Hydrogeomorphological mapping in ground water exploration using remotely sensed data — a case study in keonjhar district, orissa

Identification of fractures/lineaments and hydrogeomorphic units is prerequisite for undertaking ground water exploration and development in any terrain. Use of satellite remote sensing techniques coupled with aerial photo-interpretation greatly aid in planning ground water exploration, and pin pointing well sites In this study, airborne and space borne data was used for qualitative evaluation of ground water resources and a critical appraisal of such study in combination with hydrogeological and hydrogeophysical techniques for ground water exploration and development in Keonjhar district of Orissa. The study area has been divided into various geomorphic units based on visual interpretation of Landsat (TM) false colour composite on. 1:2,50,000 scale and the ground water potential of each of the units is qualitatively assessed. Digital image processing techniques such as principal component analysis and brightness index were used for generating classified outputs. The features like valley fills, pediments ete appeared clearly on the classified image. Directional filtering brought out minor fractures/lineaments crisply. The study has revealed the significance of different hydrogeomorptuc units and lineaments in Controlling ground water potential of the area. The findings were corroborated by resalts of drilling and resistivity soundings.     

Application of Landsat and aerial data for evaluating the hydrogeologic conditions of Pambar River Sub-Basin,Tamil Nadu

Landsat Falsle-Colour composites of 250,000 scale were used for evaluating the hydrogeologic conditions of Pambar River Sub-Basin. The region studied is comprised of crystalline metamorphic rocks. Oval features and Lineaments suspected to be the potential zones for ground water exploration were mapped from Landsat images. These areas were studied in detail using aerial photographs of 1:60,000 scale followed by field checks. Integrating the geology, geomorphology, landuse and geophysical data a final hydrogeologic conditions of the area was evaluated. The study indicates that the oval features mapped from Landsat images are the structural basins. Though many wells are located on the linear features, the yields of the wells are low due to mineralization. Against the general view that the sturcltural basins will have good ground water potential, it is interesting to note that the basins located within Pambar River Sub-Basin does not show good potential possibilities. The favourable geomorphic units such as buried channels, buried pediments, etc., are the only potential reservoirs available in this area.     

Perspect and assessment of groundwater resources using remote sensing techniques in and around Choral river basin,Indore and Khargone districts,M.P.

The study area around Choral river basin in the Narmada valley region, forms a part of Indore and Khargone districts of Madhya Pradesh. The geological, geomorphologic, lineament, hydrogeomorphic and groundwater potential zone maps of the study area have been prepared using IRS IC LISS III FCC imagery on 1:50,000 scale. Various litho-units, different land-forms, lineament fabric and hydro-geomorphic units have been worked out by visual interpretation methods and frequent field checks. The integrated hydro-geomorphological map of the study area reveals that the groundwater potential in denudation landforms such as buried pediplains, plateaus, denudational and residual hills is moderate-to-poor. On the other hand, the groundwater occurrence in structural landforms like structural hills, lineaments/faults and narrow gorges is likely to be good to moderate and the depositional landforms namely alluvial plains, valley-fills and meandering-channels favour the accumulation of sub-surface water and, therefore, may be considered as good recharge zones. From the point of view of groundwater occurrence, various hydro-geomorphic units have been classified as high, moderate and low potential zones.     

Geology of the area around Katta,sindhudurg district,Maharashtra. Based on aerospace data

Geological studies of the area around Katta, in the southern part of the Ratnagiri District of Maharashtra, were carried out with the help of visual remote sensing techniques using LANDSAT imageries on 1:250,000 scale and aerial photographs on 1:60,000 scale. The major stratigraphic units represented in the area under study are the Archean Complex, Kaladgi Supergroup, Deccan Trap, Laterite and Alluvium. The Kaladgis unconformably overlie the Archean metasediments and also at places exhibit faulted contacts with the latter. The major part of the area is covered by a thick evergreen vegetation. The interpretation followed by field work and laboratory work revealed the following:

1. The different lithologic units could be delineated on the aerial photographs.
2. Different lineaments marked on the imagery were found to be due either to faults or fracture zones. Some of the older faults appear to have been rejuvenated after the formation of the laterites.
3. Some of the lithologic horizons can be identified on the Landsat imagery by virtue of their spatial signatures.

