考察由257名队员组成,包括来自美国、加拿大、新西兰、俄罗斯、泰国的12名队员,其中科考人员114名。本次考察的航行及调查航行日程如下:2017年11月8日—2018年11月26日,从上海至基督城; 2017年11月26日—2017年11月28日,靠港在基督城;2017年11月28日—2017年12月9日,从基督城至罗斯海;2017     

Measurements of physical characteristics of summer snow cover on sea ice during the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition

The spatial distribution of snow cover on the central Arctic sea ice is investigated here based on the observations made during the Third Chinese Arctic Expedition. Six types of snow were observed during the expedition: new/recent snow, melt-freeze crust, icy layer, depth hoar, coarse-grained, and chains of depth hoar. Across most measurement areas, the snow surface was covered by a melt-freeze crust 2-3 cm thick, which was produced by alternate strong solar radiation and the sharp temperature decrease over the summer Arctic Ocean. There was an intermittent layer of snow and ice at the base of the snow pack. The mean bulk density of the snow was 304.01±29.00 kg/m3 along the expedition line, and the surface values were generally smaller than those of the subsurface, confirming the principle of snow densification. In addition, the thicknesses and water equivalents of the new/recent and total-layer snow showed a decreasing trend with latitude, suggesting that the amount of snow cover and its spatial variations were mainly determined by precipitation. Snow temperature also presented significant variations in the vertical profile, and ablation and evaporation were not the primary factors in the snow assessment in late summer. The mean temperature of the surface snow was 2.01±0.96°C, which was much higher than that observed in theinterface of snow and sea ice.     

Latitudinal distribution of CO_2 and CH_4 on the route of the Chinese Arctic R esearch Expedition 2003

During the 2nd Chinese Arctic Research Expedition,20 pair of atmospher ic samples were collected on the cruising route from Shanghai to Arctic Ocean us ing NOAA/ESRL flask sampling unit.Mean concentration of CO2 and CH4 were an alyz ed in different latitude zone from 30°N to 80°N and the distribution character is tics were studied.Mean concentration of CO2 decrease toward high latitude whi ch indicates the uptake effect of CO2 by ocean.Coinciding with the CH4 global dis tribution character,mean CH4 concentration increase from 45°N to the North P ole region.Regional or local air mass may influence the greenhouse gas concentrati ons near seashore in the middle latitude(30°N-45°N).     

GPS scintillation studies in the arctic region during the first winter-phase 2008 Indian Arctic Expedition

We present the results of scintillation studies based on the data obtained during the first winter-phase Indian Arctic Expedition in March 2008 at the Indian Himadri Station, Ny-Ålesund (78.9°N, 11.9°E), in the vicinity of the daytime cusp and under the nightside polar cap. A global-positioning-system ionospheric scintillation and TEC monitor (GISTM) receiver (model GSV4004A) was used to record scintillations and the total electron content (TEC). The polar ionosphere is more sensitive to phase than to amplitude scintillations. Occurrence of amplitude scintillation is confined to well-defined regions, while phase scintillation shows a strong characterization both in magnetic latitude and magnetic local time. Occurrence of amplitude and phase scintillation increases during disturbed compared with quiet days. During disturbed days, the phase-scintillation region is displaced towards lower latitudes, following the auroral oval. The observed noon peak in scintillation occurrence may indicate that the irregularities that generate scintillation are caused by precipitation in the daytime cusp/cleft region. A significant enhancement of the TEC and the rate of change of the TEC index (ROTI) signified transits of polar-cap patches across different satellite trajectories during geomagnetic storms. We found that patches are most likely to occur when IMF Bz is southward and/or K_p > 4. Loss of signal lock was more for the L2 signal than for L1, and shows a maximum in the morning sector. Positional errors tend to increase during disturbed conditions.     

Psychological selection methods for winter over members of the Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition

Ｐｓｙｃｈｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｆｏｒｗｉｎｔｅｒ┐ｏｖｅｒｍｅｍｂｅｒｓｏｆｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＡｎｔａｒｃｔｉｃＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＥｘｐｅｄｉｔｉｏｎＸｕｅＺｕｏｈｏｎｇ（薛祚●）ａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＹａｎ（张...     

