虾池长竹蛏肥满度的研究

本文作者于1997年4月至1998年3月期间，对幸福洋垦区虾池生长的长竹蛏进行了周年肥满度测定研究.结果表明长竹蛏5～9月份较肥，肥满度在60％～80％之间，11月至翌年4月份较瘦，肥满度在55％～47％之间；根据肥满度的测定，长竹蛏的繁殖期为6～8月份.     

泥蚶的性腺发育和生殖周期

根据生殖细胞发育的宏观和组织切片观察以及各期生殖细胞在滤泡中所占的比例，泥蚶的生殖腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期五个阶段。按肥满度的变化并结合性腺组织切片确定，泥蚶的性晚发育在青岛海区一年一个周期。繁殖期在７月上旬至８月下旬，繁殖盛期在７月中旬至８月中旬。至少有二次集中排放过程。     

欧氏六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii Jordan & Starks性腺发育的周年变化研究

根据对青岛附近水域欧氏六线鱼（已达性成熟年龄）性腺周年宏观和组织学观察，性腺发育可分为：①重复发育Ⅱ期；②开始成熟期；③接近成熟期；④临产期或产卵期；⑤产后期。按性腺指数变化并结合性腺组织切片确定，欧氏六线鱼性腺发育在青岛海区一年一个周期，繁殖期在１０月下旬至１２月，繁殖盛期是１１月下旬至１２月中旬。     

3种蛏类线粒体16SrRNA和COI基因片段的序列比较及其系统学初步研究

对3种蛏类大竹蛏（Solen grandis），长竹蛏（Solen strictus）和小刀蛏（Cultellus attenuatus）的线粒体16SrRNA和COI基因片段序列进行了比较并对其系统学进行了初步研究。得到的序列总长度分别为472-481bp（16S）和658bp（COI）。3种蛏序列的碱基组成均显示出较高的A＋T比例（16SrRNA基因62．1％；COI基因62．8％）。对位排序比较表明，16SrRNA片段种内个体间变异较小，3种类间存在128个碱基变异位点（其中包括127个简约信息位点）和5个插入／缺失位点，总共12个碱基长；COI片段有200个碱基存在变异，其中包括191个简约信息位点，不存在任何插入／缺失位点。数据分析结果表明16SrRNA和COI基因片段大竹蛏与长竹蛏两片段的遗传距离分别为0．0856和0．1712，两竹蛏类与小刀蛏的遗传距离分别为0．3054，0．2798和0．2662，0．2933。作者认为小刀蛏与竹蛏之间的遗传距离已达到科之间的水平，结果支持将其提升为刀蛏科的分类观点。3种蛏类线粒体16SrRNA和COI基因在种间明显的多态性，证实了16SrRNA和COI基因序列均普遍适用于蛏类种及以上阶元的系统学分析。     

沟竹蛏的繁殖季节与生长

根据性腺形态特征、组织切片观察和肥满度指数变化 ,报道沟竹蛏繁殖期为每年的6～8月份 ,分批放散精、卵 ,其两次生殖高峰分别出现于6月上、中旬和8月上、中旬。繁殖季节、肥满度指数与温度密切相关 ,其繁殖期适宜温度为25～29℃。沟竹蛏的壳长与壳高的关系呈直线正相关 ,L=4.304H -2.084 ,(r=0.9138) ;壳长与干肉重呈幂函数关系 ,W1(非繁殖季节 )=4.750×10-7×L3.53,(r=0.9196) ,W2(繁殖季节 )=3.942×10-7×L3.301,(r=0.9105)。     

大竹蛏的繁殖生物学

2005年1月至2007年12月,采用组织学和实验生态学方法对大竹蛏(Solen grandis Dunker)的性腺发育、生殖周期、肥满度、胚胎发育、幼虫发育及变态等进行了研究.结果表明,大竹蛏性腺发育过程分为增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期、休止期5个阶段;在浙南沿海大竹蛏繁殖期为4月下旬至5月中旬(水温21～24℃);肥满度最高出现在5月份,为31.2%;最低出现在2月份,为21.2%.大竹蛏卵径为85～95 μm;受精卵在水温22℃,经20～24 h孵化成D形幼虫;初孵D形幼虫平均大小为125 μm,浮游幼虫经5～6 d培养进入附着变态期,壳长为250 μm,发育变态为稚贝.     