These studies indicate that even in the area covered with thick vegetation, aerospace imagery in appropriate band and data scale can provide significant geological information.     

Geology of the area around Badami,Bijapur District,Karnataka state—A study based on interpretation of remotely sensed data

Geological studies in the area around Badami, Bijapur District, Karnataka, were carried out with the help of Landsat imagery and aerial photographs. The study are forms a part Kaladgi Basin which is located on the northernmost fringes of the exposed Dharwar Craton. Archaen Peninsular Gneiss and intrusive Granodiorite/Granites (≈Clospet Granite) form the basement for the Middle to Late Proterozoic Kaladgi Super Group sediments which are, in turn, overlain in the north by the Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene Deccan flood basalt lavas. Geological mapping of the study area and inferences about the structural setup were primarily based on interpretation of the remotely sensed data. The combined interpretative study of Landsat imagery and aerial photographs was instrumental in mapping of the lithostratigraphic units exposed in the study area along with the structures associated with them.     

Hydrogeomorphological studies by remote sensing application in niva river basin, chittoor district, andhra pradesh

To evaluate the hydrogeomorphological conditions of Niva river basin Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, geological, hydrogeological and geomorphological studies were carried out. through visual interpretation of Landsat 5, FCC with adequate ground truth. The study shows that the Niva river basin is occupied by granites and gneisses of Archaean age with intrusive bodies of dolerites. The recent alluvium deposits are present along the stream courses. The study area is traversed by various directional fractures/lineaments and most of them are NESW, ENE-WSW and EW directions. Groundwater potential of geomorphological units viz. Denudational hill, Residual hill, Pediment, Pediplain and Valley fill is discussed.     

热带森林植被的动态变化遥感监测

本文讨论了以热带森林植被为主体的再生资源的面积动态变化监测。研究中包括两个部分。首先,我们利用多时相遥感图像对大面积的西双版纳州进行地类判读,系统地分析了森林植被的动态变化。其次,利用Landsat MSS和TM数据对自然保护区的动态变化进行了包含无监督分类和归一化差值植被指数分析的数字图像处理,变化分类也相当符合实际。总的实验结果表明,这种监测方法是很有效的,可在再生资源监测中特别是在森林植被监测中加以推广应用。     

Interpretation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery for geological appraisal: A comparative study in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh

The paper describes the details of a comparative study of geological interpretations carried out from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery, Landsat MSS (B & W) imagery and Aerial Photographs, covering 2100 sq km of area in Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh. The area comprises Peninsular—Gneissic Complex and rocks of Dharwar and Cuddapah Super Groups beside the Quaternary alluvial deposits along the Penneru river and its tributaries. Geomorphologically the areas is represented by denudational, fluvial and structural landforms. The study indicates that the details of the geological and geomorphological maps prepared from SAR imagery and aerial photographs are comparable despite the smaller scale of SAR imagery while the same are not exhibited in Landsat imagery mainly due to its low resolution. Although broad lithological units are possible to be discriminated on SAR as well as aerial photographs, some of the finer rock types viz. gabbroic dykes could be discriminated from the delerite dykes in the SAR imagery due to their different surface roughness. Stereoscopic coverage and enhanced micro-relief of SAR imagery gives better geomorphological details in comparison to aerial photographs. A detailed study of lineaments has also been carried out which shows that in SAR imagery there is over-representation of short lineaments due to enhanced micro-relief and radarshadow effects across the look direction and under-representation of lineaments along the look direction. Landsat imagery is perhaps the best for demarcating lineaments of regional magnitude while aerial photographs are good for depicting shorter lineaments. However, certain lineaments seen in SAR imagery are often not continuously seen on aerial photographs.     

