施工缝对框架结构抗震性能影响的数值分析

为研究施工缝对框架结构抗震性能的影响,利用提出的施工缝模型,基于OPENSEES平台建模进行静力非线性分析和非线性动力时程分析。通过对比整浇框架与带缝框架的顶点最大位移、层间位移角、塑性铰出现和分布规律等明确施工缝对框架结构的抗震性能的影响程度。结果表明,施工缝使框架结构的变形和层间位移角显著增大,并且使8、9度区框架结构的层间位移角分布发生改变;施工缝使柱端更易出现塑性铰,更易发生"强梁弱柱"的破坏模式;在高烈度区,施工缝的影响比较显著,如果忽略其影响,将会高估框架结构的抗震性能。     

轴压比对RC框架实现“强柱弱梁”的影响研究

针对现浇楼板中板筋对纵向梁抗弯能力的提高作用,采用ABAQUS进行不同轴压比下的RC空间框架结构非线性分析,通过不同节点处的梁、柱钢筋应力对比,讨论了不同轴压比对应的结构和同一结构中不同节点位置在实现"强柱弱梁"上的难易程度以及梁端塑性铰的出现条件。研究结果表明,轴压比对板筋在纵向梁抗弯能力中参与程度的影响较大,低轴压比的结构比高轴压比的结构更容易出现梁端塑性铰;同一结构中内节点对应的纵向梁端比外节点更难出现塑性铰;为实现"大震不倒",建议在满足现行结构设计规范提出的相关要求外,对同一节点处的梁、柱端实际承载能力进行复核,使得考虑了现浇楼板参与作用后的梁端实际承载力依然小于柱端实际承载力。     

RC异形柱框架抗连续倒塌静载试验研究

按照我国现有抗震标准设计了一个1/3缩尺的两层3×2跨异形柱框架结构模型,并在替代柱的二层柱顶进行了竖向静力加载,以研究模型框架在失去底层短边中柱后,框架结构在倒塌破坏过程中的受力特性、破坏机理以及最终的破坏形态。研究结果表明:框架的倒塌破坏全过程可分为弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段、塑性阶段和悬链线阶段;梁端塑性铰、框架梁的悬链线作用及失效柱相邻跨内梁板柱的空间作用,可有效提高结构的抗连续倒塌能力;框架结构顶层角部的梁柱节点为关键构件。     

基于pushover方法的RC框架结构抗震性能评估研究

以郑州市上街区某小学综合办公楼5层钢筋混凝土框架结构实际工程为背景,采用有限元软件Sap2000对该结构进行了静力弹塑性分析,通过计算了解了该结构在不同地震动强度作用下的抗震性能水准。研究表明:该结构能够满足抗震规范规定的"小震不坏"和"大震不倒"的性能要求。从推覆过程中观测到的梁柱塑性铰发展情况来看,结构破坏基本上呈"梁铰机制",满足规范关于"强柱弱梁"的设计要求,说明结构原设计总体上是比较合理的。但是从分析得到的结构各层层间位移角以及各层梁柱塑性铰发展情况来看,结构第3层与4层交接处抗侧刚度突变,属于结构中相对薄弱部位,在构造上应予加强。     

抗震结构柱端塑性铰形成机制有限元分析

针对汶川地震中钢筋混凝土结构出现大量的脆性破坏,以抗震结构设计中的塑性铰为研究目标,应用ANSYS程序对框架结构中最易出现塑性铰的节点部位进行了有限元分析。计算中采用了钢筋单元与混凝土单元变形不协调模型。结果显示,引起柱端脆性破坏的原因在于节点部位梁与柱的刚度失衡,柱端延性下降。目前抗震设计规范中的"强柱弱梁"、"强剪弱弯"原则和相关措施,不能保证塑性铰一定出现在梁端,结构抗震设计中常用的本构关系模型有待改进。     

