长江三峡工程坝区及外围地壳稳定性评价与分区研究

本文分长江三峡工程坝区及外围（约３１对万ｋｍ２）和长江三峡工程库首区（约３万ｋｍ２）两个层次和范围进行区域地壳稳定性评价与分区研究，在构造分区及现今地应力地场研究的基础上，运用模糊数学进行地壳稳定性量化综合评价，然后结合地质分析，进行地壳稳定性分区。长江三峡工程坝区及外围地壳稳定性评价与分区结果为：库首区地壳稳定性总体系属相对较稳定一稳定状态，三斗坪坝址区属于相对稳定地块；长江三峡工程库首区地壳稳定性评价与分区结果为：三斗坪坝址位于古老的花岗岩完整块体之上，属于相对稳定（Ⅰ）地块。从区域地壳稳定性评价看，     

三峡库首区现今构造应力场的形成体制分析

本文从地质、地震、形变、地应力测量等方面对三峡库首区现今构造应力场进行了系统的分析和论证,并用数值模拟进行了验证,认为三峡库首区现今构造应力场属于纯剪切变形体制,即:在来自西部NE-SW方向主压应力挤压的基础上,同时叠加有因江汉-洞庭盆地拉张而引起的NWW-SEE向主张应力的作用,这两种力源近于直交,可以分别作为研究区现今构造应力场的主压应力(σ₁)和主张应力(σ₃).      

太原盆地应力场演化与强震关系的数值模拟研究

近年来,太原盆地内尽管没有强震发生,小震却异常活跃,而研究太原盆地构造应力场的分布和演化规律的工作比较少.采用有限元数值方法,综合考虑区域地质构造差异、主要活动断裂带、地形起伏和岩石圈分层结构,引入深部速度结构,建立包含太原盆地在内的山西地区三维粘弹性模型.以GPS观测值和最大主压应力方向测量值为约束条件,重建研究区现今构造背景应力场.在此基础上,依次模拟了自公元512年以来太原盆地6级以上和山西地震带7级以上历史强震序列.计算结果显示,太原盆地内的3次6级以上历史地震均落在应力场增加值大于0.01 MPa的区域,盆地近年来小震空间分布与现今应力增加值大于0.01 MPa的区域有较好的对应关系.研究表明:山西地震带内历史强震序列和长期构造加载对太原盆地内3次历史强震均有促进作用,太原盆地的地震活动性明显受区域当前应力水平的控制.      

黄河龙羊峡水电站水库诱发地震的初步预测

本文按该水库的区域地质构造、地震活动背景与水库诱发地震的工程地质特征,将水库区划分为四个诱震环境的工程地质区段,并初步指出水库蓄水后可能潜在的水库地震的震中区及可能最大的震级。初步结论是:主要危险地段在Ⅰ区(即库首附近),最大可能的震级M_s<5级,影响到坝区的烈度不超过Ⅶ度(低于坝区的基本烈度),对坝区不会产生特殊不利影响,但应注意库首右岸的库岸滑塌以及大规模的滑塌所产生涌浪的影响。最大主震可能发生在满库前后。由于库盆是由第四纪的松软堆积物组成,在水位的多次变动所引起的库岸滑塌及黄河泥淤积的特点,可能很快在库首形成铺盖,起到阻挡库水沿断裂下渗的作用,而不利于诱发地震的继续发展。     

三峡工程库首区及狮子口重力滑动构造系统的构造应力场研究

基于野外实测和室内测试,计算分析及有限元模拟,对三峡工程库首区燕山期和喜山期的区域构造应力场以及狮子口重力滑动构造应力场进行研究。区域构造应力场的主要特征是：燕山主期σ1和σ1近水平,分别近S－N向和E－W向,σ2近直立,差异应力200MPa、变化范围150－250MPa;喜山主期σ1近水平,总体方向NNE70－SW250°,差异应力100MPa,变化范围80－120MPa,在空间变化上,前者表现为南部差异应力高于北部差异应力,后者的变化规律不太明显。狮子口重力滑动构造系统的应力场比较复杂,总体呈近E－W向的前缘挤压、后缘拉伸,而滑动系统内部叠置产出的三个滑块也分别表现出后缘拉伸、前缘挤压并交替出现的特点,反映了区域应力场背景下的局部构造应力场特征。     

