长江河口北槽非均匀泥沙起动分析

20世纪80年代后期以来,长江河口的北槽被开辟为上海港的入海通道,深水航道工程也在此修建,现在长江口的深水航道工程一期工程已经结束,一期工程后的航道治理的效果如何,其主要指标之一是看航道泥沙的落淤的程度,泥沙回淤港池的动力条件很复杂,而多种动力条件引起的泥沙起动也是判断河槽冲淤的重要特性之一.利用一期工程结束后2003年长江河口北槽枯季调查的资料和窦国仁、张瑞瑾、唐存本的泥沙起动公式,计算长江河口北槽的泥沙起动流速,并对结果和实测值进行了对比,得到深水航道所在的北槽底部泥沙的流速远大于该地泥沙的起动流速,故河槽将进一步加深,向更有利的方向发展.     

甬江河床演变及航道治理

本文分析甬江动力、泥沙、边界及河床演变的基本特征,提出甬江航道整治的原则和措施。     

锦州湾滩地动力地貌特征及其冲淤变化

本文阐述了锦州湾滩地动力地貌特征,海滩剖面形变,潮滩微地貌类型与横向分带性;并采用潮滩剖面重复水准测量、新老海图对比和²¹⁰pb沉积速率测定等方法着重讨论了潮间浅滩和水下浅滩的冲淤变化。新老海图对比值为4-6mm/a,²¹⁰pb沉积速率测定为1-5mm/a,湾内泥沙输沙量估算为2-4mm/a,三个量值基本接近。     

湖北省天门市土地整治效应评估研究

土地整治的实施必然会对区域的经济社会、生态环境、景观等产生影响。将土地整治的综合效应分为资源经济效应、社会效应、环境效应和景观效应,构建土地整治效应评估的指标体系和评估模型,对湖北省天门市土地整治项目进行效应评估。结果表明:土地整治综合效应的分值为+10.57,代表土地整治在该区域产生了良好影响;土地整治对资源经济、社会、环境和景观的影响强度有所差别,其中对资源经济的影响最大,效应值为+6.37,对总效应的贡献率达到了60.27%;环境效应的效应值为-0.56,是4个单项效应中唯一的负向效应,代表土地整治对环境产生了不良的影响。     

沙漠化土地整治中几个问题的探讨

本文通过对土地沙漠化整治中几个问题的论述和分析,提出在沙漠化整治中首先应处理好开发与保护、整治与生产,以及生态效益与经济效益的关系;其次应处理好封沙育林育草与解决农村能源(燃料)的关系,要考虑沙区人民的切身利益,启发群众治沙的自觉性;再次,我国沙漠化与发展之比为1:8,说明沙漠化整治的速度相当缓慢。因此,依靠旱生植物治沙已不能满足沙漠化整治的需要。要缩小沙漠化整治与发展的比例,应尽可能采用“以水治沙”(水路)和“植物治沙”(旱路)相结合的治沙之路,才能加快我国沙漠化土地的整治。     

长江上游卵石推移质数量的计算

这里所说的长江上游,指的是长江宜宾一宜昌段;并把平均粒径大于10.0毫米的泥沙称为卵石推移质。我国西南地区的大部分河流(长江上游是其中之一)屈山区河流。卵石推移质问题在这些河流中十分突出,造成水库、渠道、航道与港口的淤积,危及山区河流的开发、利用与建设。 目前计算卵石推移质数量,主要采用三种方法:1.计算法 这就是根据卵石推移质运动规律,建立计算公式。由于长江上游推移质的粒配悬殊(如长江宜宾的卵石最大粒     

我国沙漠化土地整治基本模式的探讨

我国是世界上沙漠戈壁、沙漠化土地较多的国家,也是受沙漠化灾害严重的国家之一,沙漠化是一种严重的、蚕食式、潜移式的灾害。经长期试验研究实践,形成具有我国特色的沙漠化土地整治的基本模式:1、采取防治与开发相结合的途径;2、形成试验站—试验示范区—幅射推广区的技术路线;3、当地政府官员、科技人员和人民群众相结合方式,把科研与生产,理论与实践密切相结合。     

