青藏铁路海拔4000m以上短空气间隙修正研究

根据在多功能人工气候室内完成的气压对短空气间隙交流放电特性影响的大量试验研究结果，系统分析了气压对短空气间隙交流放电特性的影响规律，提出了青藏铁路海拔4000m以上的短空气间隙修正系数。     

气压对观测井水位的影响及校正方法

地下水监测能为有效管理地下水资源提供重要信息。大气压力对观测井水位有着重要影响,正确地分析这种影响可以有效判别地下水的流向,判断含水层的性质、识别井筒存储效应（well bore storage effects）和井薄壁效应(well skin effects), 计算包气带中空气的扩散度等。随着现代化监测仪器的推广使用,高质量的监测数据为分析气压对观测井水位的影响提供了基础和保障。系统分析了不同类型含水层中井水位对大气压力的响应模式,并对校正气压对水位影响的方法进行了分析和讨论。最后,以北京平原区两口监测井为例,运用多元回归反卷积方法分析了气压对井水位的影响,并对井水位进行校正。结果表明该方法能有效地分析和校正观测井水位中的气压影响。     

有关粉尘释放模型的应力分配模式存在问题的讨论

准确模拟粉尘释放通量对评价粉尘气溶胶的气候效应、沙漠化和沙尘暴防治具有重要意义。敏感性试验、室内和野外风洞实验表明被广泛使用的DPM（Dust Production Model）粉尘释放模型的2个应力分配模式——Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式存在明显问题：由于目前空气动力学粗糙度模式还不能考虑粗糙元间隙率和粗糙元分布状况空气动力学粗糙度的影响,以空气动力学粗糙度为主要参数的Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式还不能考虑粗糙元间隙率和粗糙元分布状况对应力分配的影响,而相关实验表明这些因素对应力分配存在显著影响;Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式预测的应力分配系数和起动摩阻风速存在显著差异,目前实验结果还不能判断二者正确与否;Marticorena模式和 Alfaro模式预测的能够有效控制风蚀的应空气动力学粗糙度与实际观测相矛盾。针对上述问题提出了通过风洞实验改进当前应力分配模式的主要途径。     

地下水位升降与空气流耦合的砂柱实验及其模拟

地下水位的上升或下降会驱动包气带中的空气流动,并与水位升降运动发生相互作用.当潜水含水层被低渗透介质覆盖时,这种水位升降与空气流的耦合现象更加明显.利用细砂盖层作为低渗透介质与厚层粗砂组合成双层结构砂柱,进行了注水和排水实验研究.在排水实验中砂柱水位面下降,包气带会形成显著真空,吸取外界大气.在注水实验中砂柱水位面抬升,包气带气压增大,空气向外流动.包气带气压随时间的变化曲线呈单峰形式,且受到细砂盖层厚度的影响.考虑砂柱饱水带的Darcy流和包气带可压缩空气的线性渗流,提出了一个描述砂柱水-气运动的简化动力学模型,通过Runge-Kutta法进行实验过程的数值模拟,重现了观测到的包气带气压变化特征.模拟结果表明,包气带气压的极值随着低渗透盖层厚度的增加而呈非线性增大趋势.     

荷载作用下土体气压劈裂效果试验研究

采用自行研制的模型试验装置进行了不同喷气压力和上覆荷载下土体的气压劈裂室内模型试验,分析了喷气压力和上覆荷载对土体气压劈裂效果的影响。试验结果表明,向土体中喷入高压气体能在土体中产生裂隙,裂隙可加速超静孔隙水压的消散;喷气结束时裂隙宽度达到最大值,喷气结束后裂隙不完全闭合,残余裂隙宽度为裂隙宽度峰值的1/100。对比不同喷气压力和上覆荷载作用下气压劈裂试验结果发现,气压劈裂影响范围与裂隙宽度均和喷气压力与上覆荷载大小密切相关,其中喷气压力对气压劈裂影响范围与裂隙宽度的影响更为显著;气压劈裂影响范围与喷气压力呈双曲线相关关系,裂隙宽度与喷气压力呈线性正相关关系;气压劈裂影响范围随上覆荷载增加而减小,裂隙宽度与上覆荷载呈线性负相关关系     