长江三峡工程的地质构造环境及地球动力学演变分析

根据卫星遥感影像特征和区域地质调查与地球应力分析的综合材料,运用遥感地质学和地球动力学及地质环境演变的分析方法,对长江三峡工程的背景构造(区域构造)-岩块构造(体域构造)-坝区构造(局域构造)进行了多层次的系统研究,查清了地质构造环境演变过程及其变化规律,发现了多级构造序次及多级构造应力场之间的相互转变关系,提出区域应力场与库区荷载应力场和周边采矿卸载应力场的共振效应,是对工程安全运行和长周期工程寿命的最大潜在威胁,为大型工程优化管理和工程灾害风险预防及国家建设合理决策等方面提供科学依据。     

汶川8.0级大地震震源机制与构造运动特征

根据地震震源机制、断层参数结果,结合GPS测定的同震位移场与构造研究的最新结果,综合分析研究了2008年汶川8级大地震汶川地震发生的地震活动背景、震源应力场、断层构造运动特征及其动力学机制。地震活动性分析研究结果表明,2008年汶川8级大地震是在青藏高原与其周边地域构造运动剧烈,2001年起始的地震活动高潮期的背景下发生的。其长达300km的地震震源断层填补了青藏高原东缘1900年以来存在的8级地震活动的空区。震源机制与区域应力场特征及其动力学机制研究表明,汶川8级地震震源处于南北地震带中南段东部,青藏高原东向扩张与四川盆地的抵抗是该区构造运动的主要特征。汶川地震及其强余震是在一个稳定的、主压应力P轴以北西西-东南东方向为主的震源应力场控制下发生的。说明汶川地震震源区域主要受到四川盆地、华南块体区域应力场的控制并发震的。龙门山断裂带西侧的青藏高原相对于四川盆地发生的东向上升;而东侧的四川盆地相对于青藏高原发生的西向下降构造运动是2008年汶川8级地震发生的主要地震成因即地震发生机制。     

2019年6月17日四川长宁6.0级地震震后应力演化与余震关系

2019年6月17日四川长宁县发生6.0级地震,该次地震余震活动频度高、强度大,其中超过5.0级的强余震就有4次,具有不同于以往6.0级地震的独特特征.余震活动与震后区域应力变化密切相关,为研究它们之间的关系,考虑区域主要活动构造、地表起伏和深部反演结果,建立长宁地区岩石圈三维黏弹性有限元模型.采用数值方法重建基本符合研究区GPS观测和最大水平主压应力方向测量结果的现今构造背景应力场.进而依次模拟了长宁6.0级地震和5.0级以上强余震序列.通过计算库仑破裂应力变化研究了震后应力演化与余震分布,以及主震和5.0级强余震序列之间的关系.研究表明,长宁6.0级地震的发生可能与区域内非构造加载因素有关,余震活动明显受震后区域应力变化的控制.长宁地震后,于滩-长宁背斜在10 km深度应力得到充分释放,库仑破裂应力明显减小;而在3 km深度库仑破裂应力明显增加,应力水平仍然较高.      

日本MW 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义探讨

为了探讨日本M_W 9.0级大地震前后华北和东北地区现今构造应力作用调整过程与研究意义,对华北和东北地区进行原位现今地应力绝对测量与实时监测、GPS测量,结果表明：日本大地震在山东半岛、华北北部地区和东北地区所诱发同震位移引起的张性效应调整周期分别约为6个月(即调整结束时间大约在2011年9月)、15个月(即调整结束时间大约在2012年6月)和26个月(即调整结束时间大约在2013年5月),张性效应调整周期与同震位移大小成正比。在这种调整过程中,往往表现出区域现今构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换,并可能伴随重大地质事件(如地震等)的发生。2012年5月28日和29日、6月18日、8月26日及2013年1月11日在唐山及其周围地区分别发生的4.8级、3.2级、4.0级、3.3级和3.0级地震与华北北部地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而2013年10月31日以来在吉林省松原市发生的地震群应与东北地区构造应力作用方式和构造应力场转换有关,而非一个大地震前的小震群。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷构造应力场弹-塑性增量法数值模拟

