辽西地区白垩纪张老公屯组火山岩的层位及时代

辽西地区白垩系义县组之上存在一期火山喷发活动已得到大多数学者的认可,但其所属层位仍有争议,主要有4种意见：位于孙家湾组之上;位于孙家湾组与阜新组之间;位于九佛堂组与阜新组之间,与沙海组层位相当;位于沙海组与九佛堂组之间.根据野外出露情况、区域分布特征及同位素年代资料等,认为该期火山岩位于孙家湾组之下,覆盖于义县组、九佛堂组、沙海组、阜新组等不同层位上,同位素年龄为97~106 Ma,属早白垩世晚期.     

阜新煤田中晚侏罗世煤系沉积特征

区域地层简介阜新煤田地堑两侧有广泛的前震旦纪变质岩系出露,震旦纪地层以不整合关系复于其上。地堑中心递次迭置着早侏罗世义县火山岩、中晚侏罗世吐呼鲁角砾岩、沙海页岩、阜新含煤层。早白垩世孙家湾砾岩,晚白垩世大凌河火山岩和第三纪玄武岩。     

北票—义县地区义县组岩石地层特征

北票-义县地区的义县组地层是一套火山-沉积地层,其中火山岩地层占80%以上,具有四个火山作用亚旋回,第一亚旋回以基性-偏碱的基性-中基性火山作用为特征,第二亚旋回以中基性-酸性的火山作用为特征,第三亚旋回以基性-中性火山作用为特征,第四亚旋回以中酸性火山作用为特征;义县组火山-沉积地层包含至少7个沉积夹层,可以进一步归纳为四套沉积层,即底砾岩层、下部火山岩中的沉积夹层、中部湖相沉积层和上部河湖相沉积层,沉积层中生物化石主要集中在3个主要层位.综合火山岩的旋回性特征,岩石组合、岩石产出特征,不同岩石组合的上、下接触关系和岩石形成环境的分析结果,结合同位素年代学及生物地层学的研究成果,区内义县组被划分成了4个岩性段.同位素年龄数据显示义县组时代为早白垩世,其形成年龄介于135~120Ma之间,含中华龙鸟、孔子鸟和辽宁古果等珍稀化石的湖相沉积层是在125~127Ma之间形成的.     

辽西义县盆地英窝山下白垩统义县组砖城子层沉积岩石组合特征及古环境研究

辽西义县盆地是中生代阜新-义县断陷盆地中大凌河以南的次级凹陷区,盆地内近东西走向的马神庙一刀把地一三百垄-金刚山一带为义县组标准地层剖面出露地.作为义县阶标准地层剖面的义县盆地英窝山砖城子层为一套早白垩世义县组的湖相沉积组合.野外详细沉积岩和地层学研究将砖城子层进一步划分出三个沉积亚单元.英窝山砖城子层下部为一套膨润土...     

辽西上白垩统大兴庄组地层层序及时代

辽宁西部白垩系上统大兴庄组主要分布于锦州、义县地区,在朝阳波罗赤、阜新碱锅等地也有零星出露。除阜新等地区为中基性火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩外,均为中酸性、酸性火山熔岩、熔岩碎屑岩、火山碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩及次火山岩。角度不整合覆于白垩系下统义县组、九佛堂组、沙海组之上,平行不整合覆于白垩系孙家湾组之上,K—Ar同位素年龄值为80．83Ma,属晚白垩世。该期火山活动以爆发—喷溢交替进行为特点,间有次火山岩侵入,活动强度微弱,分布局限。     

辽宁阜新地区义县组火山岩特征及喷发旋回划分

阜新地区早白垩世义县组火山岩为一套钙碱性系列的基性—中性—中酸性—酸性火山岩组合,是拉张条件下断陷盆地内的火山喷发产物,岩浆来源于地壳.喷发韵律发育,具多期次喷发特点,岩浆演化明显,由基性→中性→酸性演化.由于火山喷发中心的迁移及火山作用时间、方式等因素影响,在各盆地中火山喷发产物具有明显的差异.在阜新-义县盆地内火山喷发产物发育最为完全,它代表了义县组火山岩岩浆演化的全过程.以岩浆演化特征的差异,可划分三个Ⅱ级旋回.     

间歇侧移式的裂陷与递进跳跃式的反转：

位于闾山背斜隆起核部西侧的阜新断陷盆地从早白垩世义县组晚期开始，在东西两侧盆 的Ｆ１、Ｆ２断层所、围限的地堑内接受了义县组上部中性火山岩的堆积。火山喷发停止后，九佛堂组的大陆碎屑冉建造仍在Ｆ１和Ｆ２断层之间的地堑内充填。九佛堂裂陷期之后该区地壳掀斜隆升，盆地南侧的义县地区开始反转抬升而不再接受沉积，西缘的Ｆ２断层也停止活动，到沙海组充填时盆地已演化为受Ｆ１断层控制的、东断西超的半地堑佃地；沙海期裂     

辽宁凌源-三十家子一带义县组火山岩地球化学及构造环境分析

凌源-三十家子一带,晚侏罗—早白垩世时期火山活动强烈,火山岩堆积面积较大,特别是早白垩世义县旋回时火山岩堆积厚度大于666m.玄武岩属碱性玄武岩系列,钾质偏高.岩浆由基性—中性—酸性演化,具多期次喷发特点.火山岩成分主要为中基性亚碱性火山熔岩及碎屑岩.义县组火山岩为活动大陆边缘靠近大陆一侧的火山喷发,具有陆壳加厚的特征.     

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区白垩纪火山-沉积序列:对华南东部晚中生代构造演化的制约

闽西武夷山建宁—泰宁地区发育2套白垩纪火山-沉积序列,构成2个火山-沉积旋回,每套序列由下部火山岩和上部沉积岩地层组成.锆石U-Pb年代学和地球化学分析显示,早期中酸性火山岩喷发时代为早白垩世141～135 Ma,具有陆缘火山弧的地球化学亲缘性,并富集Hf同位素(-20.2～1.9);而晚期火山岩活动集中在早、晚白垩世...     

冀东燕河营盆地南天门组的重新厘定

近30年来, 燕河营盆地中生代沉积地层一直以1∶20万区域地质调查报告或地质志所厘定的早白垩世九佛堂组为基准。经过1∶5万区域地质调查工作, 从层位、岩性组合、层序、年代及生物组合等方面对该套地层进行了系统研究, 认为该地层与区域上九佛堂组与义县组指状交互关系不符, 而岩石组合和沉积旋回也与区域上九佛堂组难以对比。采集的叶肢介化石属于Yanjiestheria-Orthestheria属组合, 其壳饰特征在叶肢介演化史上属进步类型, 被认为指示早白垩世的时代。本文将义县组之上的这套河湖相沉积地层时代划归早白垩世晚期, 并依据岩性组合和沉积层序等特征将其对比为南天门组。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

A geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic basin and adjacent territories in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic and the outer limit of the Russian Continental Shelf

The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region.     

Palaeoecology and the origin of the coconut

While botanists, archaeologists, historians and linguists have contributed to the debate on the origin of the coconut pollen analysts have been silent. This article attempts to integrate the results of recent palaeoecological research with findings from the other disciplines.