日本海第四纪沉积记录及其海陆联系的研究进展

日本海作为西北太平洋一个主要的边缘海,其巨厚的海底沉积物不仅记录了海盆的古海洋演化信息,而且可用以重建晚新生代东亚大陆古气候演变。根据物质来源,日本海沉积物组成主要包括5类:风尘、河流碎屑、火山碎屑、冰筏沉积物以及海洋自生物质。其中陆源碎屑物质主要由大气环流(东亚冬季风和西风急流)和水动力过程(河流、海冰和洋流等)自东亚大陆(内陆干旱粉尘区和东部大河黄河和长江)、朝鲜半岛以及日本岛弧等源区搬运而来。过去气候演变使碎屑物质的源区和搬运动力强度等均发生变化,相应地,日本海中这些沉积物的物理化学组成、粒度及通量等也随之变化。第四纪时期,海平面的频繁升降变化成为影响冰期-间冰期旋回中日本海底层水环境以及沉积物自生组分特征改变的主要因素。基于近20年来日本海沉积物的来源及其古气候方面的研究进展综述,提出一些关于日本海区域沉积物以及古气候研究方面存在的科学问题。     

近4400a南海北部陆架沉积物的东亚季风记录

对位于海南岛南部陆架的S20孔沉积物进行了岩性、AMS14C年代、粒度和微量元素分析,提取了东亚季风演化的代用指标,初步探讨了该沉积区蕴含的亚洲季风演化信息。结果表明,近4 400 a以来,S20孔研究区受相对稳定的水动力条件控制。主要富集于相对粗粒和细粒物质的Zr/Rb陆源元素比值和19μm细粒敏感粒度组分平均粒径可以作为冬季沿岸流和东亚冬季风强度的代用指标。二者与东海内陆架PC-6孔以及南海17940孔海水表层温度变化表现出良好的相似性,说明中国东南部不同地区季风代用指标揭示出的东亚冬季风演化具有一致性。因此,相对于陆地和深海而言,南海陆架区沉积物中同样蕴含着丰富的季风演化信息,后续高分辨率研究工作亟待开展。     

南海北部沉积物元素分布的统计分析

南海是西太平洋边缘海之一,研究其海底表层沉积物中元素的地球化学分布特征,将有助于了解南海的沉积模式和元素从大陆到海洋的运移与沉积规律,以及新生代以来南海地区沉积作用的演化。本文将通过因子、点群及趋势面分析,对南海北部的沉积环境进行分区,并初步研究一些有代表性元素的空间分布规律,探讨南海的物质来源。     

南海北部生源要素的垂直输运和保存及其与东太平洋的对比研究

通过对南海北部夏、冬两个季节的生源要素垂直输运剖面和时间系列沉积物捕获器的测量资料进行综合研究表明:南海北部颗粒物质主要是由钙质生物壳、生物硅、海洋浮游生物的有机质以及岩源物质组成,颗粒物质通量在1 000 m处大约为90.0 mg/(m2·d);研究还表明颗粒有机碳在进入沉积物保存之前被大量溶解,南海北部来自底层顺坡搬运的有机碳远大于垂直沉降;与开阔大洋(东太平洋海域)的对比研究表明,边缘海对于季节的变化更加敏感,而东太平洋调查区位于热带赤道高生产力带,生物作用十分明显,其海洋生物呼吸和物质转移同样也较活跃.     

