Bioavailability of chromium from a used chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud to five species of marine invertebrates

The bioavailability of chromium from a used seawater chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud to three marine crustaceans, Portunus spinicarpus, Penaeus aztecus and Palaemonetes pugio, a polychaete worm, Neanthes virens, and a bivalve mollusc, Rangia cuneata, was evaluated. All five species showed an apparent accumulation of chromium during exposure to different types of mud-seawater mixtures. When the crustaceans were returned to mud-free seawater they rapidly released the accumulated chromium. Clams R. cuneata accumulated significant amounts of chromium when exposed to a substrate containing a layer of drilling mud. However, most of the chromium was released within 24 h when the clams were returned to a clean natural substrate, indicating that much of the chromium accumulated was in the form of unassimilated mud components in the digestive tract or on the gills. When the clams were exposed for 16 days to the mud aqueous fraction they accumulated up to 19 ppm chromium in their tissues. When returned to clean seawater, they released approximately half the chromium in 11 days. When exposed to the mud aqueous fraction, polychaetes Neanthes virerns accumulated less chromium than the other species studied, but retained nearly all the chromium during a 96 h depuration period. Bioavailability of chromium from a used chrome lignosulphonate drilling mud during short-term exposure is relatively low and is species dependent. Chromium associated with the soluble or fine particulate phase of the mud appears to be more bioavailable than that associated with the dense, rapidly sedimenting particles.     

Acute toxicity of heavy metals to two species of marine nematodes

The acute toxicity of seawater solutions of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and mercury to two species of free-living marine nematodes was studied. Enoplus brevis (Bastian) is a euryhaline species inhabitating intertidal estuarinemud. The closely related Enoplus communis (Bastian) is stenohaline and may be found as a commensal in the byssus threads of seed mussels. Specimens of both species were collected from two sites on the Northeast coast of England showing different levels of pollution by heavy metals. Both species were more susceptible to copper, lead and mercury than to zinc and cadmium, but the order of toxicity of the metals changed with exposure concentration. The euryhaline species survived better than the strictly marine species and there is a suggestion that animals from a polluted site were more tolerant of elevated of heavy metals.     

Acute toxicity of bromochlorinated seawater to selected estuarine species with a comparison to chlorinated seawater toxicity

The acute toxicity of bromochlorinated estuarine water (ca. 20%) was determined for several estuarine organisms. The most sensitive species were oysters (Crassostrea virginica, larvae and juveniles) and copepods (Acartia tonsa) with 48-h LC₅₀'s of 0·10 to 0·21 mg BrCl/litre. Palaemonetes pugio was most tolerant with a 96-h LC₅₀ of 0·70 mg BrCl/litre. The fish species tested (Menidia menidia, Brevoortia tyrannus and Leiostomus xanthurus) all had a 96-h LC₅₀ of 0·21–0·23 mg BrCl/litre.The BrCl toxicity data are compared with Cl₂ toxicity data for the same species. When the LC₅₀'s are expressed as equivalents per litre, BrCl is found to be two to four times less toxic than Cl₂. The ranking of species in terms of sensitivity is the same for both disinfectants.Some data are provided concerning the decay rates of BrCl and Cl₂ in estuarine water. BrCl was found to decay more rapidly than Cl₂ at higher ammonia levels (0·25 mg NH₄-N/litre). The question of chemical speciation is discussed with particular reference to the differential toxicities.     

