烷基糖苷对润湿性的改变及与界面张力的关系

降低界面张力、改变润湿性是表面活性剂应用于油田开发的重要特性。通过测量表面活性剂烷基糖苷溶液的表面张力
及其与亲水(亲油)载玻片、原油间的接触角,研究了表面活性剂对油藏润湿性的改变行为。结果表明,表面活性剂分子在水固界
面和油水界面的吸附使润湿性发生变化,且其在水固界面的吸附模式是决定润湿性改变的关键。同时,在测定油水界面张力,计
算水固、油固界面张力的基础上,利用灰色关联分析确定了各界面张力对润湿性的影响程度:水固界面张力>油水界面张力>油
固界面张力。可见,在利用表面活性剂改变润湿性的过程中,尤其应注意水固界面状态的变化。      

油砂细微粒组分的表面润湿性

以内蒙古扎赉特旗和新疆黑油山油砂为研究对象,用溶剂洗涤法获得油砂中的砂样,然后分离出粒径小于50μm的微粒组分,分别用油水法、渗透法和压片法对各种微粒组分表面的润湿性进行表征.结果表明:2种微粒组分均显示疏水性,而相比扎赉特旗油砂微粒组分,黑油山油砂微粒具有一定的亲水性.当微粒样品经过高温灼烧后,表面疏水性变为强亲水性,这是由微粒表面有机物质被燃烧所致.XPS分析结果表明,各种微粒表面的润湿性能是由微粒表面有机物质的吸附量所决定的.通常油润性油砂(微粒组分为疏水性)不能用水基提取法进行分离提取,而实验所研究的2种油砂属于油润性油砂,由于均从地表几米深处采取,经历长期风化所致.     

玻璃基质表面的气体润湿性与其表面自由能关系

针对气相中憎液表面的气体润湿性常常被忽略,但理论和实验证实气体的润湿性并不总是可以被忽略,凝析气藏气体润湿程度对气井产能具有重要影响,根据Owens双液法建立固体表面自由能计算模型,并且结合自定义的气体润湿性参数实现定量表征气体润湿性的大小,导出固体表面的气体润湿性与表面自由能的数学关系式.采用氟碳聚合物(Zonyl8740)实现空气中"空气/水/载玻片"体系载玻片表面的优先气湿,随Zonyl8740质量分数的增大"正十六烷/空气/载玻片"体系载玻片表面的气湿性增强.     

高密度电阻率法监测纳米胶体在多孔介质中运移的实验

利用高密度电阻率法监测纳米胶体在饱和多孔介质中的运移过程.对纳米胶体和保守性示踪剂在末端的电导率穿透曲线进行了比较.结果表明,纳米胶体与保守性示踪剂在多孔介质中的运移过程非常相似,均可用一维对流弥散方程进行拟合.通过对不同截面、不同电极间距、竖直方向的电阻穿透曲线的比较,说明利用高密度电阻率仪监测纳米胶体在多孔介质中的运移是可行的.无论是传统示踪剂还是纳米胶体,在同一截面上不同电极间距几个测点的穿透曲线非常相似,沿着水流向前推进的溶液锋面到达同一电极截面的时间非常接近,说明多孔介质是非常均质的.同时高密度电阻率法可以动态反映砂柱中纳米胶体运移的时空变化特征.     

盐水离子组成对岩石表面润湿性的影响机理

采用宏观与微观实验结合的方法,研究低矿化度水中阳离子种类和浓度对岩石表面润湿性和原油采收率的影响;利用场发射扫描电镜,获得不同水驱阶段岩石表面的微观化学成分和形貌信息,探讨盐水—原油—岩石之间的界面行为。结果表明:低矿化度水引起的原油脱附是润湿性变化的根本原因;随离子强度的降低,原油与岩石表面的粘附功下降,岩石表面润湿性发生改变,原油从岩石表面脱附;Na~+比Ca~(2+)更能改善岩石表面润湿性,盐水进入小孔道的渗吸作用增强,扩大波及体积,可获得更高的原油采收率。     

野生二粒小麦 Triticum dicoccoides抗杀锈病基因 YrH52分子定位的初步研究(英文)

