Gold exploration in the callion area,eastern goldfields,western Australia

The Callion gold-quartz veins are hosted by metabasalts, interflow sediments and acid metatuffs within the Archaean Norseman-Wiluna greenstone belt. The area has been subjected to deep lateritic weathering. Gold prospecting using soil geochemistry led to the discovery of a laterite Au deposit (geological reserves of 103,000 t with 1.86 g/t Au at 0.7 g/t cut-off) and subsequently to the discovery of the underlying quartz vein mineralization (geological reserves of 104,000 t with 7.9 g/t Au at 2 g/t cut-off). The quartz vein mineralization is blind, beneath 2–10 m of laterite cover. The vein, which can be traced along strike for 1 km, is mineralized over a strike length of 300 m. Weathering around the vein extends to a depth of 70 m below surface. Ore microscopy shows that the Au in the weathered vein was partially mobilized and deposited contemporaneously with Fe-hydroxides.Mining of the laterite and the top of the quartz vein enabled a detailed reconstruction to be made of the Au-grade distribution from the top of the laterite down to the saprolite. The grade distribution is mushroom-shaped, widening at the top of the mottled zone or base of the pisolithic zone. From the vein in the saprolite, the “mushroom”, defined by the 2.5 ppm Au contour, widens to 40 m, at least 5 times the original width. This zone represents the transition to the overlying wide soil anomaly which has peak Au values of 2 ppm, which are about 50% of those in the laterite in the vicinity of the vein.Magnetic methods were also used during the course of exploration and led to the discovery of another small mineralized vein.     

Gold dispersion in a tropical rainforest weathering profile at Dondo Mobi, Gabon

At Dondo Mobi in the gold district of Eteke, south Gabon, gold mineralization was studied in a tropical forest setting. The mineralization occurs in quartz veins within amphibolites of an Archaean gneiss-amphibolite series. Gold distribution patterns were studied in the different horizons of the weathering profile and in the different grain-size fractions of the materials sampled from three pits sunk in the weathered zone: upslope (pit P1), directly overlying (pit P2) and downslope (pit P3) of the mineralization.The weathering profile consists of an upper, thick, loose sandy argillaceous horizon (H1), an irregular nodular horizon with laterite nodules or blocks (H2) and a saprolite layer (H3) up to 70 m thick. In each pit, the specific geochemical signature of the bedrock is recognized in the three horizons of the weathering profile. Some groups of elements, e.g., Cr-Ni or Ba-V-P₂O₃, characterize amphibolite or black shale, respectively. Signal attenuations in the upper horizon can be explained by a homogenization effect. That can be related to a mushroom supergene dispersion, simultaneously inducing vertical decrease and lateral enrichment in element contents. Gold also mushrooms extensively in the different horizons of the weathering profile. The dispersion pattern is somewhat anisotropic, a strong enlargement being observed in the upper (H1) and intermediate nodular (H2) horizons alike. However, the evolution of Au distribution is not the same for all grain-size fractions: (a) in the finest fraction, Au is regularly distributed in the weathering profile at the anomalous top and tends to preserve an equivalent level of concentration laterally; (b) in the coarsest fraction, the maximum Au content is found in the upper horizon just above the mineralized structure; it is rapidly decreases laterally, in the surface halo.The Au geochemical dispersion halo consists mainly of fine-grained gold developed from rather coarse-grained mineralization. Its characteristics suggest that Au dispersion was produced as a result of Au dissolution together with collapse of the weathering profile causing gold migration over short distances.The minimal volumetric reduction of saprolite in the upper horizon can be estimated to be in the range of 60%, on the basis of the content of the different grain-size fractions and the density variations in the various horizons.In exploration, geochemical techniques, even using wide sample spacing, are proving quite adequate to prospect for Au in tropical rainforest weathering environment. Indeed, significant, well-contrasted dispersion haloes facilitate detection of rather confined mineralization.     

Pisolitic laterite geochemistry in the golden grove massive sulphide district, Western Australia