Geology and geomorphology of Cumbum valley and Varushanadu hills,Madural district,Tamil Nadu through remote sensing

The Varushanad hills forms the eastern offshoot of the Western Ghats and the Cumbum valley divides the Varushnad hills from the Western Ghats. Investigations were carried out in about 1700 sq Km comprising the Cumbum valley and the Varushanad hills of the Western Ghats situated in Periakulam Srivalliputhur and Usilampatti taluks of Tamil Nadu on the geological and geomorphological aspects. Remote sensing techniques were used and limited field checks were made. Visual interpretation of aerial photographs on 1:60,000 scale was carried out for identifying the geomorphological features, drainage pattern and lithology. Digital analysis of the Landsat computer compatible tape (CCT) path-row 154–053 was also carried out to delineate major lithological variations. Major lineaments were also mapped from the Landsat imagery and false colour composite. The rock types of the Cumbum valley and the Varushanad hills are mainly charnockites, granite gneiss and pink granites which have been deformed by folds and faults. The various geomorphological units of the area are ridges, valleys, bazada zone and pediment zone of mountain complex. Resources evalution studies on the potential zone of ground water and possible construction materials were also discussed.     

Role of remote sensing in demarcation of alluvial fan deposits in Tarai-Bhabar belt of Nainital District (U.P.) and the environmental impact assessment

Remotely sensed data has unique advantage aver conventional data collection techniques in the study of geomorphology, as physiographical and geo-structural parameters are mostly discernible on the imagery. In the present study an attempt has been made to identify and evaluate the process of geomorphological evolution and hydrogeological conditions, temporal changes in pattern of geomorphic elements and overall impact on environment in alluvial fan region in Nainital District using multidate satellite data from Landsat (1975, 1986) and IRS (1993), through visual interpretation technique. The landuse changes are quite prominent in alluvial fan of upper and lower zone. As a consequence of deforestation, an area of 16 sq. km. of natural forest cover has been lost over a span of 18 years (1975–1993) leading to the increase in rate of erosion as well as environmental degradation in upstream areas. The study suggests that the ground water utilization in Tarai belt without replenishment of confined aquifers and installation of more tubewells in Bhabar belt may lead to total failure of flowing wells and subsequently disturb the balanced ecosystem.     

Sub-surface water regime related to landform studies through satellite images

Based on the visual interpretation of satellite (Landsat) false colour composite imagery, the entire Haryana State is divided into eleven landform units. Seven major landform units are studied in details with respect to water table fluctuation, ground water quantum and draft. The studies reveal that usable recharge and draft per unit area are maximum in case of area of water seepage and periodic flooding followed by Yamuna and Ghaggar flood plain and upper alluvial plains with occasional sand dunes. The minimum recharge and draft are observed in case of dune areas.     

Geological remote sensing in parts of subarnarekha — baitarani basin,Eastern India

Landsat imagery have been interpreted visually and under Additive Colour Viewer to interpret the regional geology and geomorphology in parts of Subarnarekha-Baitarani basin. The area lies south of Singhbhum shear zone and represents Precamrain shield. Important Simlipal ultrabasic volcanic complex of Orissa is included in the area. Although detailed map of the area is available, yet an attempt has been made to interpret the imagery for evaluating the results provided in comparison to the existing maps. Delineation of main lithological groups is possible. Having some data from the existing maps, lithoiogical boundary delineation of Mica Schist-Phyllite-Quartzite, Granites and Gneisses, Dhanjori Lava, Anorthosite-Gabbro Complex and Dolerite dykes, all of Precambrian age, has been done. Laterite and Quaternary sediments are also picked up. Lineament mapping has been carried out from imagery, which is difficult to map in the field. N--S and NNW-SSE lineament system is very prominent in Simlipal complex whereas in other parts NNW-SSE and NNE-SSW trends are common. The major fault plane running NNE-SSW in the area is responsible for the present-day configuration of Subarnarekha river. Identification of different geomorphological units is perhaps best done on imagery. Several geomorphic units like structural Hill, Denudational Hill, Pediment, Buried Pediment, Lateritic Clay Plain, Laterite upland, Terrace Plain etc have been mapped. Valley fills are wellpicked up from imagery. Hydrogeological potentiality of the different geologic and geomorphic units have been evaluated qualitatively. Ground water occurrence, movement and potentiality are mainly controlled by structural, geological and geomorphological set-up of the area. Buried Pediment, Laterite upland, Laterite clay plain and alluvial fills are the potential zones from the view point of ground water occurrences. Comparative study of the different Landsat bands and band-filter combinations under Additive Colour Viewer has been undertaken to find out the enhancement capability in delineating features. It is found that small scale geological and geomorphological maps can be prepared from Landsat imagery.     

