地下工程设计地震动加速度幅值变化研究

为了明确地下地震动幅值的衰减规律,基于日本最近几年发生的16次强烈地震的443组深井地震动记录,主要考虑分量方向和震级的影响,分析了地下深层(-100~-400m)地震动加速度幅值与地表对应幅值比(Ad/A0)以及竖向与水平向加速度幅值比(Av/Ah)沿深度的变化特征.结果表明,深层地震动加速度幅值比与深度大致呈线性关系,幅值比(Ad/A0)随深度的增加变化不大,主要分布在0.2~0.4之间;震级对幅值比(Ad/A0)有一定的影响,表现在震级变大幅值比有减小的趋势;另外,水平向加速度幅值比略小于竖向幅值比.竖向与水平向加速度幅值比(Av/Ah)沿深度也大致呈线性关系变化,且稳定在0.6附近.发现拟合关系式的选取会对结果产生较大的影响.最后,讨论了地下工程结构设计地震动加速度幅值的深层取值问题,以期为地下设计地震动参数的选取提供参考.     

地震动的波序特征研究

基于实际地震记录的统计分析,研究地震动的波序统计特征。实验研究表明,地震动的波序特征对土体变形发展有显著影响,其应变发展时程及残余变形主要受峰值及峰值前脉冲控制。通过真实地震动的统计分析研究其波序特征,结果表明:峰值前后脉冲个数的对数与截断比呈线性递减关系,与震级呈线性递增关系。当截断比小于0.5时,峰值后脉冲个数大于峰值前脉冲个数,二者之比的范围为3.1~1.2,当截断比大于0.5时,峰值后与峰值前脉冲个数差别变小,二者之比为1.2~1.0。     

基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层地震动的速度脉冲特性

选取断层距小于200 km的64组强震记录数据,基于小波方法分析汶川地震近断层速度脉冲的地震动特性,并将此次地震中获取到的速度脉冲周期和幅值参数与Chi-Chi 地震和Northridge地震进行了比较,统计分析地震震级、距离对速度脉冲的周期和幅值参数的影响.研究表明:(1)汶川地震近断层速度脉冲具有周期长、幅值小的特点.速度脉冲周期主要分布在6~14 s之间,其中51MZQ台沿平行断层的分量脉冲周期最大为14.2 s,速度脉冲幅值与Chi-Chi 地震和Northridge地震相比明显偏小.(2) 速度脉冲记录出现在沿着地震断层破裂传播的方向上,且与地表断裂的距离都在30 km以内,这些长周期速度脉冲的形成可能主要由破裂传播的向前方向性效应引起.(3)速度脉冲的周期随矩震级呈对数线性增大,且随断层距增大有减小趋势.在矩震级小于M_w7.5时,观测到的地震动脉冲幅值为50~150 cm/s之间,与100 cm/s的典型断层滑动速率非常接近;而震级大于M_w7.5时,断层距10km范围内脉冲的幅值已经超过100 cm/s,个别记录的脉冲幅值甚至达到200 cm/s,远超过前人给出的饱和值,这可能与大的永久形变或该处土层介质条件有关.     

P/S震相幅值比判据对低震级地震事件的适用性检验c

基于中国新疆及中亚地区大量天然地震和地下爆炸，检验了较大震级情况下得到的区域P/S震相幅值比识别判据对低震级地震事件的适用性. 分析结果表明，对较大震级地震事件具有较好识别效果的P/S震相幅值比判据对低震级事件同样适用，而且对低震级事件也具有与较大震级事件大致相当的识别效果. 据WMQ、BLK、MUL和MAK台的25个识别效果较好的P/S震相幅值比判据统计， 大于ML3.5和ML3.5以下地震事件的误识率之差约为2个百分点.      