主要对以色列野生二粒小麦赫尔蒙种群中分离获得的一个抗条锈病基因进行了分子定位研究 ,将源于赫尔蒙山具抗杀锈病的种系 T.dicoccides H52与普通的栽培种 Langdon进行杂交并创建了 F2 代遗传图。研究发现 H52种系抗条锈病的能力由一种显性基因控制 ,将其暂定名为 Yr H52。从 1 2 0个微卫星标记中 ,已经检测到来自亲本 91 %的多态性 ,而且从其中 56个微卫星分子标记中产生了 79个分离的位点 ,有 9个位点显示出了与 Yr H 52基因连锁 ,其重组率 0 .0 2～ 0 .3 5,遗传距离 2 .0 0～ 4 3 .3 7cm之间 ,L OD值 3 .56～ 54.2 2。由 1 0个微卫星位点和 Yr H52构建的染色体 1 B遗传图 ,其图距全长为 1 0 1 .5cm。Yr H52基因位于 Xgwm2 64 a和 Xgwm2 64 c之间 ,且与 Xgwm2 64 a、Xgwm1 8紧密连锁 ,两侧依次分别与 Xgwm1 3 1 a、Xgwm63 6b、Xgwm2 64 c、Xgwm4 0 3 a、Xgwm1 53、Xgwm550 a和 Xgwm1 2 4连锁。同时 ,Yr H52也与 REL P标记物 N or1紧密连锁 ,图距 1 .4 cm,L OD2 9.62。这显然与野生二粒小麦另一个抗条锈病基因 Yr1 5不同 ,研究证明 Yr1 5与 N or1图距是 1 1 .0 cm。     

沥青质沉积对原油渗流特征的影响

沥青质沉积不仅会伤害储层物性还会对流体饱和度分布和渗流特征产生影响。通过开展不同开发方式下的长岩心驱替实验,分别测定了有或无沥青质沉积影响下的油水、油气和三相相对渗透率曲线,研究了沥青质沉积对原油相对渗透率和岩石润湿性的影响。研究结果表明,沥青质沉积导致水驱、CO₂非混相驱和水气交替（WAG）驱的采收率分别降低了12.2%,5.9%,15.3%。并会引起驱替压差上升,岩石润湿性向亲油性转变,加速水或气突破时间。水驱中沥青质沉淀会使油水两相共渗区左移,含水饱和度对油相相对渗透率的影响增大。CO₂非混相驱中沥青质沉淀对气相渗透率影响较小,而油相渗透率更容易受到含气饱和度变化的影响。在三相渗流中沥青质沉淀会降低油相渗透率,加快油相相对渗透率的下降速度,增大残余油饱和度,减弱WAG驱效果。在注入水中添加JCF-1非离子表面活性剂后,能够降低驱替压差,延缓水或气突破时间,增大油相相对渗透率,降低残余油饱和度,弥补沥青质沉积产生的伤害。研究成果为富含沥青质油藏的高效开发提供了依据。      

化学驱表面活性剂对特低渗透砂岩储层表面荷电性能的影响:以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区上三叠统延长组长8储层为例

摘 要:在油-水-岩石多相体系中,通过改变岩石表面性质来提高原油采收率已成为目前能源行业和化学工业的研究热点。油藏砂岩表面带负电,通过加入不同类型表面活性剂影响砂岩表面带电行为,可以提高原油采收率。分析了3种典型表面活性剂TX-100(辛基苯基聚氧乙烯醚)、SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)、CTAB(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵) 对岩石表面性质的影响。通过计算表面活性剂在砂岩表面的吸附量和溶液表面张力的变化,分析了表面活性剂对砂岩表面润湿性、表面带电行为的影响。研究结果为提高特低渗透储层原油采收率提供了科学指导。      

利用大地水准面模型计算垂线偏差的方法及精度分析

根据大地水准面与垂线偏差的关系,设计合理的计算方案,给出利用大地水准面模型计算垂线偏差的简化公式,并通过模拟计算探讨大地水准面相对精度、取点间距和已知点选取及个数对计算结果的影响。利用GEOID12B模型分别计算GSVS2011、GSVS2014项目中各测站点和美国西部区域（40°~45°N,100°~105°W,分辨率为1′）的垂线偏差,并与GSVS项目垂线偏差实测值和DEFLEC12B模型值进行比较。结果表明,垂线偏差南北分量和东西分量的计算精度均优于±0.5″,说明利用相对精度为cm甚至亚cm级的大地水准面模型可获取较高精度的垂线偏差。     