浅析农村土地整治

农村土地整治是一项涉及面广、政策性强、技术综合的系统工程。本文在分析农村土地整治内涵的基础上,论述了我国农村土地整治发展的现状、问题和对策。研究表明:我国农村土地整治存在重数量轻质量,重经济效益轻生态效益、群众意愿问题、组织管理问题和规划设计中的问题。研究结论:提出要土地质量提高与生态环境建设和保护并重,做好宣传工作加强公众参与、重视组织管理和规划设计等对策措施。     

赤峰市土地整治存在问题及建议

土地整治成为提高耕地质量,增加有效耕地面积,集约节约土地的重要途径。当前和今后一个时期,土地整治已经上升为国家战略,成为保发展、保红线、促转变、惠民生的重要抓手和平台。赤峰市得天独厚的地理条件,非常适宜开展土地整治项目建设。针对赤峰市土地整治项目的特点,挖掘总结存在的问题,给出解决问题的建议,为今后更好地开展土地整治项目建设奠定良好坚定的基础。     

呼伦贝尔市莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗新发水库土地整治项目分析评价

土地整治是我国保护耕地、稳定粮食生产、解决"三农"问题的战略决策,也是补充耕地、实现耕地占补平衡、改善生产条件和生态环境、提高土地生产能力的重要途径。本文选取呼伦贝尔莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗土地整治项目进行整治前后效益分析,对项目实施进行调查和评价。     

湛江港潮汐汊道落潮三角洲沉积动力过程

湛江港是华南海岩规模最大的中潮溺谷湾型潮汊道港湾，口外发育规模巨大、形态典型的落潮三角洲。依据据现场调查资料分析，落潮三角洲具有马蹄形浅滩包围中央深槽的地貌结构，由中心至周边为粗砂至极细砂同心半圆带状分布的表层沉积分布，中央深槽落潮流动力为主，周边浅滩波潮流动力为主的动力场结构。     

冲积河流的河相关系

根据河流床沙的运动情况,将天然河流区分为三种类型,并分析其沿程河相关系。     

长江河口最大浑浊带水沙输运机制分析

本文根据大量的实测资料，运用机理的分析方法，讨论了长江口最大浑浊带中各输沙项的作用。结果表明，平均流输沙、斯托克斯漂流效应、潮汐捕集以及垂向不流是净输沙的主要部分。     

Straight from the source's mouth: Controls on field-constrained sediment export across the entire active Corinth Rift,central Greece

The volume and grain-size of sediment supplied from catchments fundamentally control basin stratigraphy. Despite their importance, few studies have constrained sediment budgets and grain-size exported into an active rift at the basin scale. Here, we used the Corinth Rift as a natural laboratory to quantify the controls on sediment export within an active rift. In the field, we measured the hydraulic geometries, surface grain-sizes of channel bars and full-weighted grain-size distributions of river sediment at the mouths of 47 catchments draining the rift (constituting 83% of the areal extent). Results show that the sediment grain-size increases westward along the southern coast of the Gulf of Corinth, with the coarse-fraction grain-sizes (84^th percentile of weighted grain-size distribution) ranging from approximately 19 to 91 mm. We find that the median and coarse-fraction of the sieved grain-size distribution are primarily controlled by bedrock lithology, with late Quaternary uplift rates exerting a secondary control. Our results indicate that grain-size export is primarily controlled by the input grain-size within the catchment and subsequent abrasion during fluvial transport, both quantities that are sensitive to catchment lithology. We also demonstrate that the median and coarse-fraction of the grain-size distribution are predominantly transported in bedload; however, typical sand-grade particles are transported as suspended load at bankfull conditions, suggesting disparate source-to-sink transit timescales for sand and gravel. Finally, we derive both a full Holocene sediment budget and a grain-size-specific bedload discharged into the Gulf of Corinth using the grain-size measurements and previously published estimates of sediment fluxes and volumes. Results show that the bedload sediment budget is primarily comprised (~79%) of pebble to cobble grade (0.475–16 cm). Our results suggest that the grain-size of sediment export at the rift scale is particularly sensitive to catchment lithology and fluvial mophodynamics, which complicates our ability to make direct inferences of tectonic and palaeoenvironmental forcing from local stratigraphic characteristics.     