考虑阻抗比影响的三维沉积盆地地震动时-频放大特征

基于三维谱元法模拟了三维沉积盆地模型在点源作用下的地震动响应,通过分析地表速度峰值、放大系数以及特征频率处的谱比分布,研究了不同阻抗比(IR)下盆地的地震动放大特征。结果表明：1)地震动峰值并非随阻抗比的增加而单调递减,且最强烈地震动位置均随阻抗比的减小而向盆地内部移动。2)地震动放大系数与峰值分布总体一致,IR在0.08～0.44的范围内,盆地地表地震动幅值可达基岩半空间地震动幅值的3.68倍。但小阻抗比时三维盆地地震效应会引起某些分量上放大系数的显著不同的分布特征。3)最大放大频率随阻抗比而变化,IR=0.26～0.33时的主要放大频率为IR=0.08时的3倍。4)三维盆地地震效应、阻抗比和一维等效自振频率共同决定了盆地地震动的时-频域放大特征。比较而言,阻抗比较小时更应考虑三维盆地的地震效应。     

南北地震带川滇甘陕地区竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的统计分析

本文收集了从南北地震带川滇甘陕地区263个有详细场地资料的强震台站获得的802组强震动记录,按照场地、震级和震中距等因素统计分析了竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比的形状以及不同场地、震级和震中距下不同周期段内的谱比平均值,并与建筑抗震规范GB50011—2010规定的0.65进行了比较。结果表明:竖向与水平向加速度反应谱比受场地、震级和震中距等因素的影响; Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类场地在全周期段的谱比均值基本上大于0.65;无论何种分组情况谱比均值在0.1—1.0 s周期范围内基本低于定值0.65,周期大于1.0 s的谱比均值基本上远高于0.65。因此对于大部分抗震规范直接把竖向地震作用取为水平向地震作用的0.65倍,有待商榷。本文建议根据水平向反应谱的标定方式来确定现有竖向强震动记录的竖向地震作用。      

新疆喀什原场地地震动频谱特性研究

2020年1月19日和2020年2月21日在新疆喀什地区先后发生M_S6.4和M_S5.1地震,针对新疆强震动台网收集到的128条强震动记录进行统计分析,研究2次地震记录的幅值及反应谱特性,并与两个现行规范设计反应谱进行对比,结果表明：(1)震级相同时,震中距越小加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;震中距相同时,震级越大加速度反应谱越大,且加速度反应谱衰减速度越慢;(2)震级越大加速度谱值、速度谱值、位移谱值越大;(3)M_S6.4、M_S5.1地震波加速度反应谱及其平均值曲线相近,与我国现行规范加速度反应谱相比差别很大。建议在新疆喀什地区采用基于当地强震记录的加速度反应谱进行结构抗震设计。     

汶川地震强震动地面倾斜研究

根据三分量强震动传感器水平摆和竖向摆对倾斜的动力响应差异,利用谱比法计算出汶川MS8.0地震中近断层强震动的断层法线方向和平行方向的同震地面倾斜. 结果表明, 本次地震中强震动观测台处地面倾斜一般小于1deg;,影响频段主要在0.1 Hz以下,发生较大倾斜的台站主要在距地表破裂迹线30 km以内,在100 km之外或水平向加速度幅值均方根在200 cm/s2以下时很少发生0.01deg;以上的同震地面倾斜．总体上看,上盘区域的倾斜值普遍小于下盘区域,法线方向倾斜值一般大于平行线方向倾斜值．位于前山断裂与中央断裂之间区域的绵竹清平台谱比较低但平缓且频带较宽,可能反应了该区域的运动特殊性,而汶川卧龙台则显示了上盘边缘区域地面倾斜较大．逆冲段与走滑段台站倾斜对比显示,地面倾斜可能受局部场地条件影响较大．      