一种施工期间堤防稳定性分析方法

在Hilf分析法的基础上,对Hilf分析法进行了改进。将孔隙气压力和孔隙水压力作为独立变量,推导了孔隙气压和孔隙水压计算表达式。给出了考虑强度随孔隙气压和孔隙水压力变化的填土堤防强度随固结度增加而增长的饱和土堤防稳定性分析方法。计算结果表明随着基质吸力的增加,计算所得的稳定安全系数随之增加,忽略孔隙气压的作用所得的软土堤防的稳定安全系数偏大。当 等于 时,孔隙气压对抗剪力没有影响,此时计算所得的安全系数相同。因此施工期间软土地区堤防既要考虑孔隙气压和孔隙水压对堤防稳定性的影响,同时也要考虑地基固结提高对堤防稳定性的影响     

中国近海海面地形机制研究

介绍了求得中国近海海面地形的几何水准法、球函数模型法、海洋水准法,重点介绍了海洋水准法,并指出用水文资料计算中国近海海面地形时,必须考虑气压的均衡效应和气压的非均衡效应。定量分析了水文因素的影响,气压因素的影响,及太平洋北赤道流(黑潮)对中国近海海面地形的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。     

利用连续小波变换方法对潜水位进行气压和潮汐改正

以河北省农林科学院衡水市旱作节水农业实验站(旱作所)H5观测资料为例,利用连续小波变换(CWT)对气压、理论固体潮和浅层地下水位进行了多时间尺度分析,结合小波方差分析确定了气压、固体潮和地下水位等水文时间序列的主要周期(或频率)成分和能量分布;再运用连续小波逆变换在主要周期尺度上重构了气压、固体潮和地下水位时间序列,用最小二乘法求出了水位对不同频率气压和固体潮的敏感程度(即响应系数),依此消除气压和固体潮对观测水位的影响;最后通过极差和标准差评判改正效果。结果表明:旱作所H5观测孔水位受气压影响较大,气压系数为0.799~0.881cm/HPa;对固体潮的响应较小,固体潮系数均接近于0cm/μGal;响应系数的频率效应不明显;与采用一般线性回归方法和快速Mallat离散小波变换算法相比,CWT方法所得气压系数和固体潮系数的地球物理意义更明确;3种计算方法得到的水位改正结果显示,CWT方法与Mallat算法接近,优于一般线性回归方法。     

不耦合装药爆破对硬岩应力场影响的数值分析

爆破地震勘探石油是一种重要的方法,但爆破地震效应与爆破参数、地质条件等密切相关。采用动力有限元软件ANSYS/LS-DYNA,对柱状炸药与药孔壁之间为空气或其他介质以及空隙间距变化时碳酸盐岩岩石中爆炸应力波的传播规律和爆炸地震波能量的衰减特性进行了数值模拟研究,得到了不耦合装药爆炸时岩石应力、振动速度的衰减规律以及与不耦合系数、间隙介质的关系,分析了不耦合效应对爆炸地震波能量的影响。研究表明,不耦合或耦合不好时会使岩体中爆炸应力波的强度大大降低;耦合状态对岩体应力及速度的衰减系数和衰减指数影响较大;在空隙中注水或灌满泥浆会改善它们的耦合关系,增大下传的爆破能量。所得成果可为我国西南地区优选适合碳酸盐地层地震勘探的激发因素提供技术途径和方法。     

土壤包气带中气体对入渗水流运动影响的实验研究

利用专门的实验系统,研究了降雨入渗过程中土壤包气中气压势形成、发展和消亡的规律及其对下渗水流运动的影响。结合成因分析,探讨了气压势形成的条件;审视和解释了气压势与土壤水总势能和地下水位的相互关系。实验结果表明,在地下水位埋深较浅的条件下(<2m),积水入渗时所形成的气压势将使下渗量减少1/3。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.