VARIABILITY OF IN-CHANNEL SEDIMENT STORAGE WITHIN A SMALL SEMIARID DRAINAGE BASIN

This study determines the spatial and temporal variability of in-channel storage within a small semiarid drainage basin in equatorial East Africa, and establishes a tentative sediment budget for coarse (>200 μm) in-channel sediments. Detailed measurements of in-channel sediment storage (mass) within third and fourth-order ephemeral channels were obtained using channel-pit excavations and probing with metal rods. Eighty-seven monumented cross-sections were established in February 1986 and resurveyed in December 1986, following the last runoff event of the year. These provided data on change in sediment storage on a 30-m channel reach basis. In addition, measurements of bankfull channel width, mean depth, cross-sectional area, wetted perimeter, hydraulic radius, channel slope and distance from the basin outlet were measured at each cross section. Total in-channel sediment storage was approximately 8640 t with 83% of this total stored within the Main (fourth-order) Channel. Stepwise multiple regression of In-transformed data indicated that bankfull channel width and distance from the outlet (which is strongly related with slope) were significantly related to in-channel storage. The variation in the ratio of stream power:critical power along the Main Channel may explain the distribution of in-channel sediments. Net aggradation of 50 to 60 t during 1986 was minor in relation to the total in-channel storage reservoir, but indicates that a static equilibrium condition cannot be assumed. Bedload output during 1986 was approximately 125 t, and the computed input of coarse sediments to the major channels within the basin was approximately 185 t. The sediment delivery ratio for the coarse material was approximately 68%, which indicates a relatively efficient transport system. [Key words: geomorphology, sediment budget, in-channel sediment storage, semiarid, drainage basin.]     

A general framework for modeling sediment supply to coastal dunes including wind angle,beach geometry,and fetch effects

A series of spatially explicit equations are derived that form the foundation of a modeling framework that provides insight into how the interaction of the fetch effect and angle of wind approach leads to tradeoffs that govern the magnitude of aeolian sediment transport across beaches of different geometry. The spatial distribution of sediment transport rate per unit width at any point on the beach is shown to vary predictably as a function of wind angle, critical fetch, and beach geometry; and this has evident implications for the total volume and distribution of sediment transport into the dunes behind the beach as well as the proportion of sediment lost from the beach-dune system at the downwind margin. As the wind field shifts from onshore (shore perpendicular) to oblique (shore parallel) approach angle, total sediment transport rate across a dune line segment will reflect a tradeoff between transport reduction because of the cosine effect and transport enhancement because of potentially longer fetch distances traversed by the wind prior to encountering the dune line. This tradeoff is most evident on long, narrow beaches when beach width is less than the critical fetch. For such beaches and with onshore winds, the total sediment transport rate across the dune line will be less than that predicted for a wide beach because of the constraint imposed by the fetch effect. However, as the angle of wind approach becomes oblique, the available fetch becomes progressively longer, transport limitations imposed by the fetch effect are negated, and transport enhancement across the dune line is to be expected. With very large angles of wind approach, the cosine effect dominates the interaction and transport reductions across the dune line occur until the wind is shore parallel and sediment supply to the dunes ceases altogether. This sequence of adjustments and tradeoffs were only partially understood prior to this study, and yet they form the foundation of coastal dune modeling. The framework proposed in this paper serves to place future studies of process-form interaction in beach-dune systems on a robust theoretical foundation. It also facilitates the testing of various alternative hypotheses regarding the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of dune height and growth rate in coastal environments.     