The effects of used ferrochrome lignosulphonate drilling muds from a Santa Barbara channel oil well on the development of starfish embryos

The effects of water-soluble fractions (WSF) of thirteen used ferrochrome lignosulphonate muds on developing embryos of Patiria miniata were studied. The muds were collected during the drilling of a single slant well from Platform Hondo in the Santa Barbara Channel, California, at drilling depths of 4220 to 9858 ft. None of the embryos survived 48 hours' exposure in 25 % WSF of the muds (25,000 ppm mud added (v/v)). Significant reduction in growth and high abnormalities (up to 100%) were observed in the 15% WSF. In lesser concentrations the effects varied from significant reduction of growth, down to 0·5% for three muds, to significant enhancement of growth for several muds in some dilutions. The EC₅₀'s ranged from 5% to greater than 15% WSF. In the 5% WSF, decreased embryo growth was correlated with increasing Cr concentrations and possibly also with total organic carbon (TOC). Although experiments carried out with NaOH addition to simulate the strong alkalinity of the muds showed increased abnormalities and decreased embryo growth with increasing pH, in the chemically complex WSF (5% dilution) the opposite effect occurred. Dissociation of chrome lignosulphonate molecules from particulates may occur with increasing acidity and explain the relationship between pH and toxicity in dilute WSF. The results of these experiments are discussed in terms of the effects of dispersions of drilling muds in the oceanic environment. It is concluded that water column effects on organisms during the dumping of such muds are only likely within short distances of the discharge pipes of offshore drill rigs.     

Toxic contributions of specific drilling mud components to larval shrimp and crabs

We investigated the toxicities of six drilling muds, toxicities of mud fractions (supernatants and suspensions) and the toxicities of common mud components—barite and bentonite (particulates) and ferrochrome lignosulfonate (soluble)—to the stage I larvae of six species of shrimp and crab. The drilling muds we tested were not very toxic to these larvae: LC₅₀'s for supernatants ranged from 0·6 to 82% (vol/vol). Shrimp larvae were slightly more sensitive than crab larvae.Drilling muds were not rapidly toxic, in contrast to toxicants such as the water-soluble fractions of oil. Supernatants, prepared by centrifuging whole muds, were mildly toxic. Suspensions were more toxic than supernatants and toxicity was greatest when particulates remained suspended: for example, used Cook Inlet mud suspensions were about seven times more toxic than supernatants. The toxicity of used Cook Inlet mud was therefore primarily due to suspended solids (88%) rather than chemical toxicity: ferrochrome lignosulfonate was relatively toxic alone, but accounted for only about 6% of the toxicity of used Cook Inlet mud suspensions. Contributions of particulates to mud toxicities varied considerably. Barite and bentonite were not very toxic when tested alone. The toxicity of one mud was caused by its high alkalinity.     

几种常用消毒剂对杂色鲍幼鲍的急性毒性试验

在常温静水的条件下,分别用高锰酸钾、菌毒净、聚维酮碘对杂色鲍(Haliotis diversi-color Reeve)幼鲍进行急性毒性试验。试验结果表明,毒性大小依次为高锰酸钾>菌毒净>聚维酮碘。高锰酸钾对幼鲍24,48 h的LC50分别为17.1,5.18 mg/L。菌毒净对幼鲍24,48h的LC50分别为105,46.5 mg/L。聚维酮碘对幼鲍24,48 h的LC50分别为530,218 mg/L。菌毒净、聚维酮碘是较为理想的消毒药物。     

钻井液特征污染物的毒性评估和海洋测试生物的适用性比较

随着海上钻井数量的逐年增加、钻井液的使用量迅速增加,与之相关的环境危害引起了广泛关注,因此有必要筛选合适的毒性测试生物和开发环境友好的钻井液。本研究中,按照ISO11348-1(2007)、GB/T21805-2008和GB/T18420.2-2009的毒性测试方法,采用标准的海洋测试生物:发光细菌(Vibrio fischeri)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、诸氏鲻虾虎鱼(Mugilogobius chulae)、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)、卤虫(Artemia)、蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica),研究了钻井废液特征污染物(苯酚、七水硫酸锌、氯化汞)以及参比毒物十二烷基硫酸钠(Sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)的急性毒性效应。结果表明,钻井液特征污染物对6种海洋生物的急性毒性效应有所不同:Hg²⁺对海洋生物表现为极高毒性, Zn²⁺、SDS表现为中、高毒性,苯酚表现为中、低毒性; 6种海洋生物对4种特征污染物的敏感性顺序为:蒙古裸腹溞>诸氏鲻虾虎...     