地脉动水平/竖向谱比表征地震动场地效应的有效性及其修正

近年来,地脉动水平/竖向谱比法广泛应用于获取场地卓越频率工作中,但在指示地震动放大系数方面是偏小的。利用KiK-net台网403个台站共21万余组数据,通过对比分析地脉动水平/竖向谱比MHVR和地震动水平/竖向谱比EHVR,发现二者的谱形和峰值频率基本一致,但幅值存在差异。根据MHVR谱形将场地分为6类,建立将MHVR修正为EHVR的经验方法。当MHVR有可解释的峰值时,实测EHVR和修正后MHVR预测值一致性提高。地震动峰值加速度在40 cm/s²以下时,EHVR受场地非线性的影响较小,利用MHVR及其修正方法可有效估计EHVR。     

基于强震动数据的等强度延性谱影响因素分析

基于5 500余条峰值加速度大于50 gal的水平向地震动数据,采用双线性模型计算了单自由度体系弹塑性反应,从地震信息参数和地震动参数2方面分析了影响等强度延性谱的因素。首先在场地分类的基础上按震中距和震级大小将地震动分组,分析了震中距远近和震级大小对等强度延性谱的影响;然后在地震动参数方面分析了反映幅值、频谱以及持时的峰值速度(PGV)、有效峰值加速度(EPA)以及Bolt持时等代表参数,并且根据PGV,EPA和Bolt持时的大小分组,分析了其对等强度延性谱的影响,结果表明:①在大部分周期内,各组等强度延性谱值差异较大,在各个场地内震中距和震级较大时,对应的延性谱值较大;②分组效果最好的地震动参数为PGV,其次是Bolt持时,当根据EPA分组时,分组结果最不理想。     

Semiannual and annual oscillations of sea level and their impact on asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña episodes

The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, we demonstrate that the asymmetry between El Niño and La Niña events recorded in sea level variation occurs only during extreme episodes of El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Second, we explain that the asymmetry is controlled by certain regular cycles which have time-variable amplitudes. Gridded maps of sea level anomaly that form a spatial-temporal time series (spatial resolution: 1° × 1°, sampling interval: 1 week) spanning the time interval from 14/10/1993 to 18/04/2012 were used. We examined those time series and found that certain regular harmonic signals (periods: 365, 182, 120, 90 and 62 days) are dominant terms of their temporal variability. By subtracting those oscillations from sea level anomaly data, residuals were determined. Using skewness and kurtosis as measures of asymmetry and nonlinearity — after adopting 10-year moving window — we found that the extreme El Niño 1997/1998 has been a dominant driving force of the asymmetry and nonlinearity of El Niño/Southern Oscillation since the end of 1993. In order to detect residual signals that are responsible for the asymmetry, we applied the Fourier Transform Band Pass Filter and found that there are two important oscillations remaining in the residual sea level anomaly data, i.e. the annual and semiannual ones with time-varying amplitudes. We hypothesize that temporarily uneven amplitudes have meaningful impact on the aforementioned asymmetry.     

Newmark design spectra considering earthquake magnitudes and site categories

Newmark design spectra have been implemented in many building codes, especially in building codes for critical structures. Previous studies show that Newmark design spectra exhibit lower amplitudes at high frequencies and larger amplitudes at low frequencies in comparison with spectra developed by statistical methods. To resolve this problem, this study considers three suites of ground motions recorded at three types of sites. Using these ground motions, influences of the shear-wave velocity, earthquake magnitudes, source-to-site distances on the ratios of ground motion parameters are studied, and spectrum amplification factors are statistically calculated. Spectral bounds for combinations of three site categories and two cases of earthquake magnitudes are estimated. Site design spectrum coefficients for the three site categories considering earthquake magnitudes are established. The problems of Newmark design spectra could be resolved by using the site design spectrum coefficients to modify the spectral values of Newmark design spectra in the acceleration sensitive, velocity sensitive, and displacement sensitive regions.     