The two known massive Cu-Zn sulphide deposits in the steeply dipping strata of the Golden Grove District of Western Australia — the Gossan Hill Deposit and Scuddles Prospect — both have a multi-element secondary geochemical dispersion halo in the pisolitic layer of laterite of probable Tertiary age. The Gossan Hill geochemical anomaly is about 1.5 × 2 km and has a Bi-Sn-Mo-In-Sb-As-Cu-Au association. Mean compositions of pisolitic laterite samples range from 4 to 18 times background, with maxima for Bi, Sn and Mo reaching 90 to 100 times background. Relief of Gossan Hill, which rises some 80 m above the laterite plain, would have favoured dispersion during lateritization. Nevertheless at Scuddles, where the laterite surface has only a gentle slope across strike, an anomaly in pisolitic laterite measures 1 to 1.5 by 1.5 to 2.0 km. The anomalous association, Bi-Sn-Mo-Sb-As, is similar to that at Gossan Hill; the mean contents in pisolitic laterite samples from the Scuddles anomaly range from 2.3 to 8 times background, with maxima for Bi being 12 times background.At Gossan Hill, individual pisolites and the concretionary skins contain gossan fragments and cassiterite, indicating mechanical dispersion during interitization. However, anomalous Cu, Zn and As in goethites of the concretionary skins of pisolites and nodules from the centre of the anomaly indicate that there has also been hydromorphic dispersion.The geochemical characteristics of pisolitic laterite samples have been represented by empirically derived additive indices based on up to eleven chalcophile elements. One index is suggested as a method to increase anomaly size and simplify interpretation; a more specific index based on Bi, Sn and Se is suggested for defining more closely the actual centres of mineralization.For routine exploration of lateritic terrain where the dips of the host sequence are steep, 320-m spacing of samples on a triangular grid appears suitable for locating anomalies and generally defining their source. However, for reconnaissance exploration, the density of sampling could be significantly reduced for example to 1 km spacing.     

Lithogeochemical exploration for polymetallic Sn-Cu-Ag-Au-Pb-Zn vein mineralization at north mammoth prospect, northeast victoria, australia

A follow-up surface lithogeochemical survey was implemented at North Mammoth Prospect, northeast Victoria, to investigate possible extensions to polymetallic vein mineralization outcropping as a 20-m-wide by 200-m-long gossanous zone in rugged, scree-covered terrain. The en-echelon pyritic veins contain subeconomic Sn, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ag and Au mineralization and occur within locally folded, fractured, brecciated and bleached metasediments adjacent to high-level, altered, quartz feldspar porphyry dykes. The dykes form part of the 3.5-km-long Mammoth Porphyry Complex. An orientation traverse across the mineralized zone and adjacent wall rocks over a 1300 m × 200 m area involved the collection of 27 rock chip samples (0.5–1.0 kg) that were analyzed for 20 major and trace elements by XRF and AAS methods. Acid soluble Sn and cxF were also determined. The results showed that the less mobile elements including Sn (total), Au, As (as the arsenate), Pb and Ba were most effective in outlining the mineralized zone. Major elements (K, Na, Fe, Ca, Mg), more mobile trace elements (Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, cxF), acid soluble Sn and element ratios (K/Na, Fe/Mg, Rb/Sr, Zr/Y, Ti/Zr) were either difficult to interpret or failed to increase the anomaly size. The expanded lithogeochemical programme (130 samples from a 2.4-km² area) showed that weakly to strongly anomalous Sn, Pb and As values outline a zone of mineralized and bleached metasediments east of the porphyry complex. A 750 m × 250 m halo of anomalous Sn values includes North Mammoth Prospect as well as possible strike extensions to the mineralized veins. Contrasting dispersions for Au and Ba may indicate a multiphase intrusive/mineralization history for the porphyry complex. Pervasive fracturing infilled by iron oxides in the host rocks has probably facilitated lithogeochemical trace element dispersion in the weathered zone.     

辽西养马甸钼矿原生晕元素的统计分析及其找矿意义

通过对原生晕的统计分析可研究出地球化学元素在成矿中的演化特征,从而为预测、找矿提供有力的依据。文章通过对有关元素的聚类分析、因子分析及轴向分带序列的研究,揭示了养马甸钼矿区内Mo与Au,As的相关性较好,Au和As可以作为找钼的近程指示元素,而Ag对钼的寻找也有一定的指示意义。Ag和Sb的关系表明,Sb对钼的寻找具有一定的远程指示意义。通过轴向分带的研究,结合ZK5地球化学变化曲线可知,ZK5的地球化学参数值于250m左右由升到降,表明了下部隐伏矿体存在的可能。     

Surface and subsurface geochemistry of the native Bee-Jasper-Biotite copper prospects, northwest Queensland

Surface and subsurface geochemical exploration in the areas around the Native Bee, Jasper and Biotite prospects in the Mount Isa Group of northwest Queensland has shown that low-grade anomalies in surface soils can overlie significant mineralization. The three prospects discussed occur in similar geological situations, but one is strongly leached (Jasper) and largely buried under a thin veneer of non-mineralized scree, the second is highly contaminated by old workings dating back to 1921, and the third represents a primary dispersion halo around deeply buried mineralization.     