基于栅格数字高程模型自动提取黄土地貌沟沿线技术研究

从数字高程模型中提取具有精确定位特征的连续的沟沿线是构建黄土沟壑丘陵地区土壤侵蚀,泥沙搬运和径流过程的空间分布式机理－过程模型的关键技术。本文提出了基于地貌形态学特征的地貌提取技术,在提取具有代表性的黄土丘陵沟壑区山西离石王家沟流域汇流网络的基础上,自动提取了该流域完整的沟沿线,得到了满意的结果。     

长江上游卵石推移特性变化及驱动力分析

长江上游的水沙特性变化 ,直接关系到三峡工程的调度运行。朱沱站和寸滩站是长江上游与三峡水库的水沙主要控制站。本文分析了朱沱、寸滩站卵石推移特性的近期变化 ,发现寸滩站从 1981年起、朱沱站从 1991年起卵石推移特性发生了明显变化 ,主要体现在 :1)卵石推移量系统减小 :朱沱站 1992～ 2 0 0 1年卵石年均推移量比 1975～ 1991年减少了 4 6 9% ,寸滩站 1982～ 2 0 0 1年比 196 6～ 1981减少了 4 0 6 % ;2 )推移质粒径细化 ,中数粒径细化了约11mm ;3)流量 -输沙率关系发生明显变化 :朱沱站输沙率系数B减少 4 7 5 % ,寸滩站系数B减少 4 1 1% ;4 )输沙不平衡量增大 ,计算的磨损系数增大近 70 %。长江上游卵石推移特性变化的驱动力分析结果表明 :采取水土流失治理等措施是直接原因 ,水利工程拦沙和建筑材料开采等人类活动是主要影响因素。依据上述分析 ,本文指出 ,应当继续加强水土保持建设 ,尽快开展长江上游和支流泥沙运移和淤积情况及规律调研。并建议以可开采沙量为依据 ,严格控制采沙。     

北洛河下游河槽形成与输沙特性

北洛河发湖泊于黄河粗沙来源区，年均含沙量达１２８ｋｇ／ｍ＾３年均流量仅２５ｍ＾３．ｓ，是典型的多沙河流，但由于泥沙主要由高含沙洪水输送，平水流量小，含沙量低，经常保持窄深稳定河槽，使高含沙洪水挟带的泥沙能顺利输送而不淤，并形成弯曲性河流。     

Longitudinal profile evolution of valleys on coastal terraces under the compound influence of eustasy, tectonism and marine erosion

On the coast of Tosa Bay, Southwestern Japan, there is a wide coastal terrace which was formed in the Last Interglacial and has been uplifted to altitudes of 150–200 m above the present sea level by crustal movement. Many valleys dissect the terrace surface with upwardly convex profiles in downstream reaches. Numerical simulations were conducted to investigate the development of longitudinal profiles of the valleys under the influence of baselevel change and marine erosion. The basic equation used for the calculation had been derived theoretically from the hydraulic mechanism of river erosion. The independent variables are the gradient and curvature of the valley floor and the distance from the divide (drainage area per unit basin width). The parameter in the sediment transport equation is determined based on the results of laboratory experiments. A time sequence of seashore migration which has been caused by marine erosion and relative sea level change due to crustal uplift and glacial eustasy since the Last Interglacial was given as a boundary condition. Numerical calculations were conducted using a finite difference method, starting from 125000 years ago when the shoreline was located at the upper end of the terrace surface, and progressive changes in the valley profiles over time were simulated. The present profiles obtained from the calculation fit quite closely to actual valley profiles, which demonstrates the validity of the equation, and at the same time suggests a formation process for wide coastal terraces.