云南耿马7.2级地震破裂与震源应力场

1 98 8年 1 1月 6日在云南省澜沧县和耿马县境内先后发生了 7.6级和 7.2级强烈地震。其中 7.2级地震在震中区小黑江两岸灰岩裸露区出现了具有构造意义的地裂缝带。采用断层滑动矢量法反演出形成上述地裂缝带的应力张量为 :σ1走向 2 2 3°,倾角 2 8°;σ2 走向 42°,倾角6 2°;σ3 走向 1 3 3°,倾角 0°;应力比 R=0 .5 7,总体显示出走滑兼压性特征 ,基本代表了震源机制解所反映的震源应力场特征。断面滑动矢量解析可做为一种判定地裂缝是否是构造成因的方法     

Simulation and properties of a non-homogeneous spring-block earthquake model with asperities

The spring-block model proposed by Olami, Feder and Christensen (OFC) has several properties that are similar to those observed in real seismicity. In this paper we propose a modification of the original model in order to take into account that in a real fault there are several regions with different properties (non-homogeneity). We define regions in the network that is reminiscent of the real seismic fault, with different sizes and elastic parameter values. We obtain the Gutenberg-Richter law for the synthetic earthquake distributions of magnitude and the stair-shaped plots for the cumulative seismicity. Again, as in the OFC-homogeneous case, we obtain the stability for the cumulative seismicity stair-shaped graphs in the long-term situation; this means that the straight line slopes that are superior bounds of the staircases have a behavior akin to the homogeneous case. We show that with this non-homogeneous OFC model it is possible to include the asperity concept to describe high-stress zones in the fault.     

A crack-like rupture model for the 19 September 1985 Michoacan,Mexico, earthquake

Evidence supporting a smooth crack-like rupture process of the Michoacan earthquake of 1985 is obtained from a major earthquake for the first time. Digital strong motion data from three stations (Caleta de Campos, La Villita, and La Union), recording near-field radiation from the fault, show unusually simple ramped displacements and permanent offsets previously only seen in theoretical models. The recording of low frequency (0 to 1 Hz) near-field waves together with the apparently smooth rupture favors a crack-like model to a step or Haskell-type dislocation model under the constraint of the slip distribution obtained by previous studies. A crack-like rupture, characterized by an approximated dynamic slip function and systematic decrease in slip duration away from the point of rupture nucleation, produces the best fit to the simple ramped displacements observed. Spatially varying rupture duration controls several important aspects of the synthetic seismograms, including the variation in displacement rise times between components of motion observed at Caleta de Campos. Ground motion observed at Caleta de Campos can be explained remarkably well with a smoothly propagating crack model. However, data from La Villita and La Union suggest a more complex rupture process than the simple crack-like model for the south-eastern portion of the fault.     

Application of a parameter-shifted grey wolf optimizer for earthquake dynamic rupture inversion

Global optimization is an essential approach to any inversion problem. Recently, the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) has been proposed to optimize the global minimum, which has been quickly used in a variety of inversion problems. In this study, we proposed a parameter-shifted grey wolf optimizer (psGWO) based on the conventional GWO algorithm to obtain the global minimum. Compared with GWO, the novel psGWO can effectively search targets toward objects without being trapped within the local minimum of the zero value. We confirmed the effectiveness of the new method in searching for uniform and random objectives by using mathematical functions released by the Congress on Evolutionary Computation. The psGWO algorithm was validated using up to 10,000 parameters to demonstrate its robustness in a large-scale optimization problem. We successfully applied psGWO in two-dimensional (2D) synthetic earthquake dynamic rupture inversion to obtain the frictional coefficients of the fault and critical slip-weakening distance using a homogeneous model. Furthermore, this algorithm was applied in inversions with heterogeneous distributions of dynamic rupture parameters. This implementation can be efficiently applied in 3D cases and even in actual earthquake inversion and would deepen the understanding of the physics of natural earthquakes in the future.     