Resource constraint mapping and management in arid tract of Punjab

The arid tract of Punjab experiences various problems like thick sand cover (sand dunes) in large area, poor retention of water and nutrients in coarse textured soils, soil salinity and/or alkalinity, water logging and poor ground water quality. In the present study multidate remotely sensed data both in the form of aerial photographs and satellite imagery on 1:50,000 scale were interpreted visually to map physiography and soils. The ground water samples from tubewells distributed all over the area were collected and analysed to prepare ground water quality map. The soil and ground water quality maps were integrated to produce a resource constraint map of the area showing physical, chemical and hydrological constraints. The study revealed that alluvial plain suffers from hydrological constraints due to marginal to.poor ground water in 86% of the total area. The sand dunes show both physical and hydrological constraints due to coarse textured (sandy) soils and brackish ground water. The basins having soil salinity and brackish ground water cover 0.10% of the area. Keeping in view the type of constraint, locale specific measures like levelling and stabilisation of sand dunes, reclamation of salt affected and water logged areas followed by plantation of tree species which act as biopumps are suggested. The conjuctive use of surface (canal) and ground water is essential to prevent secondary salinization and sodification. The study demonstrates the potential usefulness of remote sensing technology in mapping natural resources and assess the nature, magnitude and spatial distribution of resource constraints.     

Use of remote sensing in lineament analysis for tectonic evolution and resource study of a part of Vindhyan Basin,Jhalawar area,India

Synoptivity and the exemplified fracture systems exhibited by the space borne imagery data has helped in solving many of the geological enigma in various parts of the world. The study conducted, using such remotly sensed data, in Jhalawar anticline, part of Proterozoic Cratonic Vindhyan Basin, Rajasthan, India, led to infer the history of tectonic evolution of peribasinal deformation which has been a matter of controversy for a century and more. In Landsat MSS data the Jhalawar region displays a panorama of lineaments and their analysis through azimuthal frequency diagrams, isofracture, lineament incidence and lineament intersection incidence density maps shows that the mean orientation of the lineaments fall in NW-SE and NE-SW and the shape of the various lineament density contours also show NE-SW and NW-SE orientations. In aerial photographs the area exhibits four sets of lineaments in NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S and E-W directions. Amongst these the former two sets are expressed as wide open master fracture systems with prolific vegetation fills along them and the latter two sets are characteristically observed as thin vegetation linears with frequent strike slip faulting along them. The further analysis of these fracture/lineament systems derived from multi-level remote sensing data shows that the Jhalawar anticline, which followed the pattern of flexural slip fold mechanism, was evolved by horizontally disposed σ1 (greatest principal stress) and 3σ (least principal stress) with the former oriented in NE-SW and the latter aligned in NW-SE directions with vertically disposed 2σ. The inference of such palaeostress environment of the Jhalawar region lead in the identification of a buried rigid basement high southwest of Jhalawar anticline, beneath the Deccan pile and loci of ground water, silica sand and probable igneous plug.     

中国西部喀喇昆仓明铁盖多金属矿化区的卫星遥感勘查

成矿环境的地质分析与遥感探测标志是矿产遥感定位的     

Satellite remote sensing in urban sprawl mapping & monitoring a case study of Delhi

Visual interpretation of satellite data products coupled with field checking is a very useful technique of finding out the physical growth of urban centres. The expansion of urban centres is very fast and conventional ground methods are slow and in-accurate because by these methods, delineation of built-up area is difficult. Mapping and monitoring the urban sprawl, as a result of urban decay of city centre, at regular intervals is very essential for urban planners to understand the trend of development on the urban periphery and subsequently to regulate it. In this study, various data products like Landsat MSS, TM, Toposheets were used to find out the growth of Delhi urban area since 1975 to 1988. Thematic Mapper imagery was used to prepare a broad landuse/land cover map of Delhi and environs. This study was very useful in finding out the potential, as well as shortcomings of satellite data products in the study of various urban aspects.     