白沙湖四角蛤蜊的繁殖期及增养殖效果的研究

１９９４年１０月－１９９５年９月在汕尾市白沙湖进行了四角蛤蜊的肥满度及生长的周年观察研究，结果表明其肥满度在４．７３％－９．８４％之间，平均为７．０７％，最高值出现在１０月份，最低值在５月份；繁殖盛期主要为９－１２月，其闪为２－３月。其生长与水温及年龄均有密切关系，春夏季生长快，秋冬季生长慢；１－２龄贝生长快，３龄贝生长慢。     

闽南-台湾浅滩渔场6种中上层鱼类的生殖生物学特性

分析了闽南－台湾浅滩渔场蓝圆、金色小沙丁鱼、鲐鱼、颌圆、竹矬鱼、羽鳃鲐等６种鱼类的生殖生物学特性。结果表明：肝指数、脂肪系数、丰满度的周年变化均与生殖过程有一定关系。成熟系数及性腺组织学观察得出６种鱼的生殖期分别为：蓝贺：３～７月;金色小沙丁鱼：３～７月;鲐鱼：１～５月;颌圆：４～７月;竹矬鱼：１２至年４月;羽鳃鲐：３～８月。     

尖刀蛏的生殖周期

本文是尖刀蛏Ｃｕｌｔｅｌｌｕｍ ｓｃａｌｐｒｕｍ（Ｇｏｕｌｄ）生物学系列研究之一，报告了１９８５年２月至１９８６年２月福宁湾尖刀蛏生殖腺周年发育和组织学观察的初步结果。性腺发育分４期：增殖期、成熟期、排放期、耗尽期。存在着雌雄同体和性变现象。雌雄性比和性变与贝龄有一定关系。     

庙岛群岛海域光棘球海胆生态的初步研究

庙岛群岛的光棘球海胆主要分布于北四岛（南、北隍城岛,大、小钦岛）,砣矶岛及大、小竹山岛等,而南五岛极少分布。砣矶岛的海胆多是２～３年生壳径４～６ｃｍ的个体,海胆性腺成熟期为７月中旬至８月中旬,性腺发育与水温、栖息场和饵料等有关。海胆体重随季节而变化,繁殖季节体重Ｗ（ｇ）与壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）相关,Ｗ＝２．５８２Ｄ２．０３４（ｒ＝０．８７）,性腺重ＧＷ（ｇ）与壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）关系为ＧＷ＝０．０４０３Ｄ３．０８２８（ｒ＝０．８２７３）,壳径Ｄ（ｃｍ）与壳高Ｈ（ｃｍ）呈线性关系Ｈ＝０．５２２５Ｄ＋０．０６６８（ｒ＝０．９０７８）。壳径生长随年龄而变慢,２．８ｃｍ的幼海胆年增长２．１ｃｍ;６．１ｃｍ的成海胆年增长０．４３ｃｍ。光棘球海胆嗜食海带和裙带菜,平均日摄食量６．０ｃｍ的海胆为２．６ｇ,４．０ｃｍ的为１．３４ｇ,３．１ｃｍ的为１．３ｇ,幼海胆摄食率较高的原因是因其生长发育快速,活动强度和代谢水平高。     

等边浅蛤Gomphina veneriformis的繁殖周期

本文根据1987.12～1989.4对舟山朱家尖岛南沙沙滩逐月采集标本进行研究。结果表明,等边浅蛤Gomphina veneriformis的性腺发育可分为5期:增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期。在舟山海区,等边浅蛤一年中为一个繁殖周期,繁殖期为8月下旬至9月中旬。有雄性早熟现象。     

远海梭子蟹渔业生物学的初步调查

对海南岛北部湾远海梭子蟹进行了生物学调查。初步结果表明，周年雌雄性比约1：1。当年生蟹的交配期在8－10月，越年蟹在6－8月。初次性成熟的甲宽为75mm，体重48g。大量性成熟甲宽100－120mm，体重70－100g。此外生殖期较长，且周年有两个繁殖高峰期，分别在3－5月和8－10月。其群体甲宽优势组为110－150mm，体重优势组在60－150g。     

Aspects of reproduction of the brown mussel Perna perna at the Iture rocky beach near Cape Coast,Ghana