混凝土框架柱塑性铰区抗剪性能非线性有限元分析

为保证框架柱端塑性铰达到预期的塑性转动之前,柱端塑性铰区不出现剪切破坏,结合框架柱塑性铰区抗剪承载力的试验研究,利用ANSYS对10个框架柱构件塑性铰区的抗剪性能进行了非线性有限元分析;有限元模型中混凝土采用SOLID65单元,钢筋采用LINK8单元,分离式建模,施加约束时将试验构件上梁上端表面的所有节点在竖直方向耦合,以保证塑性铰出现在柱端;计算了10个构件的骨架曲线,框架柱塑性铰区弹性工作阶段、带裂缝工作阶段和破坏阶段的应力云图和破坏时的裂缝分布图,将以上计算结果与试验结果进行了对比,数值计算结果和试验结果符合良好,验证了有限元模型建立的准确性,所建模型可为今后同类问题的非线性有限元计算提供参考。     

铰接隅撑钢框架抗震性能研究

传统抗弯钢框架的梁柱节点通常设计为刚性连接,这种刚性节点具有很大的抗弯刚度,然而节点延性不足,罕遇地震作用导致节点脆性断裂.研究学者提出了多种解决该问题的思路,例如半刚性连接节点、节点加强或削弱方法使塑性铰外移等.本文提出了一种简化的梁柱节点连接方式-铰接连接,改变梁柱节点的传力方式,在节点处设置隅撑提供框架的抗侧刚度...     

新型端板螺栓连接框架节点抗震性能试验研究

提出了一种新型预应力混凝土梁、连续复合螺旋箍筋混凝土柱及端板螺栓连接的装配式节点,该节点的基本构造为:采用高强螺栓通过外伸端板将梁与柱装配在一起,并在梁柱中均采用连续复合螺旋箍筋,另在梁中配置预应力筋与普通钢筋,普通钢筋通过墩头与端板焊接在一起,且在节点核心区处采用钢板箍替代箍筋。该节点传力明确,且避免了核心区钢筋纵横交错的现象。为研究该节点的抗震性能,通过拟静力试验对该节点的滞回曲线、延性、高强螺旋箍筋对混凝土的约束作用等进行了分析。试验结果表明:节点破坏前,梁端出现了明显的塑性铰,节点具有较好的延性及耗能能力,且柱子和核心区的损坏程度较小,密配高强螺旋箍筋的约束作用能有效地提高构件的抗剪承载力和结构的变形能力。     

合理确定梁端塑性铰弯矩值及改进钢框架梁连接设计

多次强震震害表明,梁破坏时梁端截面并未能形成理想塑性铰,而是在梁柱连接处发生脆性破坏。提出了改进钢框架梁连接设计的具体作法,即局部加大梁端焊缝截面的同时,在梁端一定距离处又适当削弱梁翼缘尺寸,合理确定梁端塑性铰弯矩,按梁两端出现同向塑性铰求出钢框架梁柱连接、梁的拼接处的内力(M、V)作为多遇地震作用下的调整内力设计值,改进梁柱连接、梁拼接的设计,供工程设计和修订相应规范作参考。     

抗弯框架-钢板剪力墙结构体系抗震性能研究

基于等效拉杆理论和静力弹塑性分析法,对8层钢板剪力墙结构进行了静力推覆分析,在节点铰接和刚接连接形式下,分析了结构层间剪力分配、荷载-位移曲线、塑性铰出现顺序等指标,研究了节点刚度变化对结构整体性能的影响.结果表明:三跨刚接模型中,剪力墙承担约65％水平剪力,钢框架承担约35％,梁柱铰接后承载力降低29％左右.单跨刚接模型中,剪力墙承担约80％水平剪力,钢框架承担约20％,梁柱铰接后承载力降低9％左右.梁柱刚接为双重抗侧力体系,相邻跨框架能提供有效刚度,节点连接形式对结构承载力的影响不容忽视.     

Analysis of RC slab–beam–column sub‐assemblages subjected to bidirectional lateral cyclic loading using a new 3D macroelement

An existing two‐dimensional macroelement for reinforced concrete beam–column joints is extended to a three‐dimensional macroelement. The three‐dimensional macroelement for beam–column joints consists of six rigid interface plates and uniaxial springs for concrete, steel, and bond–slip, which model the inside of a beam–column joint. The mechanical models for the materials and the stiffness equation for the springs are also presented. To validate the model, we used test results from three slab–beam–column sub‐assemblages subjected to bi‐lateral cyclic load. It is revealed that the new joint model is capable of capturing the strength of beam–column joints and the bidirectional interaction in joint shear response, including the concentration of damage in the beam–column joint, the pinching nature in hysteretic behavior, the stiffness degradation, and strength deterioration resulting from cyclic and bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic strengthening of existing RC beam‐column joints by wing walls