Evaluation of geology and structure of eastern Harda-Barwah basin,Madhya Pradesh using remote sensing techniques with field checks in crucial sections

The geological studies of the eastern parts of Harda-Barwah basin covering about 3000 sq. km area on 1∶50,000 scale have been carried out using satellite imagery of IRS (FCC), supplemented by Landsat TM/MSS scences and air photos. The present studies with the aid of satellite imagery and remote sensing techniques have brought out the regional stratigraphy and structure of the area and helped in deciphering the interrelationship of various rock groups in the Narmada lineament zone. The area comprises Archaean/Proterozoic gneisses, the Mahakoshal volcano sedimentary suite, the Harda granitoids, the Bijawar Group and the rocks of Vindhyan Supergroup, Deccan Trap and Quaternary sediments. The Archaean/Proterozoic rocks comprising gneisses and schist form basement. The Mahakoshal Group of rocks occur along the ENE-WSW to E-W trending Narmada lineament zone and comprise foliated quartzite, actinolite-chlorite-sericite phyllite and metabasics. The Harda granitoids showing intrusive relationship with earlier rocks, comprise coarse-grained crudely foliated grey to pink granites, fine to medium grained homogeneous granites and porphyritic granites. The Bijawar Group comprises quarzite, chert breccia and dolomite in the order of younging and shows unconformable relationship with the Mahakoshal and the Harda granitoids. The Bijawar rocks show doubly plunging major synformal structure and numerous sympathetic minor folds along ENE-WSW to E-W axis and cross folds along NW-SW axis. The Bijawar rocks are unconformably overlain by a sequence of sandstone and shales belonging to the Rewa Group of the Vindhyan Supergroup. The Deccan Trap lava flows represent the last igneous activity in the area. The Quaternary deposits comprising a cyclic sequence of sand, silt, clay and rock gravels of the Narmada river represent the youngest formation of the area.     

Study of alluvial and Talus Fans in the Garhwal Himalaya by remote sensing technique

Investigations were carried out in the Garhwal, with ranges of Lesser and Outer Himalaya. Alluvial and Talus Fans in this area are quite widespread and are generally coalescing in nature, covering linear zones almost parallel to the lesser and outer Himalyan Ranges. These fans and their deposits have been mapped and identified on the basis of the study of Landsat imagery and aerial photographs. They appear to be spreading outwordly from the escarpments often with divergent pattern of drainage. In all seven such zones of coalescing alluvial and talus fans have been identified. Zone 1 appear to be alluvial plain in front of the outer Himalayan Siwalik ranges. Zones 2, 3 and 4 may be infillings between the ranges. Whereas, zones 5, 6 and 7 may be pediplains within the Lesser Himalayan ranges. Based on the degree of their dissection, the fans in this area seems to be chronologically younger successively towards the outer parts of Himalaya.     

On stereo pair decomposition on landsat imagery

In interpretation of Landsat imagery that are obtained in different spectral bands, it is often desirable to superimpose some sort of ‘z’ information like terrain height, gravity or magnetic field of the Earth over these imagery. This can be achieved by decomposition of Landsat imagery into synthetic stereo pair by using known ‘z’ information. This enhances interpretation capabilities and such stareo decomposition is quite useful in many practical applications. Here, a method of stereo decomposition of Landsat image when ‘z’ information is available has been developed and implemented. As an illustrative example, a method has been applied for a Landsat scene and the results of the same are shown in the plates.     

Remote sensing techniques to locate ground water potential zones in upper Urmil River Basin, district Chhatarpur — Central India

In the present study efforts have been made to locate favourable zones for ground water targeting using IRS-USS-II data, Hydromorphogeological lineament, lineament density and ground water prospect maps have been prepared through visual interpretation of geocoded images on 1:50,000 scale and Survey of India topographical maps of the same scale. The resulting base line information has been integrated for evaluating ground water potential of mapping units. The alluvial plain, flood plain, infilled valley and deeply buried pediplain ace the prospective zones of ground water exploration and development. Fractures and faults parallel to drainage courses constitute priority zones for ground water targetting.