Aspects of the reproductive biology of the brown mussel Perna perna at the Iture rocky beach near Cape Coast, Ghana, were studied from September 2014 to August 2015. The current study was aimed at providing information useful for managing the mussel fishery in this locality and also that would form the basis for designing appropriate culture methods for the species. Microscopic examination of fresh smears of gonadal material, as well as histological preparations of the gonad, were used to study the sexuality and breeding pattern of the species. Monthly gonadal and condition indices were also determined. Perna perna exhibited gonochoristic sexuality with a sex ratio of approximately 1:1 throughout the study period. Sexes were identifiable at shell lengths of 15.0–19.9 mm. Five stages of gonadal development were identified in both sexes. Gametogenic activity was continuous throughout the year, with two major spawning activities, from April to June and from August to December. These periods coincided with the major and minor rainy seasons, respectively, as well as the major upwelling period in August. Condition indices suggest that the mussels were in better condition for harvesting in March and August prior to the major spawning events.     

Life histories of large,grazing copepods in a subarctic ocean gyre: Neocalanus plumchrus,Neocalanus cristatus, and Eucalanus bungii in the Northeast Pacific

Life histories for the dominant, larger copepods of the subartic Pacific have been constructed by sampling from weatherships patrolling Ocean Station P (50°N, 145°W) during 1980 and 1981. Neocalanus plumchrus reproduced at depths below 250 m from July through February. Copepodite stages were present in surface layers from October through August with a large peak in numbers and biomass in spring. Fifth copepodites prepared for diapuse in 38 days during spring and descended to depths below 250 m. They commenced immediately to mature, and the females reproduced without renewed feeding. This schedule contrasts with that of the population in the Strait of Georgia, which remains in diapause from July to January and matures exclusively in January and February. There appears to be a difference between the coastal and oceanic habitats in preparing the diapausing individuals for maturation.Maturation of the diapausing stock of N. plumchrus maintained constant adult populations, averaging 714 males m^?2 from June through October and 1,434 females m^?2 from August through January. This constancy, together with the exponential pattern of decline in the diapause stock from September through February, suggests that density of adults may regulate maturation of fifth copepodites. Offspring of individuals delaying maturation and, thus, reproduction would benefit from the resulting moderation of intraspecific competition, probably that among copepodites.Reproduction of Neocalanus cristatus also occurred below 250 m, and, while spawning was continuous through the year, there was a substantial peak in November. That resulted in a peak of abundance for early copepodite stages in mid-winter, and a peak for the fifth copepodite stage in June. Stocking of the population of fifth copepodites in diapause below 250 m occurred from July through October. Some fifth copepodites were present in surface layers through the entire summer, and some younger copepodites persisted through the summer in progressively declining abundance just below the mixed layer. In autumn 1980 resurgence of early copepodite populations was rapid, occurring during the course of a prolonged October storm. The storm may have improved the habitat either by cooling the mixed layer or by resupplying nutrients to the euphotic zone.Eucalanus bungii reproduced in the mixed layer in early May and in early July. The first event was a spawning by females that had previously spawned in 1979 and then had returned to diapause. The second, heavier spawning (more females, more eggs per female) was by newly matured females from stocks that had overwintered as fifth copepodites. Nauplii peaked sharply in abundance on 19 July, one week after the peak in spawning. First and second copepodites peaked on 1 August, and all had advanced to the third copepodite stage by September. The diapause stock was established by September, principally between 250 and 500 m, and consisted of copepodite stages from third to sixth. Duration of the E. bungii life cycle appears to be typically two years. New nauplii develop as far as the third or fourth copepodite stage during their first summer, then enter diapause. The second summer they advance to the fifth copepodite stage and reenter diapause. Fifth copepodites mature in their third summer at two years of age. The males remain at depth and mate without subsequent feeding. Females migrate at night to the mixed layer where spawning occurs. About 20% of females that had already spawned in 1980 reentered diapause. They would reproduce again in their fourth summer at three years of age. All aspects of the life cycle suggest low mortality rates for copepodite stages, particularly at depth in the habitat occupied during diapuse. There can be no premium on rapid reproduction for E. bungii in the subartic Pacific, and there must even be benefit from spreading reproduction between years. This iteroparity may amount to a “bet-hedging” tactic, the young from a given mother having more than one chance to find sustaining conditions. It also produces gene flow between the year classes of the biennial life cycle.     