泥岩裂缝油气藏是大庆油田古龙凹陷主要的油气藏类型之一 ,构造裂缝储层在该类油气藏中占有重要地位。老第三纪末及现今的应力释放区是该区泥岩裂缝性储层的主要发育区。构造应力释放区的泥岩储层渗透条件得到改善 ,现今应力场控制着地层压力的分布。采用弹塑性增量的有限元法模拟了古龙地区青山口组地层老第三纪末与现今两期构造应力场。根据区域构造研究结果确定主应力方向 ,以确定应力场的分期。采用晶格位错密度法、水压致裂法及声发射法测定岩石的构造应力值 ,并作为构造应力场模拟的约束条件。由岩石力学试验测定岩石物性参数 (弹性模量和泊松比 ) ,根据区域沉积相带分析建立岩相地质模型。结合钻井及区域地质资料 ,对模拟结果进行分析研究 ,识别出古今四个应力释放区。其中他拉哈、新站两应力释放区的勘探程度高 ,绝大多数钻井资料印证了数值模拟结果的正确性 ;而葡西、杏西高西两应力释放区钻井资料较少 ,应作为潜在的裂缝储层勘探靶区。     

成庄矿区构造特征及应力场分析

本文对成庄矿区褶皱、断层及3号煤层的构造特征进行了总结论述.通过对矿区节理的统计、配套和分期,对该区燕山期以来的主应力方位、期次进行了划分,将主应力划分为3期,同时将成庄矿区含煤地层形成以后的构造演化划分为三个阶段:早期应力阶段奠定成庄矿区煤田构造基本格架;中期应力阶段对成庄矿区造成的影响很小;晚期应力阶段完成了矿区内煤田构造基本格局.     

The Late Eocene and Late Miocene fronts of the Atlas Belt in eastern Maghreb: integration in the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain

Regional cross sections at the scale of the eastern Maghreb based on subsurface and field data allow presenting the structural styles related to the Middle-Late Eocene compressional events. The structural cross sections depict that the Late Eocene front of the Atlas Belt extends far through the Northern Africa plate margin comparatively to the Late Miocene front cropping out in the Eastern Tunisian Atlas. The sections allow proposing a new subsurface front for the Atlas belt encompassing a large part of the Pelagian-Sirt basins. The consequences of this particular configuration are discussed at the scale of the south Tethys margin and replaced in the frame of the geodynamic evolution of the Mediterranean Domain.     

Late Cenozoic Metallogeny of Southwest Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract: This paper reviews the Miocene to Pleistocene tectonic framework, geology, magmatic style and stress field of southwest Hokkaido, Japan, and compiles deposit form, type, ore and alteration minerals, strike and length of mineralized veins, and associated igneous activity. The late Cenozoic tectonic regime of the Sapporo‐Iwanai ore district is divided into five periods on the basis of the subduction mode of the Pacific plate: Period 1 (15.0–12.1 Ma) oblique‐subduction setting with an orthogonal convergence rate (OCR) of 51–81 mm/y; Period 2 (12.1–6.2 Ma) normal subduction with an OCR of 81–94 mm/y; Period 3 (6.2–3.6 Ma) oblique subduction setting with an OCR of 73–99 mm/y; Period 4 (3.6–1.5 Ma) normal‐subduction setting with an OCR of 99–103 mm/y and Period 5 (1.5–0 Ma) oblique‐subduction setting with an OCR from 99 to 57 mm/y. The hydrothermal deposits in the district include Kuroko deposits of Period 1 and epithermal vein‐type deposits of Periods 2 to 5. The Kuroko deposits were accompanied by submarine monogenetic rhyolite volcanism associated with tholeiitic basalt in the backarc region. In contrast, Late Miocene to Pliocene epithermal vein‐type deposits were associated mainly with polygenetic andesite and monogenetic rhyodacite volcanism of calc‐alkaline series. These different styles of magmatism occurred in an extensional tectonic regime (Period 1), and weakened extensional (Periods 2–3) or neutral tectonic regimes (Periods 4). Periods 2–5 epithermal vein‐type deposits are divided into base‐metal and precious‐metal deposits. The base‐metal deposits are associated mainly with large (>5 km in diameter) polygenetic andesitic volcanoes and subvol‐canic intrusions. The precious‐metal deposits are associated with small (<5 km in diameter) polygenetic or monogenetic volcanoes and/or subvolcanic intrusions of andesite, dacite and rhyolite near the volcanic arc front. This difference in distribution is ascribed to different states of horizontal differential stress. Productive vein‐type deposits, such as Toyoha, Inakuraishi, Ohe and Chitose, formed in the neutral regime with a large horizontal differential stress during Period 4, which may have promoted strike‐slip faulting and non–extrusive, subvol‐canic intrusion. This tectonic regime and stress field resulted from the normal subduction of the Pacific plate with elevated velocity. This observation leads to the conclusion that large metallic deposits in southwest Hokkaido are expected to have formed primarily during Pliocene magmatic‐hydrothermal activity, when the orthogonal convergence rate was highest and strike‐slip faulting was active.     