近40年来对南海化学海洋学研究的新认知

作为西太平洋最大的边缘海, 南海在全球海洋和海洋学研究中占有重要地位。近40年来, 南海的化学海洋学研究取得了大量系统的新发现、新认识, 提出了不少新的理论观点, 对全球海洋学的发展进步做出了重要贡献。研究发现了南海次表层存在以海水亚硝酸盐为代表的生态环境参数极值现象, 不同参数水层深度范围不同, 由此形成的跃层生态系统有着与其他生态系统显著不同的特点。从系统研究获知, 南海碳循环过程十分复杂, 生物作用下的生物泵过程以及碳源汇区域和季节变化巨大, 南海碳源汇在不同的区域不同的时间的性质和强度迥异, 全年尺度上总体表现为大气二氧化碳的弱源。南海北部的珠江口邻近海域和深海盆的生态环境特征与化学物质循环和陆架边缘海、珊瑚礁等密切相关, 但又与陆架边缘海、珊瑚礁等显著不同, 表现为珠江口底层存在缺氧现象, 珠江口海域是一个以缺氧为特征的生态脆弱区。在系统认识南沙珊瑚礁生态系统物质循环快速、生物过程控制着化学物质的垂直转移的基础上, 提出了维持珊瑚礁生态系统高生产力的新机制——“拟流网理论”。对南海沉积物化学的系统研究认识到, 沉积物-水体化学物质循环有密切的耦合关系, 南海珊瑚礁或沉积岩心化学物质分布变化可反演其历史变化, 如南海冰期表层海水古生产力为间冰期的1.6倍; 晚中新世南海南部发生了一次“生物勃发事件”, 其生产力主要受季风和陆源营养物质输入量影响; 东北季风与西南季风在不同区域其影响程度不同等。40年来南海化学海洋学研究的这些新发现和新认识对系统揭示南海的海洋学过程奠定了强有力的基础, 未来南海化学海洋学研究也必将为南海资源环境的可持续利用提供科学支撑。     

末次盛冰期末期以来南海北部陆坡的陆源物质输入及其控制因素

通过对南海北部陆坡KNG5孔沉积物粒度、粘土矿物和14C年龄的综合分析, 探讨了南海北部陆坡的沉积物来源及其控制因素。物源分析表明, KNG5孔17.5-12.5ka BP的沉积物主要来源于珠江, 12.5ka BP 时粘土矿物组合突然发生改变, 并且自12.5ka BP以后, 高岭石含量总体稳定, 说明12.5ka BP时海平面已上升到相当的高度, 并且可能当时南海的现代环流系统已开始形成, 西行的广东沿岸流导致向外扩散的珠江物质减少, 由于受北太平洋深层水(NPDW)和黑潮(KC)南海分支的作用, 台湾成为此时沉积物的主要贡献者。KNG5孔17.5-11ka BP时期的粘土矿物和粒度变化主要受控于海平面和洋流系统的变化。全新世早期(11.0-8ka BP)平均粒径达到最细和1-2.2m 粒级含量达到最高值可能是强盛的夏季风作用的结果。全新世中晚期(8—0ka BP) 1-2.2?m组分含量的减少是8ka BP以来东亚夏季风减弱的具体体现, 1-2.2m 粒级含量指示的东亚夏季风变化能和北半球其它季风指标能很好地对应起来, 说明这次季风减弱是北半球各个季风系统的共同现象。     

南海北部31ka以来GDGTs组成及其对古温度和季风变化的响应

南海因受到高纬度气候、低纬度大洋以及东亚季风等多种因素的影响而成为研究古温度和季风变化的理想区域。本文通过研究QH-CL11柱状沉积物的GDGTs组成、含量变化特征及其延伸的86个碳原子的四醚指标(TEX_(86)~H),分析南海北部GDGTs来源,并定量计算QH-CL11柱状沉积物记录的海洋表面温度(SST),从而探讨31 ka以来南海北部古温度变化的驱动机制。通过甲烷指数和支链/异戊二烯类指标等,确定isoGDGTs主要来自于奇古菌,适用于古温度重建。TEX_(86)~H温度显示出明显的冰期一间冰期旋回,与南海北部有孔虫和UK'_(37) SSTs具有很好的相似性。出现在TEX_(86)~H SST中的海因里希冷事件(H1-3)和Bφlling-Allerod暖期之前的温度大幅度上升事件(14.6 ka)反映了高纬度气候对南海的影响。南海SSTs和北太平洋MD01-2421 U~K'_(37)SST的差异(△SST5)可以用来反映东亚冬季风强度的变化。△SSTs显示东亚冬季风强度在Bφlling-Allerφd暖期前增加,在新仙女木时期达到最大值,在全新世早期再次下降,然后在全新世中晚期缓慢增加,这与前人对东亚冬季风强度的认识具有很好的一致性。该方法对重建长周期东亚冬季风强度具有重要的指导意义。     