中国大陆井水温度潮汐动态的统计与调和分析

用收集到的全国356个井水温度测点的数据, 分析了水温对地球固体潮汐的响应, 统计出 35个存在水温潮汐现象的测点。 利用Baytap-G调和分析方法, 计算了水温潮汐分波的振幅、 振幅比和相位差。 结果表明: 水温潮汐现象是一类较普遍的地球物理现象, 其机制与水位潮汐相关, 可用水动力学模式解释; 水温潮汐变化特征还受太阳辐射热、 含水层和地温的影响, 自流井水温记录潮汐现象的能力高于非自流井、 东部地区水温测点记录潮汐现象的能力高于西部, 与太阳辐射热的影响有关, 在含水层附近的水温测点, 其潮汐动态比其他井段显著, 在受地温影响较大的井段, 水温的潮汐变化幅度与水温梯度成正比; 水温的应力-应变灵敏度量级为0.01～10℃/10^-6m·s^-2。     

Order statistics of functionals of strong ground motion for a class of renewal processes

In this paper, probability distribution functions are derived for the order statistics of various functionals of strong ground motion at a site. These functionals can be: Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI), peak ground acceleration (PGA), Fourier spectral amplitudes of acceleration, response spectrum amplitudes (spectral displacement, pseudo-spectral velocity and pseudo-spectral acceleration), and amplitudes of the peaks (local maxima and local minima) in the time historyof the response of SDOF and MDOF structures at the site. Three parameters of the response of a structure are considered: displacement, shear force and bending moment at each level (storey) of the structure. The earthquake sources contributing to the risk of ground motion at the site are a number of point, area or volume sources, each with defined frequency of occurence-magnitude relationship. The magnitudes of the possible events at these sources are discretized, and the occurrence of events of different magnitudes are assumed to be statistically independent. For each magnitude, it is assumed that the eartquakes occur in a Poissonian sequence or in a renewal process which is a generalization of the Poissonian. For these assumptions, the probability distribution functions are presented for the number of earthquakes, n, during which a given level of site or structural response is exceeded during the exposure time, and for the return period of the exceedances. For example, for single-degree- of-freedom: (SDOF) or multi-degree-of-freedom structures, (MDOF) n can be the number of earthquakes during which the response of a storey will exceed a given level at least m times(m = 1, 2, 3,…) during the exposure time. These probability distribution functions can be used to extend the concept of uniform probability functionals to more than one exceedance. A more important application is to generalize the uniform probability functionals method of site response (uniform probability Fourier or response spectra) to uniform probability envelopes of displacement, shears and bending moments of a given structure. The uniform probability envelopes can be for exceedance at least once during at least one earthquake, or, in general, for exceedance at least m times per earthquake (m = 1, 2,…) during at least n earthquakes. In other words, during at least n earthquakes at least m peaks in the response can be higher than the specified level. Such uniform probability envelopes can be used (1) to define new design guidelines for building codes based on cost-benefit analysis; (2) to construct more refined probability distribution functions for the damage and total economic losses caused by earthquakes; and (3) to develop planning and decision strategies on strengthening and retrofitting existing buildings.     

不同地震动作用下隔震结构减震影响分析

基于地震动加速度峰值和速度峰值比值（PGA／PGV）选用了13条不同频谱的地震波,对不同参数条件下多层基础隔震结构地震响应进行非线性时程分析,得到了不同地震动作用下隔震结构模型的地震反应。计算结果表明：随PGA／PGV增大,隔震结构减震率整体上呈增大趋势,但是PGA／PGV对减震率的影响程度还受结构自振周期,上部结构侧移刚度的影响,应综合考虑。     

Effects of the geometry of two‐dimensional fractures on their hydraulic aperture and on the validity of the local cubic law