Numerous non‐ductile reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with little or no shear reinforcement in beam‐column joints can be found in regions of moderate seismicity. To strengthen such substandard beam‐column joints, this study proposes a method in which RC wing walls are installed beside existing columns, which overcomes the lack of realistic strengthening methods for congested connections in RC buildings. The proposed strengthening mechanism improves the joint moment capacity by utilizing tension and compression acting on the beam–wing wall boundaries; thus, brittle joint hinging failure is prevented. Three 3/4‐scale RC exterior beam‐column joint specimens without shear reinforcement, two of which were strengthened by installing wing walls with different strengthening elements, were fabricated and tested. The test results verified the effectiveness of the proposed strengthening method and the applicability of this method to seismically substandard beam‐column joints. © 2017 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Development and validation of a metallic haunch seismic retrofit solution for existing under‐designed RC frame buildings

The feasibility and efficiency of a seismic retrofit solution for existing reinforced concrete frame systems, designed before the introduction of modern seismic‐oriented design codes in the mid 1970s, is conceptually presented and experimentally investigated. A diagonal metallic haunch system is introduced at the beam–column connections to protect the joint panel zone from extensive damage and brittle shear mechanisms, while inverting the hierarchy of strength within the beam–column subassemblies and forming a plastic hinge in the beam. A complete step‐by‐step design procedure is suggested for the proposed retrofit strategy to achieve the desired reversal of strength hierarchy. Analytical formulations of the internal force flow at the beam–column‐joint level are derived for the retrofitted joints. The study is particularly focused on exterior beam–column joints, since it is recognized that they are the most vulnerable, due to their lack of a reliable joint shear transfer mechanism. Results from an experimental program carried out to validate the concept and the design procedure are also presented. The program consisted of quasi‐static cyclic tests on four exterior, ? scaled, beam–column joint subassemblies, typical of pre‐1970 construction practice using plain round bars with end‐hooks, with limited joint transverse reinforcement and detailed without capacity design considerations. The first (control specimen) emulated the as‐built connection while the three others incorporated the proposed retrofitted configurations. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed solution for upgrading non‐seismically designed RC frames and also confirmed the applicability of the proposed design procedure and of the analytical derivations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Rehabilitation of earthquake damaged external RC beam‐column joints by joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles

The effectiveness of a rehabilitation method based on joint enlargement using prestressed steel angles to enhance the seismic behavior of damaged external reinforced concrete beam‐column joints was experimentally investigated. Three half‐scale joints having either non‐seismic or seismic reinforcement details were tested both before and after rehabilitation by applying lateral cyclic loading of increasing amplitudes. Two defects were considered for the two non‐seismic units, being the absence of transverse steel hoops and insufficient bond capacity of beam bottom steel reinforcing bars in the joint panel zone. The damaged specimens were rehabilitated by injecting epoxy grout into existing cracks and installing stiffened steel angles at the re‐entrant corners of the beam‐column joint, both above and below the beam, that were mounted and held in place using prestressed high‐tensile strength bars. The test results indicated that the seismic performance of the rehabilitated specimens in terms of strength, stiffness, and ductility was fully recovered and comparable with the performance of the seismically detailed specimen. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of reinforcement slippage on the non‐linear response under cyclic loadings of RC frame structures

This paper discusses the importance of including the bond‐slip effects in assessing the response under cyclic loads of reinforced concrete frames. The discussion is based on analyses performed using numerical models which are simple, computationally efficient and capable of representing the salient features of reinforced concrete frames under both static and dynamic loads. The numerical models comprise a displacement‐based, reinforced concrete frame element with bond‐slip and a rigid beam column joint element with bond‐slip. Two applications illustrate the model accuracy and show the importance of including bond‐slip. The first application considers a reinforced concrete beam‐column subassemblage experimentally tested under cyclic loads. The second application considers the shaking table test of a two‐story one‐bay reinforced concrete frame In both cases the analytical results correlate well with the experimental results in terms of strength, displacement demands and hysteretic energy dissipation. Furthermore, the paper shows how the analyses that include bond‐slip yield a better correlation with the experimental results with respect to the analyses that assume a perfect bond. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear modeling of cyclic response of RC beam–column joints reinforced by plain bars