岩石部分润湿对水驱油藏微观相态分布的影响

根据渗流力学和传热学原理,建立水驱油多孔介质流固耦合换热控制方程.考虑热水驱过程中原油密度、黏度随温度的变化关系,对微尺度模型水驱油过程进行数值计算,分析不同模型内岩石部分润湿对水驱油微观相态分布的影响.结果表明:在水驱过程中注人水一侧岩石润湿性对含油饱和度起着决定性影响;驱替过程结束后,随着停驱时间的延长,剩余油、水...     

陇南汉王地电阻率井中不同观测方式的实验分析

陇南汉王深井地电阻率观测资料受地表干扰明显,映震能力较差,为抑制干扰、提高观测资料质量、体现深井效能,在充分利用原有井孔基础上改进电极空间分布来优化观测布极,放弃使用地面供电电极,采用中间电极替代,构建新的观测装置系统.结果表明,优化后装置的观测数据信噪比明显提升,季节性变化幅值变小,自然环境干扰及人为活动产生的离散电...     

高密度电阻率法在胶东地区工程勘察中的应用

高密度电阻率法具有一次布线、连续测量、数据采集量大、地质信息丰富,成果可信度高等优点,通过控制测量电极的距离来提高分辨率,加大有效勘察深度,提高观测精度,可有效地解决工程勘察中遇到的各种地质问题,相对其他物探方法具有无法比拟的优势。     

Oxidation Modification of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fiber and Its Electro-Chemical Performance as Marine Electrode for Electric Field Test

A novel sensor for ocean electric field testing has been fabricated by polyacrylonitrile-based on carbon fibers with electro-chemical oxidation.The surface profile characteristics of the carbon fibers were characterized by scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectra and contact angle.Cyclic voltammetry and Tafel curves have been used to study its electro-chemical performances.Two identical electrodes in sea water as the electric field sensor will swiftly respond to applied electric field which causes positive and negative ions to move in opposite direction,resulting in a electric potential difference(ΔE).Test result indicates that the offset potential is typically below 1 m V with a drift of 60-170μVd^-1.Typical self noise level is 1.07 nV√Hz^1/2@1 Hz.The electric field response indicates that the modified electrode pair shows better response to AC sine signal of amplitude and frequency(5 mV and 1 mHz)respectively than its blank.The electric field response model of the modified electrodes is creatively presented according to its electric double layer capacitance and Faraday pseudo-capacitance.Many advantages of the carbon fiber electric field electrode will make it have potential application prospect.     

南方下古生界海相页岩极低电阻率成因及其地质意义

基于测井电阻率和有机地球化学数据，利用页岩极化率测试和干酪根激光拉曼测试等技术手段，对导致南方下古生界高演化海相页岩呈现极低电阻率（测井电阻率低至10~1Ω·m及以下）的主控因素进行了分析，深入探究了其内在成因，并对其地质意义进行了探讨。结果显示:有机质丰度和成熟度是影响极低电阻率测井的主要因素；w（TOC）与测井电阻率和实测电阻率均呈现出良好的负相关关系；成熟度越高，达到极低电阻率所需要的最低w（TOC）界限值越低，页岩的极化率也随之增加。石墨化的有机质是致使高演化页岩出现极低电阻率的主要"导电矿物"，有机质开始发生石墨化的"临界点"对应的_Rmc R_o约为3.5%。极低电阻率特征是页岩有机质结构发生显著变化、向石墨化演进的重要标志。极低电阻率测井响应预示着页岩储层品质极可能遭受了巨大的损害:生烃能力枯竭、有机质孔隙大幅减少、吸附性能降低、含气性骤降。因此，圈定极低电阻率页岩范围，排除"有机质石墨化"的高风险区，对下古生界高演化海相页岩选区评价具有重要意义。      

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Influencing factors of seed long-distance dispersal on a fragmented forest landscape on Changbai Mountains,China

