A study on the exchange additivity of zinc in solid mixtures in seawater——Ⅰ. Exchange additivity of mixtures

-Exchange additivity of binary mixtures of hydrous metal oxides and clay minerals has been studied by investigating the relations of the zinc exchange-pH and the zinc partition coefficients to mixtures. The additive exchange equation is proposed to describe the exchange-pH relationship. The results suggest that zinc exchanges on the components in amorphous iron oxide/montmorrillonite, kaolinite/montmorrillonite, γ-A100H/montmorrillonite, amorphous iron oxide/illite mixtures are additive. But the exchange ofδ-MnO2/montmorrillonite is much less than its additive exchange. It is also shown that in the case of additive exchange the exchange parameters (Kmix{SOH}Tmix) of the mixtures are equal in weight to the sum of those of each component of the solid mixtures.     

A study on the exchange additivity of zinc in solid mixtures in seawater——Ⅱ.Stepwise exchange in δ-MnO2/montmorrillonite mixture

In this study the zinc exchange process and the reason for the non-additive exchange of δ-MnO2/montmorrillonite have been investigated. The results suggest that with pH increasing from 2 to 8, the stepwise exchange of zinc occurs on δ-MnO. and montmorrillonite in their mixture.At low pH zinc ions are bound on δ-MnO2, while at high pH, the exchange on montmorrillonite dominates the surface interaction in the mixture. The study demonstrates that the stepwise exchange and the heterogeneity of the binding sites on δ-MnO2 surface are the reason for the non-additive exchange. It is also shown that when δ-MnO2 amounts to 5 %, zinc exchange on sea sediments is controlled by 8-MnO2.     

A theoretical study of the kinetics of the boric acid–borate equilibrium in seawater

Dissolved boron in seawater occurs mainly in the form of boric acid (B(OH)₃) and borate (B(OH)₄⁻). While the equilibrium properties of the dissociation of boric acid have been studied in detail, very little work has focused on the kinetics of the boric acid–borate equilibrium in seawater. Here, we present a theoretical study of the relaxation of the seawater borate–carbonate system towards equilibrium using the experimental data of Mallo et al. [Nouv. J. Chim. 8 (1984) 373] and Waton et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 88 (1984) 3301]. The reaction rate constants are two to four orders of magnitude smaller than typical rate constants of diffusion-controlled reactions of other acid–base equilibria. This is presumably due to the substantial structural change that is involved in the conversion from planar B(OH)₃ to tetrahedral B(OH)₄. The time required to establish the boric acid–borate equilibrium in seawater is calculated to be ∼95μs at temperature T=25°C and salinity S=35. Considering stable boron isotopes ¹¹B and ¹⁰B, the isotopic equilibration time is ∼125 μs. As a result, kinetic isotope effects during coprecipitation of boron in calcium carbonate are unlikely and therefore do not affect the use of stable boron isotopes as a paleo-pH recorder.     

Study on the adsorptive complex wave of tin in seawater

A trace of tin exists in seawater, and is also probably in combination with organic materials or microbes. Therefore, it was reported that methods for determining tin in seawater need to use a separation or preconcentration stage in analysis. This paper provides an oscillopolarographic method for determining directly tin in seawater by irradiating it with ultraviolet rays. In a seawater system with 0.0035％ cupferron (Hcup), 0.0038％ Tween-80, 0.318 mol/1:0.375mol/1 NH_3 H_2O:HAc as a basic solution, there occurs a sensitive derivative     

A study on sample pretreatment of analysis of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater by IDMS

Isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) and ultra-clean room approach are successfully used in the determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater and the sample pretreatment of analysis. The precision in the determination of Cd, Pb and Zn in seawater is better than±3% and the limits of detection are 6×10-12, 6×10-11 and 2.4×10-10 respectively. The effects of sample pretreatment such as filtration and acidification on the results of determination of Cd- Pb and Zn in seawater are disscussed.     

