风廓线雷达极低信噪比信号的小波方法提取

风廓线雷达回波信号中包含的噪声不仅降低信号的质量,而且还严重影响各种相关处理算法的有效性,甚至影响雷达本身的探测能力。因此,提出高效稳健的信号提取方法对于风廓线雷达数据的有效应用起着非常重要的作用。针对风廓线雷达回波信号非常微弱导致有用信息提取困难的问题,对比分析现有3种小波滤波方法,提出一种基于连续回波相关的空域相关新算法。利用MATLAB软件进行风廓线雷达信号降噪提取的仿真实验,结果证明改进后的方法优于原空域相关滤波方法和经典风廓线雷达信号处理方法,并取得较好的去噪效果。     

航空遥感实时传输系统建立

航空遥感实时传输系统是一个应急监测与灾情评估系统。1.系统由里尔飞机、合成孔径侧视雷达、雷达实时成象器以及全球定位系统组成。具有较高的飞行速度和较长的续航时间;可获取地面3米分辨率的SAR信号,最大作用距离55公里;能将3米分辨率的SAR信号实时地处理成地面雷达图象数据;全球定位系统除能对雷达图象定位外,还能为机载卫通天线伺服系统提供飞机位置数据。     

利用PSoC实现频率计

频率计的设计以PSoC CY8C29466-24PVXI为核心,由内部模块与外部电路的组合成其硬件电路,软件设计采用C语言。设计包括信号处理、定时器计数及数据显示3个主要部分,可以实现对信号频率的测定。由于设计中采用了分频,而且在PSoC中定时器最多可以达32位,所以频率范围比8位的单片定时器测得要广。     

风廓线雷达信号信息提取实现

讨论了从风廓线雷达回波信号中获取风场数据的方法，重点介绍如何在满足时空要求的条件下进行信息提取。     

基于压缩感知的气象雷达回波压缩采样与重建

由于Nyquist采样定理的限制,高分辨率气象雷达面临采样率过高、数据存储量过大等问题。压缩感知理论可以实现气象雷达信号的压缩采样,解决采样率过高等问题。基于压缩感知理论,分析了气象雷达回波信号的稀疏性,建立了气象雷达回波信号的压缩采样和重建的过程,并结合气象雷达实测的回波数据进行仿真。仿真结果表明,0.3倍采样率下的重建回波与原始回波存在较大误差,0.5倍采样率时误差明显降低,0.7倍采样率时则可高概率重建出原始回波。因此,将压缩感知理论应用于高分辨率气象雷达的信号处理中,可以实现在较低采样率下高概率重建原始回波信号。     

基于小波分析的低信噪比天气雷达回波弱信号提取

针对低信噪比环境下的天气雷达回波弱信号提取问题,提出一种基于小波分析的弱信号提取算法。利用dbN小波函数对雷达回波进行小波域处理并重构信号,提取雷达回波信号的联合时频特征,并且使用FIR滤波方法和小波分析两种算法对数据去噪,得到两种算法在不同信噪比下的信噪比输出以及信噪比改善,证明在低信噪比环境下,小波分析算法的有效性和优越性。     

风廓线雷达对折射率结构常数的实测分析

大气折射率结构常数（Cn2）是大气中折射率大小的体现,为了改善风廓线雷达（WPR）数据质量,提高WPR数据业务应用的可靠性,对边界层风廓线雷达近1年的实测数据采用归纳对比的方法,分析得到Cn2与温度湿度变化的关系,并总结出成都地区晴朗天气下,四季Cn2量级的变化范围,与理论推导一致.夏天10-12到10-20,春秋10-13到10-20,冬天10-14到10-21,此外,根据降水量大小不同,Cn2提升3到6个量级,获得这些定量的范围,为相关风廓线雷达产品识别提供了方法和依据.     

皖北地区一次强对流天气过程的综合分析

利用常规和加密观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及多普勒雷达资料,对2007年8月2日安徽北部地区发生的一次强对流天气过程进行综合分析.结果表明:中低空切变线是此次强对流天气的触发系统,地面湿度突变线对飑线的生成及发展具有指示意义.低层850hPa低涡较强的辐合,与位于高空大风速带入口区右侧的强辐散的耦合作用,导致强对流天气发生区上空生成次级反环流圈.该反环流圈从北(南)方携带干冷(暖湿)气流下沉(上升),两者交汇进而引发强对流天气的发生.在雷达回波上,飑线生成前期,少数单体不连续地排列成线,但并未连通;飑线生成后,带状特征清晰,并且反射率因子大,多处呈现三体钉状散射体;速度回波上有成熟阶段的速度模糊现象以及消亡阶段出现的逆风区.雹暴的回波具有明显的V型缺口以及速度场上风速的辐合,当逼近雷达测站时,测站上空速度场上出现了牛眼结构.     