Spatio-temporal rupture process of the 2008 great Wenchuan earthquake

Focal mechanism and dynamic rupture process of the Wenchaun M _s8.0 earthquake in Sichuan province on 12 May 2008 were obtained by inverting long period seismic data from the Global Seismic Network (GSN), and characteristics of the co-seismic displacement field near the fault were quantitatively analyzed based on the inverted results to investigate the mechanism causing disaster. A finite fault model with given focal mechanism and vertical components of the long period P-waves from 21 stations with evenly azimuthal coverage were adopted in the inversion. From the inverted results as well as aftershock distribution, the causative fault of the great Wenchuan earthquake was confirmed to be a fault of strike 225°/dip 39°/rake 120°, indicating that the earthquake was mainly a thrust event with right-lateral strike-slip component. The released scalar seismic moment was estimated to be about 9.4×10²⁰-2.0×10²¹ Nm, yielding moment magnitude of M _w7.9–8.1. The great Wenchuan earthquake occurred on a fault more than 300 km long, and had a complicated rupture process of about 90 s duration time. The slip distribution was highly inhomogeneous with the average slip of about 2.4 m. Four slip-patches broke the ground surface. Two of them were underneath the regions of Wenchuan-Yingxiu and Beichuan, respectively, with the first being around the hypocenter (rupture initiation point), where the largest slip was about 7.3 m, and the second being underneath Beichuan and extending to Pingwu, where the largest slip was about 5.6 m. The other two slip-patches had smaller sizes, one having the maximum slip of 1.8 m and lying underneath the north of Kangding, and the other having the maximum slip of 0.7 m and lying underneath the northeast of Qingchuan. Average and maximum stress drops over the whole fault plane were estimated to be 18 MPa and 53 MPa, respectively. In addition, the co-seismic displacement field near the fault was analyzed. The results indicate that the features of the co-seismic displacement field were coincident with those of the intensity distribution in the meizoseismal area, implying that the large-scale, large-amplitude and surface-broken thrust dislocation should be responsible for the serious disaster in the near fault area. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404-4) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40574025 and 40874026)     

震源时间函数与震源破裂过程

简要介绍了现代数字地震学的两个重要概念。一个是震源时间函数，另一个是地震震源的时空破裂过程。首先，从地震断层位移表示定量出发，介绍震源时间函数和震源破裂过程的基本概念。然后，分别介绍两种从远场地震记录中提取震源时间函数和获取有限断层面上时空破裂过程图像的反演方法。     

Analysis on rupture feature of a great complicated earthquake in Kamchatka

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Self-affine growth pattern of earthquake rupture zones

Data from 41 moderate and large earthquakes have been used to derive a scaling law for fault parameters. Fault lengthL, widthW and areaS are empirically related byLS andWS where 0.6<<0.7, 0.3<<0.4 and +=1. These relations indicate that the growth pattern of earthquake rupture zones is statistically self-affine. It is also found that these relations are similar to the relation derived from a diffusion-limited aggregation (DLA) model with anisotropic sticking probability. This suggests that a modified DLA model could describe the evolution of earthquake rupture zones.     

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Introduction The 1303 Shanxi Hongtong M=8 earthquake is the earliest M=8 event determined in histori-cal records in China and the largest recorded in Shanxi fault-depression system in history. Some researchers have discussed the tectonic environment of this earthquake (DENG, et al, 1973; DENG, 1984; DENG, XU, 1994, 1995; Seismo-geological Brigade, State Seismological Bureau, Depart-ment of Geology and Geography, Peking University, 1979; LIU, XIAO, 1982; ZHANG, JIA, 1986; SU, …     

Imaging the rupture process of the 10 January 2018 MW7.5 Swan island,Honduras earthquake*

The 10 January 2018 M_W7.5 Swan island, Honduras earthquake occurred on the Swan island fault, which is a transform plate boundary between the North American and Caribbean plates. Here we back-project the rupture process of the earthquake using dense seismic stations in Alaska, and find that the earthquake ruptured at least three faults (three stages) for a duration of ~40 s. The rupture speed for the longest fault (stage 3) is as fast as 5 km/s, which is much faster than the local shear wave velocity of ~4 km/s. Supershear rupture was incidentally observed on long and straight strike-slip faults. This study shows a supershear rupture that occured on a strike-slip fault with moderate length, implying that supershear rupture might commonly occur on large strike-slip earthquakes. The common occurrence of supershear rupture on strike-slip earthquakes will challenge present understanding of crack physics, as well as strong ground motion evaluation in earthquake engineering.     

覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应分析方法

基于有限元和拟静力的根本原理，提出了一种基于断层位错的覆盖土层场地地震断裂反应弹塑性有限元分析方法，计算中考虑了土层厚度、断层种类和倾角、软弱夹层以及土的非线性等因素，通过编制的程序计算了地表断裂位移，模拟了土层的破裂过程。     

汶川M_W7.9地震起始破裂断层几何结构

本文收集使用紫坪铺水库台网记录到的汶川地震主震P波波形资料,利用P波反投影叠加法获取了2008年5月12日汶川M_W7.9地震起始破裂的时空演化过程.通过分析本次大地震起始破裂阶段(0～1s)破裂点在三维空间内的分布特征,确定了本次大地震起始破裂位置及起始破裂断层几何结构模型.得到以下结果:汶川地震起始破裂点位于31.013±0.002°N、103.392±0.002°E,震源深度为8.2±0.4km,发震时刻为2008年5月12日14∶27∶58.80±0.4.汶川地震起始破裂的最佳断层面走向为NE48°,倾向NW35°,起始阶段破裂的深度范围为地下7.5～9km.     

Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi Province

Based on the latest displacement of Huoshan piedmont fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Taigu fault obtained from the beginning of 1990‘s up to the present, the characteristics of distribution and displacement of surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, Shanxi Province are synthesized and discussed in the paper. If Taigu fault, Mianshan west-side fault and Huoshan piedmont fault were contemporarily active during the 1303 Hongtong M = 8 earthquake, the surface rupture zone would be 160 km long and could be divided into 3 segments, that is, the 50-km-long Huoshan piedmont fault segment, 35-km-long Mianshan west-side fault segment and 70-km-long Taigu fault segment, respectively. Among them, there exist 4 km and 8 km step regions. The surface rupture zone exhibits right-lateral features. The displacements of northern and central segments are respectively 6～7 m and the southern segment has the maximum displacement of 10 m. The single basin-boundary fault of Shanxi fault-depression system usually corresponds to M ≈ 7 earthquake, while this great earthquake (M = 8) broke through the obstacle between two basins. It shows that the surface rupture scale of great earthquake is changeable.     

2009年3月19日汤加地震破裂过程快速反演

2009年3月19日汤加MS7.9地震发生后,我们迅速利用地震破裂过程快速反演技术反演了全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带波形资料,获得了这次地震的破裂过程．随后,收集了更多的资料重新进行了反演,反演结果的主要特征与快速反演结果基本一致．这次地震的震级为MW7.8,破裂持续时间约为70s,断层面上主要有3个滑动量较大的区域．      

2010年2月27日智利地震破裂过程快速反演

运用地震破裂过程快速反演方法,在2010年2月27日智利地震发生后,采用全球地震台网(GSN)的宽频带地震资料,反演了这次地震的破裂过程,在震后约3.5小时得到了这次地震破裂过程的反演结果.结果表明,这次智利地震的破裂过程具有如下基本特征:①矩震级为MW8.6;②地震破裂持续时间约为150s;③包括4个滑动量集中分布区域,最大滑动量约为8m,最大滑动速率约为0.8m/s;④这次地震总体上是一次不对称的双侧破裂事件,破裂从破裂起始点(震源)开始,同时向南北两个方向扩展,但以向北扩展的破裂为主.     

Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan,earthquake

In this study, we preliminarily investigated the dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake by using an extended boundary integral equation method, in which the effect of ground surface can be exactly included. Parameters for numerical modeling were carefully assigned based on previous studies. Numerical results indicated that, although many simplifications are assumed, such as the fault plane is planar and all heterogeneities are neglected, distribution of slip is still consistent roug...     

Dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan, earthquake

In this study, we preliminarily investigated the dynamic rupture process of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake by using an extended boundary integral equation method, in which the effect of ground surface can be exactly included. Parameters for numerical modeling were carefully assigned based on previous studies. Numerical results indicated that, although many simplifications are assumed, such as the fault plane is planar and all heterogeneities are neglected, distribution of slip is still consistent roughly with the results of kinematic inversion, implying that for earthquakes in which ruptures run up directly to the ground surface, the dynamic processes are controlled by geometry of the fault to a great extent. By taking the common feature inferred by various kinematic inversion studies as a restriction, we found that the critical slip-weakening distance &lt;i&lt;D&lt;/i&lt;&lt;sub&lt;c&lt;/sub&lt; should locate in a narrow region 60 cm, 70 cm, and supershear rupture might occur during this earthquake, if the initial shear stress before the mainshock is close to the local shear strength.     

2007年8月15日秘鲁M_W8.0地震的破裂震相记录特征

对2007年8月15日秘鲁近海MW8.0地震在全球数字地震仪台网(GSN)83个台的宽频带数字记录进行分析,在短周期(SP)、中长周期(SK)和长周期(LP)记录上均识别出在震源破裂过程中由主要破裂激发出的破裂震相。由破裂震相分析结果可以看出:该地震是一个由4次主要破裂构成的地震事件,第2次破裂、第3次破裂和第4次破裂与第1次破裂之间的时间间隔平均约9.1 s、48.5 s和63.3 s,与震源破裂时间函数的结果一致。4次主要破裂激发的破裂震相在GSN台站可识别的震中距范围为1.4°—153.8°。本文给出的破裂震相记录特征,为分析识别其他地震的破裂震相提供了参考。从地震记录图上直接识别破裂震相有助于快速判断震源破裂过程,有助于快速判断震灾损失。     

2008年汶川大地震单侧破裂过程的动力学机制研究

2008年汶川大地震的破裂过程极其发杂,向东北方向的破裂距离长达300 km,而向西南方向的破裂长度很小,呈现出单侧破裂的主要特征.尽管汶川地震破裂呈单侧传播的现象引起许多地震学家的关注,但其物理机制至今还不是十分清楚.本文利用有限单元计算方法,模拟了汶川地震的破裂过程.模型中根据龙门山断裂带两侧（东南侧为四川盆地,西北侧为川西高原）实际的地震波速度来确定模型的介质物性参数,利用目前观测的应力环境来选定初始应力条件.模拟结果表明：破裂在汶川地震的震中处成核后,先向断层两侧自发传播,但向东北方向的传播距离明显大于向西南方向;断层面上的正应力在东北方向（破裂的正方向）随着传播距离的增大而不断减小,位错速率随着破裂的传播距离而越来越大,其脉冲变得越来越尖锐,即产生了Weertman脉冲.研究结果显示：由于这种脉冲的出现,破裂在正方向上（东北方向）能够自己放大、自己愈合、自行维持,摩擦热极小,所以破裂能够沿着东北方向一直传播,直到应力场方位发生变化,不利于破裂时才最后终止.但在西南方向,破裂过程中断层面上的正应力增大,阻碍破裂继续扩展.最后就出现了汶川地震中破裂朝东北方向单侧优势传播的基本格局.模拟结果还表明：若断层面两侧介质均匀,则破裂向两侧是对称传播,且破裂距离很短,因此这种情况无法产生像汶川大地震那样的特大地震.因此,文中的模拟结果表明龙门山断裂带两侧的物性差异是造成汶川大地震单侧传播的决定性因素.断层两侧物性差异（bimaterial contrast）影响断层破裂过程的研究对于深入认识地震动力学过程、地震灾害预测及评估等有重要的科学意义.