烟台沿岸贻贝的生长

像其他海洋生物的生长一样,贻贝(Mytilus edulis L.)也是因海区或生境不同,养殖方法不同,季节不同,生长状况也不同。研究殆贝的生长规律,无疑对判断养殖效果、确立养殖程序等是十分重要的;同时在生态学研究中,对分析种群结构及推断某些生物学特点等,也是不可缺少的。 关于贻贝的生长过去虽有一些记载,但是较系统的材料,现在还不多见。随着生产发展及调查研究的需要,对这个问题我们必须做到胸中有数。为此,我们于1972-1973年结合人工育苗工作,对烟台沿岸的贻贝,自受精卵开始至成贝收获的全部生长过程,进行了较系统的调查研究。除贝壳生长的材料外,还测定了养成时期的肉质部生长的材料。对自然苗的生长情况也作了一些记录。关于春苗的幼虫期及幼苗期的生长情况,我们过去已较详细地报告过[1],此处不再赘述;仅对生产意义更大的人工秋苗的生长状沉予以论述。     

对虾养殖池水域环境细菌的动态变化

于1990年6月下旬-10月初期间，每隔7－10d在大连市金州区董家沟镇养虾场突池定点采样一次，3h内带回实验室进行细菌培养计数，研究对虾养殖池水域环境中细菌的动态变化。结果表明，对虾养殖池水中异养菌和弧菌的数量变化与水温的变化趋势相同；6—7月末，细菌增长比较缓慢；8月初开始，细菌数量增长较快，8月中旬达到全年的最高值，异养菌为3．4×105cell／ml，弧菌为1．9×105cell／ml；而后随着水温的下降，水中细菌逐渐减少。底记泥浆中，细菌数量一直呈上升趋势，不受水温的影响；异养菌最高达6×107cell／ml，弧菌达1．5×106cell／ml。     

青蛤的繁殖周期

青蛤Cyclina sinensis采自福建漳浦佛昙湾。依据青蛤生殖细胞的发育规律,把生殖腺发育过程分为五期:增殖期、生长期、成熟期、排放期和休止期。青蛤怀卵量与个体体积存在线性关系:F=0.6046 0.1266V。根据青蛤肥满度、生殖腺指数和性成熟率等指标的周年变化规律,并结合性腺组织切片观察结果,认为青蛤繁殖期在9—12月,其中9月下旬至10月中旬为繁殖盛期。文中还就水温与青蛤繁殖期的关系进行了讨论。     

Reproductive cycles,egg production and recruitment in the Indo-Pacific intertidal gastropod Umbonium vestiarium (L.)

Umbonium vestiarium (L.) was found to dominate intertidal sand with a mean 11 808 m⁻² (95·4 g tdw m⁻²), excluding virtually all other invertebrate fauna. Whilst spawning occurs from mid-March to August, substantial recruitment seems limited to March–May, first on the lowest levels, and then upshore as the young grow to 5–6 mm by June and as the growing young move upshore.The number of ovarian eggs varied in broad accordance with total tissue dry weight: both numbers of ovarian eggs and total dry weight in females and males increased in periods between bouts of spawning but fell during substantial spawning which was mostly close to neap tides. The relationships between planktonic-egg counts, ovarian-egg counts and tissue dry weight, together with direct weighings of ovarian eggs, suggest (a) mature eggs weigh about 2·5 μg each (dry weight), (b) 10-mm females each produced about 8800 eggs (22 mg) in the 79-day observation and probably 17 000–19 000 eggs (44 g) in the total spawning period (March–August), (c) the population as a whole produced about 30 × 10⁶ eggs m⁻² (75 g m⁻²) in the 79 days and probably around 60 × 10⁶ eggs m⁻² (150 g m⁻²) plus a similar quantity of semen in March–August, giving a total reproductive output of aproximately 300 g m⁻² year⁻¹.As Umbonium lives for only about one year with apparently one annual major period of spawning and recruitment, it is proposed that high reproductive output, large eggs and reduced larval dispersal may be adaptively related to the short lifespan on comparatively unstable and isolated habitats. These features are likely to have significant effects upon the genetic heterogeneity of Umbonium populations across its great Indo-West Pacific range.