南海西沙海槽83PC柱状沉积物组成特征及其古环境意义

为了解南海北部末次间冰期以来的沉积环境演化,分析了西沙海槽83PC柱状沉积物的浮游有孔虫氧碳同位素、碳酸钙、有机碳和粒度组成。浮游有孔虫的δ18 O值具有冰期-间冰期旋回特征,记录了海平面的升降和古气候的变化,而海平面变化控制了沉积物的碳酸钙和有机碳含量。冰期,海平面下降,陆源物质输入增多,带来了大量的碎屑物质和陆源有机质,沉积物具有低碳酸钙含量和高有机碳含量;间冰期,海平面上升,陆源物质输入减少,碎屑物质的稀释作用减弱,沉积物具有高碳酸钙含量和低有机碳含量。南海北部83PC柱状沉积物记录了末次间冰期以来的多次海平面升降旋回,还记录了气候变冷事件以及低碳酸钙沉积事件,其中,150、510、660和740cm处的低碳酸钙含量和相对重δ18 O值记录了全球性气候变冷事件,而冰后期的低碳酸钙沉积事件,则主要反映了季风降雨的增强,出现了洪水高发期,陆源碎屑物质对碳酸钙沉积的稀释作用明显增强。     

南海西北陆缘新型多金属结核的发现及意义

近年南海西北陆缘西沙东北海域发现大型多金属结核,尽管其外观与大洋结核别无二致,具有个体大、外部形态规整、层状结构清晰的特点,但其地球化学组成与大洋多金属结核存在明显差别:TMn/TFe的比值小,仅为0.73,富Fe、Si、Al、稀土元素而贫Mn、Cu、Co、Ni。Be同位素质谱法测年和钙质超微生物地层学方法研究表明,结核生长速度达7.41～15.38 mm/Ma,远大于大洋多金属结核的平均生长速率和以前发现于南海北部的多金属结核。依据其综合特征,初步认定其为边缘海区域赋存的一种新型多金属结核。该类型结核所蕴含丰富的边缘海区域古海洋、古气候、古环境信息,有助于探讨新生代末期青藏高原隆升、东亚季风加强、北半球冰期发生等重大地质事件所引起的区域沉积响应。     

南海北部近岸海域风场特征分析与预报研究

南海北部近岸海域北靠东亚大陆,南面广阔的南海海域,地理位置十分独特,具有典型的季风特征.本文对南海北部近岸海域风场与大尺度大气环流特征的相关分析,阐述大气环流异常对南海北部近岸海域风场的影响.研究表明,南海北部近岸海域风场分布具有较强的区域性和季节性;因气候年际变化的强弱,如厄尔尼诺与南方涛动(ENSO)循环、南海暖池...     

Trends in the variation of the sea level in the lagoons of the Southeastern Baltic

This paper analyses the global tendency of the sea level rise (SLR) and its long term influence on the sea level upstream drainage cascade based on the example of the level’s variation in the Vistula Lagoon of the Baltic Sea compared to the other lagoons and coastal regions of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea. A steady positive trend in the water level variations was revealed; its magnitude varies significantly depending on the time period. In general, during the 100–150 year period, the rate of the SLR in the lagoons and coastal areas of the Baltic Sea (1.7–1.8 mm per year) is close to the SLR rate in the World Ocean. In the second half of the 20th century, the increased rate of the SLR in the lagoons and marine areas became stronger (up to 3.6 mm per year in the Vistula Lagoon and in 1959–2006 in the sea and exceeded the rate of global ocean SLR). It dramatically increased at the end of the last century both in the lagoons and in the sea (up to 10.0–15.0 mm per year). This is the response not only to the global climate warming but it is likely that it is also a response to the changes of the climate driving forces that influence the regimes of the local wind and precipitation in the catchment.     

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

1Introduction Besidestheprecipitationandriverdischarges,the watersinthePacificOceanandtheAtlanticOceanare thesourcesoftheArcticOceanwater.TheAtlantic waterenterstheArcticOceanviatheFramStraitand theBarentsSea.Foritsdenserfeatureduetohigh salinity,mostofitsinkstothenorthofSvaldbardand circulatesinallthedeepbasinsintheArcticOcean, formingthedeepandbottomwatersoftheArcticO- cean(Aagaardetal.,1985;Rudelsetal.,1999).The BeringStraitistheonlychannelforthePacificwater toflowintotheArcticOce…     

Variations in the Kinematics of Deformation in the Vicinity of the Catastrophic Sumatra Earthquake

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The Great Andaman–Sumatra earthquake (GASE) on December 26, 2004, with magnitude Mw of 9.2, occurred in the Indian Ocean near the northwestern...     

