平朔露天矿太原组11^#和9^#煤层的沉积环境分析

平塑露天矿的露采煤层,即１１＾＃和９＾＃煤层是上石炭统太原组Ⅱ－Ⅲ层段扇三角洲－泻湖及扇三角洲－潮坪环境的产物。厚４ｍ的１１＾＃煤层形成于扇三角洲－潮坪环境中,厚１５ｍ的９＾＃煤层形成了扇三角洲平原,扇三角洲前缘（北西部）以及覆水较深的泻湖（中南部）环境中。     

四川古叙矿区石屏二矿龙潭组沉积特征及控煤因素分析

通过石屏二矿勘查区含煤地层实测剖面及钻井岩心沉积学分析,认为龙潭组为陆相-海陆过渡相沉积,其中以海陆过渡相沉积为主,自下而上形成了风化残积体系、湖泊沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系及潟湖-潮坪沉积体系;C25煤层形成于泥炭沼泽相,C24煤层形成于滨湖相,C20、C19、C17、C14形成于三角洲平原相及分流间湾相,C11煤层形成于潟湖-潮坪相;勘查区最有利的聚煤环境为风化残积沉积和三角洲沉积体系,主要煤层除受沉积环境影响外,还受控于层间滑动断层及上覆砂岩冲刷作用的影响。     

宁武煤田朔南矿区5、6号煤层沉积环境及对比研究

宁武煤田朔南矿区5号、6号煤层位于太原组上段,5号煤厚0～3．20m,6号煤厚0～2.94m,均属局部可采煤层,在实际工作中往往难以区分对比。通过对矿区含煤地层及煤层顶板砂岩K2、K3、K4沉积环境的研究,认为5号煤层形成于三角洲水下分流河道之间的泛滥盆地,6号煤层形成于三角洲前缘河口砂坝基础上发育的潮坪环境,属于三角洲平原水下沉积体系的两个不同旋回。运用岩性标志,物性参数及煤质特征可有效区分5、6号煤层,并进行追踪对比,为进一步勘探和煤矿开采提供了资料。     

鄂尔多斯盆地早二叠世聚煤环境与成煤模式分析

通过分析鄂尔多斯盆地早二叠世煤层分布规律、沉积相及古地理、聚煤环境类型及时空分布,认为主要的聚煤沉积体系为障壁海岸、潮控三角洲及河流(三角洲平原),其中陆相泥炭沼泽及海相泥炭坪是主要的成煤环境。障壁海岸聚煤模式、潮控三角洲成煤模式、河流（或三角洲平原）成煤模式是区内存在的3种主要成煤模式,形成了主要的可采煤层。对煤层形成和保存的根本控制因素是与泥炭沉积相关的可容纳空间的变化速率。     

淮北煤田刘店井田含煤岩系沉积特征及主煤层对比研究

通过对大量钻孔资料分析,运用沉积学、煤田地质学的基本理论和方法,分析了淮北煤田刘店井田二叠系下统山西组和下石盒子组的沉积环境和成煤演化史。研究表明,山西组和下石盒子组煤层都形成于三角洲平原环境,其中,山西组煤组形成于三角洲低速度的建设与高速度的建设的过渡时期;下石盒子组煤组形成于高速度建设型的三角洲平原环境。运用标志层、层间距、煤层顶底板岩石特征、煤质特征、微量元素地球化学特征等综合分析方法,对7、10煤层进行了对比判定。     

陆相煤系聚煤环境及聚煤特征——以青海祁连山和柴北缘含煤区侏罗系为例

通过对青海祁连山和柴北缘含煤区侏罗系沉积体系的研究,系统总结了陆相地层的主要聚煤环境,即冲积扇、辫状河、曲流河、扇三角洲、曲流河三角洲和滨湖聚煤环境,其中曲流河、曲流河三角洲及滨湖为陆相地层中最有利的聚煤环境。研究显示:曲流河的岸后沼泽为重要的聚煤环境,平面上煤层呈带状产出,垂向上往往形成较厚的煤层,且横向延伸较远;曲流河三角洲平原分流河道间洼地中发育泥炭沼泽,形成的煤层成带性好,具有沿湖岸线广泛分布的特点;滨湖聚煤环境中湖岸线延深较远,煤层在平面上呈带状展布,同时由于湖平面变化的多旋回性,在垂向上可形成多套碳质泥岩与煤层的互层。这些研究成果,为研究煤系赋存规律和准确预测煤层提供了依据。      

不同成因类型煤的可选性评价

煤的可选性受控于煤的聚积环境。通过对内蒙古乌达矿区主采煤层9、10、12、13和15煤中黄铁矿和粘土矿物的赋存特征与煤层成因关系的研究,发现河控下三角洲平原形成的煤层中黄铁矿含量低,粘土矿物含量高,其可选性较好;潮控下三角洲平原形成的煤层,其硫分含量高,粘土矿物含量较低,其可选性中等,而在潮坪沉积基础上形成的煤层中黄铁矿和粘土矿物的可选性最差。      

湖南二叠纪含煤地层研究新进展

对湖南二叠纪含煤地层沉积环境和聚煤规律研究以后认为，梁山段煤层主要形成于障壁海中的障壁岛环境，而辰溪段煤层形成于潮上泥坪和海湾环境，分布于湘中南区的龙潭组，其上、下段间由不整合面分开，分属不同时代形成，下段属早二叠世晚期，上段属晚二叠世早期，煤层形成于近海湖泊和三角洲环境。     

湘中保和堂矿区龙潭组沉积环境与主煤层聚煤特征

保和堂矿区龙潭组可依沉积特征划分为３种沉积环境、６种亚环境及１２种微环境。主煤层（２煤）形成于下三角洲平原废弃期，潮汐水流对煤层有较强的改造作用。本文提出了潮汐作用对该区煤厚、煤质及煤岩组成的作用机制。     

华亭矿区延安组沉积环境分析

华亭矿区延安组形成于河流、湖泊三角洲-湖泊沉积体系,其中以湖泊三角洲平原占优势,其沉积相有河流相、冲积扇相、湖泊三角洲相、湖泊相.煤系沉积初期,以河流及冲积扇沉积为主,沉积中期则以湖泊三角洲沉积为主,晚期以湖泊环境为主,延安组各煤层大多是在湖泊三角洲平原上泥沼化形成的.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.