Effect of changes in the composition of seawater on the density–salinity relationship

Over the next 5–10 years, the WOCE hydrographic program will generate reliable hydrographic data for the world oceans. The resultant conductivity salinity, temperature, and pressure data will generate calculated densities that will be used to examine mixing along constant density surfaces. Changes in the composition of deep waters due to the breakdown of plant material can effect the calculated densities at a given conductivity salinity. The increases in SiO₂, nitrate, alkalinity, and TCO₂ (or pH) can change the density of seawater as well as the conductivity. For studies of the salinity and density fields over small spatial scales, these changes will be small, but for large scale and ocean to ocean studies the differences can be significant. The density calculations based on the salinity determined from conductivity need to be adjusted for the offsets due to changes in the composition of seawater. This report describes how this correction should be made using existing information.     

A study on dynamical features of air-sea coupling waves in the tropics

The dynamical features of air-sea coupling waves and their stabilities in a simple coupled air-sea model in the tropics have been studied with respect to interaction occurring among different types of the free waves in the o-cean and in the atmosphere. It is pointed out that there exist a stable and an unstable air-sea interaction modes in the tropical coupled system , respectively. The propagation of the unstable mode relies greatly on the zonal space scale, i. e. only for wave length ranging from 5 000 km to 10 000 km can the disturbance unstably move slowly eastward. The waves that slowly propagate unstably eastward agree well with the observational facts. Finally,it is also proposed that the interaction between Kelvin wave in one medium and Rossby wave in another medium is a necessary condition for the occurrence of destabilization of the coupled air-sea system in the tropics.     

A comparative study on the contents of vitamins in the natural and the cultured prawn

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A discussion on typhoon occurred in the Haikou Bay and impact mechanism on seawater quality

INTRODUIONThe Haikou Bay is an imPOrtant hay in Hainan Pmeince. Investigatnin of water qualitywas carried out three times every y6ar to understand the vatying trend of water quality fOr tak-ing pmpr countereres. betimes we may ee comParison conclustons of poIluting degreein Water Quality Monitoring Bulletin Of HaikOu Bay. But the comParison conclusbo is notreareable because the ocean is a complicated system with the interaction of wind, current,wave, tide, biolOgy, chemistry and so …     

A preliminary study on genesis of the Qiongzhou Straits

The active period of the faults in the Qiongzhou Straits occurred principally in the Tertiary. The rupture zone is situated in the nearly E-W striking tectonic lowland between the Leizhou Peninsula and the Hainan Island, which was preformed by the southward and northward compressions due to the expansion of the South China Sea Basin. During the interglacial periods in the Quaternary, the lowland was inundated and deepened gradually due to erosion by sea curfent. It was until the last uprising of sea level during the postglacial period that the Qiongzhou Straits assumed its present appearance.     

A numerical study of the impact of SST anomaly in the warm pool area on atmospheric circulation in winter

In this paper the impacts of the anomalous SST in the warm pool area of the Western Equatorial Pacific on the winter time circulation and the East Asian monsoon are studied by using the NCAR CCM. It is found that the abnormal heating in the warm pool area will change the strength and the position of the Walker Cell in the Equatorial Pacific and the anti-Walker Cell in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Both the Walker and anti-Walker Cells are strengthened. The local Hadley Cells over two hemispheres near the warm pool are also strengthened. The subtropical highs in two hemispheres become stronger and move poleward slightly. The westerly jets in the extratropical regions have similar changes as the subtropical highs. The winter monsoon in South-East Asia is weakened by the abnormal heating in the warm pool. The experiment also show that there are wave trains emanating from surrounding areas of the warm pool to the high latitudes, causing various changes in circulations and local weather.     

A study on the source of the Tsushima Warm Current water

On the basis of the hydrographic data in the area west of Kyushu from four cruises of R/V Xiangyanghong No. 9 from 1987 to 1988 , the circulation features in the investigation area are described and the source of the Tsushima Warm Current water (TWCW) is explored by using the observed and geostrophic current results and tracking the Kuroshio Subsurface High Salinity Core (KSHSC).     