多氯联苯在两种海洋微藻中毒性效应及富集效应的研究

通过分析2,2',3,4,4',5'-六氯联苯(PCB_(138))对牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)和亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)生长的影响,以及PCB_(138)对两种微藻超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性的影响,研究多氯联苯对海洋微藻的毒性效应,并采用气相色谱法研究了两种微藻对PCB_(138)的生物富集效应。结果表明,PCB_(138)对牟氏角毛藻和亚心形扁藻均有明显的毒性效应作用,对2种藻类的96 h半抑制质量浓度(96hEC_(50))分别为0.057 mg/和0.354 mg/L,与亚心形扁藻相比,牟氏角毛藻对PCB_(138)更敏感,耐受性更差;低浓度的PCB_(138)对两种微藻SOD酶活性有诱导作用,但当PCB_(138)浓度过高时,SOD酶活性下降;两种微藻对PCB_(138)均有明显的富集作用,随着培养时间的延长,牟氏角毛藻中富集的PCB_(138)含量呈上升趋势,而亚心形扁藻中PCB_(138)含量呈现先上升后下降趋势。     

Feeding habits of two fish species in relation to invertebrate drift in a New Zealand river

The relationship between the composition of the invertebrate drift fauna and the feeding habits of the common river galaxias Galaxias vulgaris and the upland bully Phily pnodon breviceps was examined in the Glentui River, Canterbury, New Zealand, between 1500 h on 12 November and 1500 h on 13 November 1971. The drift consisted of both night‐active and day‐active components. Galaxias vulgaris fed mainly at night, with peaks of feeding at dusk and dawn. Philypnodon breviceps had two peaks of feeding, at midday and midnight, between the peak feeding times of G. vulgaris. Feeding of G. vulgaris on its major food items coincided with the presence of the food items in the drift, whereas feeding of P. breviceps did not coincide with the occurrence of the food items in the drift. It is concluded that G. vulgaris is primarily an open‐water feeder and that P. breviceps searches for food on the river bed.     

Cadmium toxicity to three species of estuarine invertebrates

Three species of estuarine invertebrates, Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp), Pagurus longicarpus (hermit crab) and Argopecten irradians (bay scallop), were exposed to Cd in flowing seawater at concentrations of 0·06, 0·12, 0·25, 0·5 and 1·0 mg/litre. Incipient LC₅₀ values of 0·53 and 0·07 mg/litre were estimated for bay scallop and hermit crab, respectively. The toxicity curve for grass shrimp had not stabilised, but the incipient LC₅₀ value was estimated to fall within a range of 0·2 to 0·3 mg/litre. Short-term response, as measured by time to 50% mortality at the highest Cd concentration, was 10, 21 and 23 days for the bay scallop, hermit crab and grass shrimp, respectively. Scallop growth was inhibited at all exposure concentrations with a measured 42-day EC₅₀ value of 0·078 mg/litre Cd. Byssal thread detachment precedes death in bay scallops. An EC₅₀ value of 0·54 mg/litre Cd for byssal detachment was measured on day 8 of the bioassay before appreciable mortality. This compared favourably with the incipient LC₅₀ value of 0·53 mg/litre Cd. Cadmium accumulation occurred at all concentrations in bay scallop and grass shrimp.     

重金属锌,铅对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性试验

本文研究了必需元素Ｚｎ及非必需元素Ｐｂ对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性作用，得到Ｚｎ对其的４８ｈＬＤ５０和９６ｈＬＤ５０分别为１４７．９１、１６．４０ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３；Ｐｂ对其的４８ｈＬＤ５０和９６ｈＬＤ５０分别为３１．６２、１４．２８ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３。估算得到Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ对菲律宾蛤仔的安全浓度分别为０．８２、０．７１ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３。     