探地雷达在中央粮库工程勘察中的应用

探地雷达是一种重要的浅层勘探地球物理勘察方法,从探地雷达应用的地球物理应用前提出发,详细阐述了探地雷达实测工作中测量方式、天线频率、采样率及时窗等工作参数的选取;归纳总结了雷达波的反射规律,分析了可能导致雷达资料误解释的绕射波及解决方案,并以中央储备粮益阳直属库北栋仓库纵测线3为例,说明了探地雷达勘察效果.     

基于TMS3206C6701高速浮点DSP的EMIF接口电路设计

设计实现了一种在雷达信号处理中应用到的基于TMS3206C6701高速浮点DSP的接口转换电路。电路完成从评估板EVM6701通过扩展存储器接口（EMIF）向DSPlink2读写和处理数据，并将雷达接收到的信号引入EVM6701评估板，通过DSP处理器进行高速实时数字信号处理的功能，从而大大提高了雷达的信号处理能力和性能。     

基于VAP方法的多普勒雷达风场反演研究

采用VAP(Velocity Azimuth Processing)方法反演多普勒雷达风矢量场,在利用各个距离圈径向速度随方位角分布的廓线推算风向和风速的设计中,要求基数据速度资料中没有明显的脉动.介绍了在多普勒天气雷达风场反演设计中,直接将方格法的速度资料处理过程融入到方格法风场反演的过程中,利用距离方格内保持中尺度特性的特点,不改变原始资料的同时保证风场反演的正确性.     

LABORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF THE EFFECTS OF VISCOSITY ON SHORT WATER WAVE SPECTRA AND IMPLICATION FOR RADAR REMOTE SENSING OF THE OCEAN SURFACE

Using an X-band radar and a mechanical short wave generator, we measured the dependenceof radar return power on the viscosity of water which was adjusted by changing the watertemperature. From the measurements we drew two inferences: (1) the spectral density of short waterwaves, F, depends strongly on the viscosity of waterF(v)=F_0~mwhere is normalized viscosity, and m=-1.72; and (2) the normalized radar cross section, σ_0(dB), dependsstrongly on the water temperature△σ_0 (dB)=O.217△TAnalyses indicate that these dependencies can be observed in the field only at low wind conditionsat which the Bragg scattering is a dominant mechanism for producing the radar return signals. Theresults of this study can be used to interpret the sharp variability in radar cross section across a watertemperature front and SAR images of oeeanic phenomena.     

一种新型脉冲压缩雷达信号及性能分析

分析了步进频率雷达信号实现距离高分辨率的优缺点，提出了一种新型脉冲压缩雷达信号形式，即脉内相位编码、脉间步进频率（附）信号。根据Woodward对模糊函数的基本定义推导出了完整的模糊函数表达式，结合计算机仿真结果对该模糊函数的特性及分辨率进行了简要的分析，得出该信号兼有二相编码信号和步进频率信号的优点的结论。     

Evaluating and correcting rain effects on dual-frequency altimeter Jason-1 wind measurements

Rain is one of the main sources of error in dual-frequency altimeter Jason-1 wind measurement. In this study, a new radar altimeter backscatter model is proposed and validated to eliminate rain effects. The model takes into account attenuation, volume backscattering, and sea surface perturbation by raindrops under rain conditions. A match-up dataset is built to evaluate rain effects, in combination with the Jason-1 normalized radar cross section, precipitation radar data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, and sea surface wind reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The results show that rain-induced surface perturbation backscatter increases with rain rate at Ku-band, but their correlation at C-band is poor. In addition, rain surface perturbation and attenuation have major effects onradar altimeter wind measurements. Finally, a rain correction model for Jason-1 winds is developed and validation results prove its ability to reduce rain-induced inaccuracies in wind retrievals.     

Comparison of two wind algorithms of ENVISAT ASAR at high wind

Two wind algorithms of ENVISAT advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR), i. e. CMOD4 model from the European Space Agency (ESA) and CMOD IFR2 model from Quilfen et al., are compared in this paper. The wind direction is estimated from orientation of low and linear signatures in the ASAR imagery. The wind direction has inherently a 180° ambiguity since only a single ASAR image is used. The 180° ambiguity is eliminated by using the buoy data from the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) buoys moored in the Pacific. Wind speed is obtained with the two wind algorithms using both estimated wind direction and normalized radar cross section (NRCS). The retrieved wind results agree well with the data from Quikscat. The root mean square error (RMSE) of wind direction is 2.80? The RMSEs of wind speed from CMOD4 model and CMOD_IFR2 model are 1.09 m/s and 0.60 m/s, respectively. The results indicate that the CMOD_IFR2 model is slight better than CMOD4 model at high wind.     

Comparison and error analysis of remotely measured waveheight by high frequency ground wave radar

High frequency ground wave radar (HFGWR) has unique advantage in the survey of dynamical factors, such as sea surface current, sea wave, and sea surface wind in marine conditions in coastal sea area. Compared to marine satellite remote sensing, it involves lower cost, has higher measuring accuracy and spatial resolution and sampling frequency. High frequency ground wave radar is a new land based remote sensing instrument with superior vision and greater application potentials. This paper reviews the development history and application status of high frequency wave radar, introduces its remote-sensing principle and method to inverse offshore fluid, and wave and wind field. Based on the author's "863 Project", this paper recounts comparison and verification of radar remote-sensing value, the physical calibration of radar-measured data and methods to control the quality of radar-sensing data. The authors discuss the precision of radar-sensing data's inversing on offshore fluid field and application of the assimilated data on assimilation.     