Experience of previous earthquakes shows that a considerable portion of buildings reinforced with plain bars sustain relatively large damages especially at the beam–column joints where the damages are mostly caused by either diagonal shear cracks or intersectional cracks caused by bar slippage. While previous works mainly focus on shear failure mode, in this study, the emphasis is placed on slip based cracks as the dominant failure mode. A systematic procedure is introduced to predict the dominant failure mode at the joint which is based on the dimensional properties, reinforcement details, and axial and shear load at the joint. In addition, a relatively simple and efficient nonlinear model is proposed to simulate pre- and post-elastic behavior of the joints which fail under bar slippage mode. In this model, beam and column components are represented by linear elastic elements, dimensions of the joint panel are defined by rigid elements, and effect of slip is taken into account by a nonlinear rotational spring at the end of the beam. The proposed method is validated by experimental results for both internal and external joints .     

Cyclic behaviour of interior beam–column joints reinforced with plain bars

The seismic damages commonly observed on beam–column joints of old reinforced concrete structures, built with plain bars and without proper detailing, justifies the need to further study the behaviour of this type of structures. The response of these structures when loaded cyclically, as occurs during the earthquakes, is partially controlled by the bond properties between the reinforcing bars and the surrounding concrete. This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign of unidirectional cyclic tests carried out on six full‐scale beam–column joints built with plain bars. These joint specimens are representative of existing reinforced concrete structures, that is, built without adequate reinforcement detailing for seismic demands. For comparison, an additional specimen is built with deformed bars and tested. The seven specimens are designed and detailed to allow the investigation of the influence of bond properties, lapping of the longitudinal bars in columns and beams, bent‐up bars in the beams, slab contribution and concrete strength. The lateral force–drift relationships, global dissipated energy evolution, contribution of the joint, beams and columns to the global dissipated energy, ductility, equivalent damping, final damage observed, homogenized reinforced concrete damage index, displacement components, curvature evolutions and Eurocode requirements are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全装配式预制混凝土结构梁柱组合件抗震性能试验研究

采用足尺模型对比试验方法对现浇高强混凝土梁柱组合件、预制混凝土结构高强混凝土后浇整体式梁柱组合件和高强预制混凝土结构全装配式梁柱组合件在低周反复荷载作用下的开裂破坏形态、滞回特性、骨架曲线、强度与刚度退化特性、耗能能力、节点核心区域的剪切变形、梁端与柱端的转动变形等抗震性能指标进行了系统研究。结果表明：高强预制混凝土结构后浇整体式梁柱组合件与现浇高强混凝土结构梁柱组合件具有相同的抗震能力，全装配式预制混凝土梁柱组合件的抗震性能和主要抗震性能指标与现浇高强混凝土梁柱组合件和预制混凝土结构后浇整体式梁柱组合件存在明显的差异。对于实际工程应用，应采取必要措施增加全装配式节点的耗能能力。     

Seismic fragility functions for code compliant and non-compliant RC SMRF structures in Pakistan

Fragility functions are derived for low-rise code compliant & non-compliant special moment resisting frames (SMRFs). Non-compliant SMRFs those built in low strength concrete and lacking confining ties in joint panel zones, commonly found in developing countries. Shake table tests were performed on single-storey and two-storey 1:3 reduced scale representative frames to understand the damage mechanism and develop deformation-based damage scale. The non-compliant SMRF experienced column flexure cracking, longitudinal bar-slip in beam and observed with cover concrete spalling from the joint panels. The code compliant SMRF experienced flexure cracks in beam/column, and experienced joint cracking under extreme shaking. Numerical modeling technique is developed for inelastic modeling of reinforced concrete frame with beam bar-slip and joint damageability using SeismoStruct. Natural accelerograms were used to analyze the considered frames through incremental dynamic analyses in SeismoStruct. A probabilistic based approach was used to derive fragility functions for the considered frames. An example case study is presented for damageability evaluation of structures for earthquakes of various return periods (43, 72, 475, 2475 years).