Tolerance of five species of tropical marine mussels to continuous chlorination

The paper examines the relative lethal and sublethal response of five important tropical marine mussels (Perna viridis, Perna perna, Brachidontes striatulus, Brachidontes variabilis and Modiolus philippinarum) to different chlorine concentrations varying from 0.25 to 15 mg l(-1). The mussels were observed to co-exist in the cooling water circuits of a coastal power station that adopted intermittent chlorination as a fouling control technique. The five mussel species showed, in response to chlorination, 100% mortality at significantly different exposure times, indicating significant species-specific variability in chlorine tolerance. For example, at 1 mg l(-1) residual chlorine, B. variabilis and P. viridis took 288 and 816 h, respectively, to achieve 100% mortality. The time taken for 100% mortality decreased with increasing chlorine residual concentration. The effect of mussel size (= mussel age) of P. viridis, P. perna, B. striatulus and M. philippinarum on mortality was significant between 1 and 5 mg l(-1) residual chlorine, with larger mussels showing greater resistance than smaller ones. All mussel species showed progressive reduction in physiological activities when chlorine residuals were increased from 0 to 1 mg l(-1). However, species-specific differences in the relative rate of physiological activities were observed. Accordingly, relative reduction in physiological activities in response to chlorination was the lowest in P. viridis and the highest in B. variabilis. The data clearly indicate significant differences in the lethal and sublethal responses of the five mussel species to chlorination. The results, therefore, suggest that for effective fouling control, chlorine treatment against mussels has to be employed judiciously, depending on the mussel species involved.     

Enzyme variation in marine and estuarine populations of a mud crab,Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Ocypodidae)

Protein and enzyme variation in 2 populations of the mud crab Macrophthalmus hirtipes (Jacquinot, 1853) (Ocypodidae) from 1 marine and 1 estuarine habitat were investigated by poly‐acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A survey of 24 loci revealed that 22 were common to both populations; 20 were monomorphic and 2 were highly polymorphic. Two alleles were detected for each of the polymorphic loci, esterase‐2 (EST‐2) and ester‐ase‐3 (EST‐3). The frequencies of the EST‐3 alleles were similar in the 2 populations. However, the frequencies of the 2 EST‐2 alleles in the estuarine population were significantly different from those for the marine population. Expression of 1 locus, esterase‐4 (EST‐4) was confined to the estuarine population. Two alkaline phosphatase loci (AKPH‐1 and AKPH‐2) were detected in the estuarine population, but only AKPH‐1 was found in the marine population. EST‐4 and AKPH‐2 were neither sex nor age specific. These interpopulational genetic differences may reflect differences in environmental conditions measured between the 2 habitats.     

Differences in the toxicities of an oil dispersant and a surface active agent to some marine animals,and their implications in the choice of species in toxicity testing

The toxicities of an oil dispersant (BP 1100X) and a surface active agent (Shell Herder) upon 18 marine species from different taxa, were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity of a product depends very much on the species tested. Some species exhibited high mortality when treated with BP 1100X, and low mortality when treated with Shell Herder, whereas the reverse was true for certain other species. The results therefore indicated a large bias potentially incurred in present procedures, by the use of one or two species in toxicity testing and screening of oil dispersants/surface active agents. It is here suggested that toxicity tests should be carried out on species which are ecologically important (e.g. ‘key species’ of a community or population with a high energy flow value) in identified receiving environments, rather than on those which are easy to obtain and maintain in the laboratory.     

Acute toxicity of tributyltin to the Caprellidea (Crustacea: Amphipoda)

In order to compare the acute toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) between sexes, five species of caprellid amphipods were exposed to seven levels (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microg l(-1)) of TBT for 48 h at 20 degrees C. The 48-h LC50 values in male and female were 1.3-6.4 microg TBTCl l(-1) and 1.2-8.6 microg TBTCl l(-1), respectively. No sex-specific differences of the acute toxicity of TBT were observed in the caprellids. These findings suggest that the risk of survival in response to exposure to TBT between sexes is similar in the caprellids.     