四川盆地喜马拉雅期张扭性断裂构造特征及形成机制

前人对四川盆地盆缘冲断带及川中高-磨地区断裂系统进行了系统性研究,但对于盆地其他区块断裂发育特征、形成演化及应力背景的认识尚不充分.发现了梓潼-成都-威远-华蓥山-广安地区震旦系-下三叠统地层中发育的一套区域性张扭性断裂,主要自震旦系及以下地层向上延伸切穿二叠系地层,多为高陡、小断距正断层,部分形成负花状构造.根据该断裂系统的剖面产状、纵向穿层特征及盆地范围内体现出的分异性,推断该断裂系统形成于喜马拉雅期.物理模拟实验研究发现该断裂体系应发育于扭张性应力环境中,该断裂体系的发育指示了四川盆地内部新生代存在南西-北东向张应力,可能与四川盆地新生代发生的逆时针旋转有关.      

湘中南晋宁期和加里东期构造线走向变化成因

湘中南晋宁期和加里东期构造线走向横向上存在显著变化,通道-溆浦-安化-桃江一线晋宁期与加里东期构造线呈向北西凸出的弧形弯曲;湘东浏阳-川口一带晋宁期构造线自北而南由东西向转为北东-北北东向,加里东期构造线在湘南九嶷山地区和彭公庙-汝城一带为东西向,在都庞岭-塔山隆起带以及高挂山-关帝庙隆起带呈北东-北北东向,在湘中大乘山-龙山一带呈东西向。地质与地球物理资料显示湖南境内钦杭结合带与扬子陆块分界可能沿南桥-新化-隆回-苗儿山一线,自东向西由东西向转为北北东向;与华夏陆块分界可能沿川口-常宁-双牌一线,呈北东向。通过与区域挤压应力方向结合,上述构造边界走向可以较好地解释湘中南地区晋宁期和加里东期构造线方向的若干横向变化特征。      

Fault growth and main controlling factors in deep area of Gaoyou SagEI北大核心CSCD

Study of fault growth in deep area of the Gaoyou Sag has great significance for the understanding of the structural evolution and hydrocarbon accumulation of the Gaoyou Sag. Based on high-precision 3D seismic data, the displacement-length relationship and throw data of faults are integrated to reconstruct the growth of the boundary fault and secondary faults in the eastern deep area of the Gaoyou Sag and controlling factors of the fault growth are discussed by analyzing the tectonic stress field and numerical simulation. This study revealed that the Zhen 2 boundary fault had six segments which grew independently in the Eocene Dainan Period and subsequently linked into four segments in the Eocene Sanduo Period. The Zhen 2 fault growth included two phases: short rapid lateral lengthening initially in Dainan Period, followed by a longer phase of slip accumulation and linkage of segments in the Sanduo Period. The strike of Zhen 2 fault which is widely and gently undulate kept in step with Zhen1 extensional boundary fault that controlled the structural evolution of the Subei Basin. The structure of Zhen 2 fault tips is contributed to interaction of fault segments. Two segments overlapped and linked with its neighbor by relay zone, otherwise the segments kept away from the fault and linked near the tip of the fault which interacting the growth progress. The secondary faults are linked alternatively by segments of NEE strike and EW strike and the segments of NEE strike are developed initially in the Dainan Period. Numerical simulation demonstrated that the extensional direction in the area of secondary faults is parallel to the extensional direction of the region and barely influenced by the Zhen 2 boundary fault. The orientational change of the tectonic stress field between the Paleocene and Eocene led to the linkage of secondary faults, which means that the segments of NEE strike are developed by pre-existing fabrics of the Paleocene and the segments of EW strike linked the NEE segments later in the Eocene. ©, 2015, Science Press. All right reserved.     