Peculiarities in the distribution of hydrocarbons in the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea

Data on the contents and compositions of the hydrocarbons (HCs)—aliphatic (AHCs) and polycyclic aromatic (PAHs)—are provided in comparison with the contents of the total organic carbon (C_org), the lipids in the particulates, and the C_org in bottom sediments. Particular attention has been paid to the distribution of the HCs in the water area of the Kravtsov oil field. It has been established that the concentrations of AHCs in the water are governed by the content of particulates, and the elevated AHC concentrations are confined to the coastal areas. In the water area of platform D-6, the sandy bottom sediments were notable for the great variability of the HC concentrations, both laterally and from year to year. In the summer of 2010, the content of AHCs averaged 40 μg/g (19% in the C_org), and that of PAHs, 23 ng/g. Natural seepage from the sediment mass is considered to be a source of HCs along with oil contamination.     

鄂霍茨克海北部沉积盆地的含油气层系

1 古新-下渐新统含油气层系 古新-始新统母岩形成于滨海和湖泊沉积环境中,并在大量冲积源的参与之下,促进了含分散有机质混合类型砂-黏土质陆源岩层的堆积。在中国东北诸盆地中,含工业油气的白垩-早第三纪建造形成于开阔的浅水和深水湖泊环境中。与中国的盆地类似,在下第三系下部     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Causes of the bottom hypoxia in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the baltic sea

The data on the bottom concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland obtained in 1923–1939 and in 1962–1989 were analyzed. No statistically reliable differences were found between the two periods studied. It was found that, during the 20th century, the fluctuations in the oxygen concentration were caused by the interannual variability of the winter severity and water salinity. A strong oxygen deficit in the summer was recorded after cold winters, when early freezing suppressed the vertical mixing, and/or in the years of a significant inflow of salt waters from the Baltic Sea with low oxygen contents. It is likely that the long-term dynamics of the oxygen concentration near the bottom in the open parts of the bay is determined by the large-scale variability of the hydrometeorological parameters.     

Role of the small-size fraction of mesozooplankton in the pelagic community of the northeastern part of the Black Sea in the autumn

The role of the small-size (SF; 0.1–0.5 mm) and large-size (LF; 0.5–20.0 mm) fractions in the biomass and abundance of mesozooplankton (0.1–20.0 mm) was assessed using the database of samples obtained during the cruises of RV Akvanavt in the northeastern Black Sea in November 2000 and October 2006. The mesozooplankton was collected by means of Juday nets (37/50, filtering gauze 160 μm) and Niskin bottles in two areas: (1) the shelf and continental slope (30–1480 m depth) and (2) the deep sea (depths of more than 1500 m). The plankton net was considerably less effective in collecting the SF of the mesozooplankton (by a factor of 30–36) than the Niskin bottles. When comparing the SF and LF, we estimated the abundance and biomass of the SF in the samples obtained with the Niskin bottles. The abundance of the SF in the deep-sea area was 2.5 times lower compared to the shelf and continental slope, and the LF abundance was 5.0 times lower in the same way. The abundance of the SF constituted 88% of the total mesozooplankton on the shelf and continental slope, and 78% in the deep-sea area. The biomass of the SF was higher as well on the shelf and continental slope. Meroplankton played a significant role in the SF zooplankton abundance (0.5 × 10³ + 0.16 ind. m⁻³) in this area. The SF grazing impact was 10% of the total mesozooplankton grazing on the shelf and continental slope, and 17% in the deepsea area. Appendicularia and nauplii of copepods had the greatest contribution to the mesozooplankton grazing among the SF group.     

近30年来莱州湾滨海湿地景观格局变化特征研究

基于莱州湾滨海湿地特征以及野外实地观测数据,利用landsat遥感影像手段,揭示1990—2018年莱州湾滨海湿地景观格局变化特征,并结合景观指数分析莱州湾滨海湿地异质性.结果表明,1990—2018年间,莱州湾滨海湿地呈现人工滨海湿地面积增加而天然滨海湿地面积减少的趋势.截至2018年莱州湾滨海湿地面积总计1954 ...