Flow through rough fractures is investigated numerically in order to assess the validity of the local cubic law for different fracture geometries. Two‐dimensional channels with sinusoidal walls having different geometrical properties defined by the aperture, the amplitude, and the wavelength of the walls' corrugations, the corrugations asymmetry, and the phase shift between the two walls are considered to represent different fracture geometries. First, it is analytically shown that the hydraulic aperture clearly deviates from the mean aperture when the walls' roughness, the phase shift, and/or the asymmetry between the fracture walls are relatively high. The continuity and the Navier–Stokes equations are then solved by means of the finite element method and the numerical solutions compared to the theoretical predictions of the local cubic law. Reynolds numbers ranging from 0.066 to 66.66 are investigated so as to focus more particularly on the effect of flow inertial effects on the validity of the local cubic law. For low Reynolds number, typically less than 15, the local cubic law properly describes the fracture flow, especially when the fracture walls have small corrugation amplitudes. For Reynolds numbers higher than 15, the local cubic law is valid under the conditions that the fracture presents a low aspect ratio, small corrugation amplitudes, and a moderate phase lag between its walls.     

Response spectral amplification ratios from 1- and 2-dimensional nonlinear soil site models

In order to determine the effect of geometry on the ground response of 2-dimensional (2-D) basins filled with soils that can develop nonlinear response, we use three basin models with width/depth ratios 3, 6 and 10. The three basins are subjected to a suite of rock site records with various magnitudes and source distances. We compute response spectral amplification ratios at four locations on the surface of the 2-D basins, and determine the average variation of the amplification ratios with respect to excitation spectra, for peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 3 spectral periods of 0.2, 0.5, 1 s. Similarly, we compute the average response spectral amplification ratios for two 1-dimensional (1-D) nonlinear models, one having the soil profile at the basin centre and the other having a soil profile at half the depth of the basin. From the relationship between the average amplification ratios and excitation spectra, we determine the cross-over point in terms of excitation spectral values that separate the amplification range from the deamplification range. Our results show that the cross-over point varies significantly from one location to another on the ground surface and from one basin to another, in a range of 0.3–1.1g for PGA. The effects of basin geometry are very strong at weak and moderate excitation, but decrease with increasing excitation spectra in a significant portion around the basin centre. Our results provide some justification for using 1-D models for 2-D basins with a width/depth ratio ?6 if the soil site is subjected to strong ground shaking.     

Ground motion prediction equations based on shallow crustal earthquakes in Georgia and the surrounding Caucasus

Strong ground motions caused by earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 3.5 to 6.9 and hypocentral distances of up to 300 km were recorded by local broadband stations and three-component accelerograms within Georgia’s enhanced digital seismic network. Such data mixing is particularly effective in areas where strong ground motion data are lacking. The data were used to produce models based on ground-motion prediction equations (GMPEs), one benefit of which is that they take into consideration information from waveforms across a wide range of frequencies. In this study, models were developed to predict ground motions for peak ground acceleration and 5%-damped pseudo-absolute-acceleration spectra for periods between 0.01 and 10 s. Short-period ground motions decayed faster than long-period motions, though decay was still in the order of approximately 1/r. Faulting mechanisms and local soil conditions greatly influence GMPEs. The spectral acceleration (SA) of thrust faults was higher than that for either strike-slip or normal faults but the influence of strike-slip faulting on SA was slightly greater than that for normal faults. Soft soils also caused significantly more amplification than rocky sites.     

喀什基准台宽频带井下和地表地震计记录数据对比研究

对比分析喀什基准台麦盖提井下和相邻地表宽频带地震计记录的背景噪声、麦盖提M_L3.1近震和棉兰老岛M_L6.6远震波形记录以及功率谱,并进一步研究了相关的震级差和台站下方结构。研究结果表明,井下和地表地震计记录到的波形特征和功率谱既存在相似性,又具有差异性;井下地震计记录的近、远震波形更清晰、简洁,且功率谱也相对较低。麦盖提台站下方地壳厚度约50km,井下地震计下方59m和地表地震计下方47m深度范围内的平均S波速度分别为0.59km/s和0.47km/s。井下地震计得到的近震和远震震级分别比地表地震计得到的震级小0.518和0.025。本文研究结果对合理布设地表和井下地震计,以及利用其观测数据进行地震学研究具有一定的指示意义。