Influence of fracture width on borehole radar response

Fracture is a common underground structure phenomenon, which can provide space and passage for the storage and migration of oil and gas. Borehole radar is a fast and high-resolution geophysical detection method, which has been widely used in engineering, exploration and other fields. This paper mainly uses theoretical analysis and numerical simulation to study the variation law of the characteristics of the received borehole radar signal with the variation of fracture width. The Ricker wavelet is used as the pulse signal of the borehole radar. The results show that the amplitude of the signal received by the borehole radar first increases, then decreases, and finally tends to be a stable value with the increase of fracture width. The results have guiding significance for the detection of underground fractures and the estimation of fracture width by borehole radar.     

Vibration Deformation Monitoring of Offshore Wind Turbines Based on GBIR

In view of the disadvantages of vibration safety monitoring technology for offshore wind turbines, a new method is proposed to obtain deformation information of towering and dynamic targets in real-time by the ground-based interferometric radar(GBIR). First, the working principle and unique advantages of the GBIR system are introduced. Second, the offshore wind turbines in Rongcheng, Shandong Province are selected as the monitoring objects for vibration safety monitoring, and the GPRI-II portable radar interferometer is used for the health diagnosis of these wind turbines. Finally, the interpretation method and key processing flow of data acquisition are described in detail. This experiment shows that the GBIR system can accurately identify the millimeter-scale vibration deformation of offshore wind turbines and can quickly obtain overall time series deformation images of the target bodies, which demonstrate the high-precision deformation monitoring ability of the GBIR technology. The accuracy meets the requirements of wind turbine vibration monitoring, and the method is an effective spatial deformation monitoring means for high-rise and dynamic targets. This study is beneficial for the further enrichment and improvement of the technical system of wind turbine vibration safety monitoring in China. It also provides data and technical support for offshore power engineering management and control, health diagnosis, and disaster prevention and mitigation.     

Deriving Changjiang coastal zone wind from C-band SAR and its application to salinity simulation

Wind plays an important role in hydrodynamic processes such as the expansion of Changjiang （Yangtze） River Diluted Water （CDW）, and shelf circulation in the Changjiang estuary. Thus, it is essential to include wind in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with high resolution and wide spatial coverage is valuable for measuring spatially inhomogeneous ocean surface wind fields. We have collected 87 ERS-2 SAR images with wind-induced streaks that cover the Cbangjiang coastal area, to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval using the 2D fast Fourier transform method. We then used these wind directions as inputs to derive SAR wind speeds using the C-band model. To demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms, we validated the SAR-retrieved wind fields using QuikSCAT measurements and the atmospheric Weather Research Forecasting model. In general, we found good agreement between the datasets, indicating the reliability and applicability of SAR- retrieved algorithms under different atmospheric conditions. We investigated the main error sources of this process, and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the wind speed errors caused by the effect of speckle, uncertainties in wind direction, and inaccuracies in the normalized radar cross section. Finally, we used the SAR-retrieved wind fields to simulate the salinity distribution off the Changjiang estuary. The findings of this study will be valuable for wind resource assessment and the development of future numerical ocean models based on SAR images.     

Semi-Empirical Algorithm for Wind Speed Retrieval from Gaofen-3 Quad-Polarization Strip Mode SAR Data

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is a suitable tool to obtain reliable wind retrievals with high spatial resolution.The geophysical model function(GMF),which is widely employed for wind speed retrieval from SAR data,describes the relationship between the SAR normalized radar cross-section(NRCS)at the copolarization channel(vertical-vertical and horizontal-horizontal)and a wind vector.SAR-measured NRCS at cross-polarization channels(horizontal-vertical and vertical-horizontal)correlates with wind speed.In this study,a semi-empirical algorithm is presented to retrieve wind speed from the noisy Chinese Gaofen-3(GF-3)SAR data with noise-equivalent sigma zero correction using an empirical function.GF-3 SAR can acquire data in a quad-polarization strip mode,which includes cross-polarization channels.The semi-empirical algorithm is tuned using acquisitions collocated with winds from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.In particular,the proposed algorithm includes the dependences of wind speed and incidence angle on cross-polarized NRCS.The accuracy of SAR-derived wind speed is around 2.10ms−1 root mean square error,which is validated against measurements from the Advanced Scatterometer onboard the Metop-A/B and the buoys from the National Data Buoy Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.The results obtained by the proposed algorithm considering the incidence angle in a GMF are relatively more accurate than those achieved by other algorithms.This work provides an alternative method to generate operational wind products for GF-3 SAR without relying on ancillary data for wind direction.