Application of the sea urchin sperm bioassay to sewage treatment efficiency and toxicity in marine waters

A newly standardized 60-minute sea urchin (and sand dollar) sperm bioassay was used to measure the toxicity of sewage at each stage in the treatment process. The sensitivity of the sperm bioassay was compared to the results of 48- to 96-hour bioassays with sea urchin and oyster embryos and crab zoeae in side-by-side tests of each sewage type. These data were then used to estimate the dilutions necessary to protect sensitive life stages of marine animals around a proposed sewage outfall in Puget Sound and to select the best bioassay procedure for a post-discharge program for monitoring water column toxicity.Results showed that very little acute toxicity was removed by the primary treatment process but that toxicity was greatly reduced by secondary treatment. A high degree of toxicity was reintroduced by chlorination but this source of toxicity was essentially eliminated by dechlorination. The simple and rapid sperm assay proved more sensitive to all stages of sewage than did the longer embryo and larval assays. Based on the results of the comparative testing and the ease, rapidity and year-round availability of the sea urchin sperm assay (sea urchins in winter, sand dollars in summer), this test was recommended for post-discharge monitoring of sewage effluent-related toxicity in the receiving waters.     

Identification of specific malformations of sea urchin larvae for toxicity assessment: Application to marine pisciculture effluents

Standard toxicity screening tests are useful tools in the management of impacted coastal ecosystems. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the sea urchin embryo development test has been used to evaluate the potential impact of effluents from land-based aquaculture farms in coastal areas. The toxicity of effluents from 8 land-based turbot farms was determined by calculating the percentage of abnormal larvae, according to two criteria: (a) standard, considering as normal pyramid-shaped larvae with differentiated components, and (b) skeletal, a new criterion that considers detailed skeletal characteristics. The skeletal criterion appeared to be more sensitive and enabled calculation of effective concentrations EC₅, EC₁₀, EC₂₀ and EC₅₀, unlike the classical criterion. Inclusion of the skeleton criterion in the sea urchin embryo development test may be useful for categorizing the relatively low toxicity of discharges from land-based marine fish farms. Further studies are encouraged to establish any causative relationships between pollutants and specific larval deformities.     

两种水温条件下镉对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性

分别在两种不同水温条件下,采用静水试验法,进行了Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔的急性毒性实验,以概率单位法求得Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔的半致死质量浓度(LC50)。结果表明,在12±0.5℃水温下,Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔的24h、48h、72h、96h的LC50分别为95.05mg/L、46.87mg/L、32.65mg/L和11.31mg/L;在17±0.5℃水温下,Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔的24h、48h、72h、96h的LC50分别为70.08mg/L、35.28mg/L、22.36mg/L和14.38mg/L。水温12℃和17℃时,Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔的96h最大容许质量浓度分别为0.113mg/L和0.144mg/L。Cd2+对菲律宾蛤仔属于高度毒性物质,并且随着水温的升高,Cd2+的毒性作用增强。     

伶仃洋钻孔岩芯的磁学记录及其对海水进退的响应

华南珠江三角洲河口地区受到珠江流域和近海海洋环境的共同影响,其沉积体系中承载的古地质记录对于揭示海陆交互作用下的地质地貌过程演化具有独特意义。本研究对珠江伶仃洋湾口的一条钻孔岩芯进行了环境磁学研究。研究发现,在晚更新世以来海水入侵的相对高海平面时期,岩芯沉积物中磁性矿物的组成或高矫顽力组分的来源更稳定,反映了沉积区环境的稳定性或沉积物源区的相对固定;在海水退出的风化剥蚀期,沉积序列中磁性矿物组合出现大幅度旋回变化,这表明同时期碎屑物质源区可能经历了显著的环境更替。多重磁学参数包括低频磁化率、非磁滞剩磁、饱和等温剩磁以及HIRM参数,在全岩芯中指示了比较一致的磁性变化特征;相较之下,S-ratio参数的变化更灵敏地响应了伶仃洋湾口地区海水入侵和退出背景下的沉积演化历史。