A study on the biology of Cultellus scalprum

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A study on the polyculture of the algae, the shrimp and the crab

A study was made on the polyculture of the red algae Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia f. Liui Zhang et Xia, f. nov. , the shrimp Penaeus penicillatus Alcock and the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) . The photosynthesis of the algae produces the oxygen on which the shrimp and the crab breathe. The algae are the reproductive place of the organism for the food of the shrimp and the carb, also is the shelter of the shrimp and the crab. The shrimp and the crab regard the algae as the vegetable     

Conflicting goals in fisheries management—A study of the Norwegian cod fisheries

A multi-objective programming model has been applied to investigate conflicting goals of the Norwegian cod fisheries. The goals included in this article are economic rent and employment. Fisheries managers are confronted with the problem of how best to allocate the total allowable catch (TAC) of cod among eight vessel groups. Compromise solutions taking into account both objectives by giving them equal weights in the multi-objective programming model are calculated and discussed. This article is an extension of an earlier article in which the trade-off analysis was performed using data only for North Norway and one particular year. The present analysis includes the entire Norwegian cod fisheries and is carried out using time series data for 2003–2007, examining the annual variations of key economic and technological parameters of the cod fisheries. Based on the results from compromise programming, the article discusses management and policy implications of reallocation of the TAC by vessel groups.     

A study of ecology of Chaetognaths in the Western Taiwan Strait

This study is based on 172 planktonic samples collected by vertical hauls of planktonic net from the bottom to the surface in the Western Taiwan Strait (116°40′～120°30′E, 22°22′. 9～26°43′N) in four seasonal months from May 1984 to February 1985.     

Studies on the role of marine bacteria in the upwelling ecosystem——Ⅰ.Bacterial biomass in the upwelling regions

-Six cruises were carried out off the south bank of Fujian - Taiwan during the period of December 21, 1987 to November 15, 1988 to estimate the contribution of bacterial biomass carbon (BBC) to the totai particulate organic pools using epifluorescent microscopic technique. The results show that the standing crop of bacteria fluctuated from 0. 95 to 66. 60 mg /m3 (dry weight). Upwelling phenomena appeared in the region around Nanpeng Island in summer while in the region of Waixie in all seasons. The average value of BBC was 27. 60(±6. 08)mg/m3and 21. 32 (±2. 34) mg/m3 respectively. The seasonal and spatial distribution is discussed in relation to environmental factors as well as upwelling phenomena. The role of bacteria in the flow of material and energy in the upwelling ecosystem is emphasized.     

A study on suspended matters in the South Huanghai Sea in summer time

A joint investigation of marine geoloy in the South Huanshai Sea was carried out by the Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, USA during 1983～1984. This paper reports the investigation results of the suspended matters in the water column at 55 stations in July, 1984 (summer time). The highest concentration region where the value is less than 0.5 mg/L, is found in the central part of the study area and the southern part of Shandong Peninsula. The Taiwan Warm Current which might obstruct the discharge of the Changjiang River to the east of the sea, appears in the distribution of the suspended matters outside the Changjiang River Estuary. Although lots of materials are brought into the sea during the high flow period of the Huanghe and the Chansjiang Rivers in July, this does not form the main scarce of the suspended matters. The main source is the resuspension of depesits. The materials brought by rivers come the second, and biogeneons components in the sea co     

A study on chemical forms of heavy metals in the sediments of Zhujiang River and its estuary

The five chemical bound forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the main channel of the Zhujiang River.and its estuary, namely, exchangeable, carbonic, oxidative, organic and residual (in crystal) forms, were determined. The method of sequential extraction was used for separating the five bound forms.The main chemical form of the three elements in the sediments of the Zhujiang River and its estuarine zone is the residual one. The exchangeable form exists only in a small fraction.Correlationships between the concentration of a certain form of heavy metals and Eh. pH and salinity were discussed. The principles of geochemistry are used to explain the mechanism of heavy metal transport in the river.It was also found that the distribution rule of the chemical forms of Fe, Al and Mn in sediments in the lower reaches of the Zhujiang River was similar to the one in the lower reaches of the Yamaska River.     

A study on benthic community structure in west of the Taiwan Strait and near the Taiwan Shoals

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