Vertical characteristics of ozone variation over the Arctic Chukchi Sea region in 1999

In 1999 summer, Chinese Arctic Research Expedition operated the Chukchi Sea. On Chinese icebreaker Xuelong, we made many high resolution ozonesonds measurements. During the period from August 18 to 24, a synoptic scale observation was taken at 75°N, 160°W. Using the above data, together with TOMS total ozone and NCEP circulation data, we showed that atmospheric ozone amount experienced a high low high variation, with low high low tropopause altitude. Correlation analysis showed a close relation between the total ozone and ozone below 13 km, while the variation of the maximum concentration at about 20 km didn't show any relation to the column ozone. In 500 hPa height maps, there was also the weak strong weak southwesterly pattern. Therefore we suggested that the synoptic system might be responsible to a low ozone advection during this ozone variation.     

近400年来北极地区和中国气温变化的对比研究

对中国和北极地区近400年来的气温变化进行了趋势分析和谱特征分析,通过对比认为,北极地区及中国基本上都有17世纪、19世纪两个寒冷期和18世纪、20世纪两个温暖期,在一定程度上说明了气候变化的全球性,但两地区气温的冷暖转化不同步。中国大部分地区(除华东、新疆、西藏区外)17、19世纪升温开始得较北极早;北极地区绝大部分站点18世纪升温较中国明显,且气温变化的区域差异较大。400aBP以来两地气温变化的周期较为一致,以130～140年、100年、80年的周期为主,说明400aBP以来气温的变化具有全球性,而且气温的变化受太阳活动的影响较大,自然因素尤其是太阳活动的影响是气候变化的主要原因。     

Development on management and sharing of data collected in Chinese Antarctic and Arctic Research Expeditions

Combined with the current status of Antarctic data management and the characteristics of polar science data resulted from Chinese Antarctic and Arctic Research Expeditions, the Chinese Polar Science Database System(CPSDS) has been designed and established in 2002. The infrastructure, technical standard, mechanism of sharing data of this system are reviewed in this article. Meanwhile, the development of Chinese polar data management is summarized. As the metadata is the powerful and useful tool for managing and disseminating scientific data, the metadata is also used as “search engine” of CPSDS. Besides, the trend of data management and sharing is also discussed.     

北极地缘环境解析与中国的应对之策

基于地缘环境的“地理位置—地缘关系—地缘结构”分析框架,对北极地区的地缘环境进行全面解析,并进一步分析“冰上丝绸之路”对北极地区地缘环境的影响。研究发现：1）北极地区地缘环境复杂,地理位置上,北极位于地球最北端,蕴含着丰富的资源,拥有极高的战略价值,是世界主要国家争夺的对象;地缘关系上,涉及到的主体与主题繁多,主要包括北极国家、近北极国家和原住民相互之间的关于领土、经济、能源、权利等多样议题;地缘结构上,北极地区地缘结构经历了“美苏争霸”—“破冰合作”—“新一轮竞赛”3个阶段的演变,当前结构呈现出“中心—次中心—外围”的特征。2）“冰上丝绸之路”的提出顺应了气候变化的趋势,推动北极地区区域合作,近北极国家参与北极事务,原住民保护,从而使地缘结构的中心更加稳定,地缘体之间联系更加紧密,并且进一步拓展了地缘关系网络。     

气候变化背景下北极海冰对我国冬季气温的影响研究

利用1961—2015年中国冬季气温资料、中国气象局逐月北极海冰密集度指数资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NCEP/NCAR)环流资料,采用滑动相关、时滞相关及偏相关等分析方法,探讨了秋季北极海冰对中国冬季气温的影响。结果表明,秋季北极海冰改变了后期冬季西西伯利亚高压和华北高压强弱,导致我国西北地区和长江与黄河之间地区冬季气温异常。进一步分析发现,西北地区冬季气温的异常主要是受西西伯利亚高压影响,而长江与黄河之间冬季气温的异常主要是受华北高压影响。而秋季北极海冰通过改变后期冬季欧亚中高纬度环流,进一步影响高原地区冬季气温。     

Features of temperature changes at Barrow of Arctic in the last 400 a

ＦｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｃｈａｎｇｅｓａｔＢａｒｒｏｗｏｆＡｒｃｔｉｃｉｎｔｈｅｌａｓｔ４００ａＷａｎｇＧｕｏ（王国）ａｎｄＺｈａｎｇＱｉｎｇｓｏｎｇ（张青松）ＴｈｅＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｄｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅｓＡｃａｄ...     

Surface temperature inversion in the palsa and pounu fields of northern Finland

A very large surface inversion, which would not have been detected at the official recording height of 2 m above the mire surface, was recorded at the snow surface of an earth hummock in Lapland. The maximum inversion was 35 °C, and the monthly temperature departure was 7.8 °C in December 1992. The characteristics of the surface inversion are compared with conditions during another winter when no long inversion periods occurred. The presence of this surface inversion may explain the formation of new permafrost in pounus, even when official records showed no unusually low temperatures.