北大港构造带东翼华北期构造应力场模拟

通过对北大港构造带东翼对油气运聚影响较大的华北期(52~23.5 Ma)进行应力场模拟,结果表明,华北期构造运动的最大主压应力方向为近ESE向。华北期构造运动在北大港构造带东翼的构造剪应力值分布在18~42 MPa,大多分布在22~32 MPa,而在22~25 MPa间有较明显的梯度带,塑性变形后应力释放处,为构造裂缝发育区带。构造裂缝发育区NEE向的断层与华北期构造应力方向之间的夹角较小,开启性较好,有可能成为油气运移和聚集部位,但是也有可能成为油气散失的部位。结合现今构造应力场的模拟结果,综合分析认为构造剪应力值在22~25 MPa的构造发育区带内的ESE向的裂缝发育区带可能形成较好的油气藏,而ENE向的裂缝发育带则易成为现代油气散失的部位。     

山前复杂构造须家河组致密储层裂缝发育带综合预测

川西龙门山山前的须家河组气藏为受断层和构造控制的裂缝-岩性气藏,针对这类裂缝性复杂气藏利用基于地质成因的地史时期应力场(应变)分析、沿层构造属性分析和叠前三维地震数据相干体分析等手段进行分析处理可以达到气藏裂缝发育带预测目的.实践表明,虽然在山前复杂构造带利用地震资料研究储层裂缝及其发育带确实有较大的难度,但联合运用基于应力场和断层与构造属性的裂缝综合预测方法,仍然在龙门山前须家河组气藏的应用研究中取得到令人满意的地质效果.     

Regional dome evolution and its control on ore-grade distribution: Insights from 3D implicit modelling of the Navachab gold deposit,Namibia

We introduce a novel approach to analyse and assess the structural framework of ore deposits that fully integrates 3D implicit modelling in data-rich environments with field observations. We apply this approach to the early Palaeozoic Navachab gold deposit which is located in the Damara orogenic belt, Namibia. Compared to traditional modelling methods, 3D implicit modelling reduces user-based modelling bias by generating open or closed surfaces from geochemical, lithological or structural data without manual digitisation and linkage of sections or level plans. Instead, a mathematically defined spatial interpolation is used to generate 3D models that show trends and patterns that are embedded in large drillhole datasets. In our 3D implicit model of the Navachab gold deposit, distinctive high-grade mineralisation trends were identified and directly related to structures observed in the field. The 3D implicit model and field data suggest that auriferous semi-massive sulphide ore shoots formed near the inflection line of the steep limb of a regional scale dome, where shear strain reached peak values during fold amplification. This setting generated efficient conduits and traps for hydrothermal fluids and associated mineralisation that led to the formation of the main ore shoots in the deposit. Both bedding-parallel and highly discordant sets of auriferous quartz-sulphide veins are interpreted to have formed during the later lock-up stage of the regional scale dome. Additionally, pegmatite dykes crosscut and remobilise gold mineralisation at the deposit scale and appear to be related to a younger joint set. We propose that kilometre-scale active folding is an important deformation mechanism that influences the spatial distribution and orientation of mineralisation in ore deposits by forming structures (traps and pathways for fluids) at different preferred sites and orientations. We also propose that areas that experience high shear strain, located along the inflection lines of folds can act as preferred sites for syn-deformational hydrothermal mineralisation and should be targeted for regional scale exploration in fold and thrust belts. Our research also suggests that examination of existing drillhole datasets using 3D implicit modelling is a powerful tool for spatial analysis of mineralisation patterns. When combined with fieldwork, this approach has the potential to improve structural understanding of a variety of ore deposits.     

青海木里煤田构造格局与煤盆地构造演化

木里煤田属中祁连断隆带的一部分,煤田的构造格局总体呈NWW向展布的拗褶带。由于受近SN向地应力的作用,区内断层以NW、NWW向为主,受其影响,煤田在南北方向上呈带状、东西方向上呈段状展布,各煤矿点在平面上呈现出NWW向的带状分布。木里煤田盆地构造演化与整个祁连地区构造事件变化紧密相关,从燕山晚期的挤压抬升变形开始,经历了古近纪早喜山运动,挤压变形加剧,以及新近纪以来的晚喜山构造运动,最终形成了现今木里煤田南北分带、东西分段的区域构造格局。