Seed long-distance dispersal(LDD) events are typically rare, but are important in the population processes that determine large-scale forest changes and the persistence of species in fragmented landscapes. However, previous studies focused on species dispersed via animal-mediated LDD, and ignored those dispersed by wind. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of canopy openness, edge, seed source, and patch tree density on the LDD of seeds by wind in forest. We collected birch seeds, a typical wind-dispersed species, throughout a larch plantation. We then assessed the relationship between birch LDD and each factor that may influence LDD of seeds by wind including distance to edge, canopy openness size, distance to mature forest, and the tree density of the larch plantation. We used univariate linear regression analysis to assess the influence of those factors on birch LDD, and partial correlations to calculate the contribution of each factor to LDD. The results showed that both canopy openness and edge had significant influences on birch LDD. Specifically, a negative relationship was observed between distance to edge and birch LDD, whereas there was a positive correlation between canopy openness size and LDD. In contrast, the distance to the mature forest was not correlated with birch LDD. Our results suggest that patch tree density could potently affect the probability of LDD by wind vectors, which provides novel and revealing insights regarding the effect of fragmentation on wind dynamics. The data also provide compelling evidence for the previously undocumented effect of habitat fragmentation on wind-dispersed organisms. As such, these observations will facilitate reasonable conservation planning, which requires a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which patch properties hamper the delivery of seeds of wind-dispersed plants to fragmented areas.     

RNA/DNA ratio and LPL and MyoD mRNA expressions in muscle ofOreochromis niloticus fed with elevated levels of palm oil

Palm oil is of great potential as one of the sustainable alternatives to fish oil (FO) in aquafeeds. In this present study, five isonitrogenous diets (32% crude protein) with elevated palm oil levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% were used during an 8-week feeding trial to evaluate its effects on RNA/DNA ratio and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and MyoD mRNA expressions in muscle of Oreochromis niloticus. The results showed that RNA, DNA content as well as ratio of RNA to DNA were significantly affected (P < 0.05), in each case the highest was recorded in fish group subjected to 6% palm oil level. There was a strong positive correlation between nucleic acid concentration (RNA concentration and RNA: DNA ratio) and specific growth rate (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), while a negative correlation existed between nucleic acid concentration (RNA concentration and RNA: DNA ratio) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The mRNA expressions of LPL and MyoD in muscle were not significantly affected by the different palm oil levels, although the highest expression was observed in fish fed with 6% palm oil level. There also existed a strong positive correlation between the mRNA expression of LPL, MyoD and SGR, PER, while their correlation with FCR was negative. In conclusion, elevated palm oil affected the RNA, DNA concentration as well as RNA/DNA ratio significantly, although the mRNA expression of LPL and MyoD were not affected significantly by elevated palm oil levels.     

基于Neuman井流理论确定玄武岩潜水含水层渗透系数的应用——以吉林靖宇煤矿为例

全面分析研究区玄武岩潜水含水层水文地质条件的基础上,对稳定流和非稳定理论确定潜水含水层渗透系数的优缺点进行了对比,认为非稳定井流公式确定玄武岩潜水含水层渗透系数是合理的。Aquifer Test软件基于Neuman井流理论配线法求参原理,运用计算机完成了自动求参,避免了人工配线的不足。该文根据吉林靖宇煤矿研究区玄武岩潜水含水层非稳定流抽水试验,分别用Aquifer Test软件和稳定井流公式进行了求参,并对比分析得出:玄武岩含水层弹性释水作用影响时间较长,利用Neuman潜水井流公式求参可靠,且更逼近现实;用Aquifer Test软件实现了自动求参,具有操作简单规范、可比性好的优点。     

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反馈地震计低频扩展方法研究

根据反馈地震计的反馈模型推导传递函数,并将其频率特征分解为低频端和高频端两部分。基于反馈模型中低频端频率特性的二阶高通滤波器传递函数,提出低频截止频率扩展的方法,包括降低机械固有角频率ω0、增加摆的质量m、降低灵敏度Sv、增大反馈线圈阻值或减少线径、选用更高电阻率的线圈材料、使用更弱的磁场。通过井下反馈地震计实验,验证了其低频端扩展与理论推导的一致性。