Early weathering of palladium gold under lateritic conditions,Maquiné Mine,Minas Gerais,Brazil

Since the 80's, studies have shown that Au is mobile in supergene lateritic surficial conditions. They are based either on petrological, thermodynamic studies, or experimental works. In contrast, few studies have been done on the mobility of the Pt group elements (PGE). Moreover, at the present time, no study has addressed the differential mobility of Au, Ag and Pd from natural alloys in the supergene environment. The aim of this study is to understand the supergene behavior, in lateritic conditions, of Au–Ag–Pd alloys of the Au ore locally called Jacutinga at the Maquiné Mine, Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais state, Brazil.The field work shows that the host rock is a “Lake Superior type” banded iron formation (BIF) and that the Au mineralization originates from sulfide-barren hydrothermal processes. Primary Ag–Pd-bearing Au has developed as xenomorphous particles between hematite and quartz grains. The petrological study indicates that the most weathered primary Au particles with rounded shapes and pitted surfaces were found, under the duricrust, within the upper friable saprolite. This layer, however is not the most weathered part of the lateritic mantle, but it is where the quartz dissolution resulting porosity is the most developed. The distribution of Au contents in the weathered rocks are controlled by the initial hydrothermal primary pattern. No physical dispersion has been found. Most of the particles are residual and very weakly weathered. This characterizes early stages of Au particle weathering in agreement with the relatively low weathering gradient of the host itabiritic formations that leads essentially to the development of isostructural saprolite lateritic mantle. Limited dissolution of primary Au particles issued from the friable saprolite induces Pd–Ag depleted rims compared to primary Au particle Pd–Ag contents.In addition, limited very short distance in situ dissolution/reprecipitation processes have been found at depth within the primary mineralization, as illustrated by tiny supergene, almost pure, Au particles. The supergene mobility order Pd>Ag>Au as reflecting early weathering stages of Au–Ag–Pd alloys under lateritic conditions is proposed.     

Dispersion into pisolitic laterite from the greenbushes mineralized Sn-Ta pegmatite system, Western Australia

A study of dispersion into pisolitic laterite duricrust in the Archaean Greeenbushes mineralized pegmatite district reveals a geochemical anomaly that measures some 20 km by 12 km centred on the ore deposits that, prior to commencement of mining operations, were concealed. The anomaly is broadest for As, Sn, Be and Sb, all of which show well-defined centres over the swarm of mineralized pegmatites. Coincident highs of Nb, Ta and B also define the 5 km by 1 km anomaly centre. Over the strongest part of the multi-element anomaly, the following levels in ppm are reached in the pisolitic laterite: As 1150, Sb 75, Sn 4200, Nb 75, Ta 75, W 30, Li 100, B 500 and Be 60.The immediate source for the dispersion anomaly is the swarm of soft, weathered pegmatites and their wall rocks, most of which occur within a 5 km by 1 km area, elongated along strike. The source, as judged from past production plus soft pegmatite reserves, was a mass of some 30–40 million tonnes with an approximate average grade of 220 ppm Sn, 25 ppm Nb and 30 ppm Ta.The geochemical expression of the multi-element anomaly can conveniently be expressed in a map of pegmatite-associated elements. For example, the index PEG-4*X which uses an empirically derived weighted linear combination 0.09As + 1.33Sb + Sn + 0.6Nb + Ta (where values for each element are in ppm) gives a broad consistent anomaly.Investigation of dispersion processes shows that mechanical dispersion of cassiterite and columbo-tantalite took place for distances of at least 5 km during laterite formation along gradients ranging from 5 m to 20 m per km. The occurrence of anomalous As in the skins of pisolites indicates hydromorphic dispersion during laterite formation, but mechanical dispersion of goethitic material with scavenged As has also taken place.The size of the geochemical dispersion anomaly, together with its contrast and consistency, shows that it is feasible in the Australian environment to explore for concealed mineral deposits using low-density surface sampling. Sample spacings of 3 km are being tested in an extension of this approach to exploration.     

Regolith-landform processes and geochemical exploration for base metal deposits in regolith-dominated terrains of the Mt Isa region,northwest Queensland,Australia

The regolith in the Mt Isa region of Queensland consists of a variety of saprolites and duricrusts developed on Proterozoic basement rocks and fresh to weathered Mesozoic, Tertiary and Quaternary cover, all of which has impeded base metals exploration. This paper presents an overview of some of the regolith-geochemical work conducted in the Mt Isa region as part of an industry-supported three year CRC LEME/AMIRA Project. A complex weathering and landscape history has produced a landscape of (a) continuously exposed and exhumed basement rocks that have undergone varying intensities of weathering and partial stripping; (b) weathered and locally eroded Mesozoic cover sequences and (c) areas with younger transported cover concealing basement and Mesozoic cover. Various regolith sample media have been evaluated at a number of prospects and deposits which represent different regolith-landform terrains and landscape history. Geochemical dispersion processes and models are presented and false anomalies explained.Where ferruginous duricrust or ferruginous nodular gravel are preserved on weathered bedrock on an eroded plateau, they exhibit large (> 500 m) multi-element (As, Pb, Sb) dispersion haloes and are useful sampling media. Dispersion haloes in truncated profiles on weathered bedrock covered with colluvium are restricted, are limited to tens of metres from subcrop of the source, and contrast to the extensive anomalies in ferruginous duricrust and nodules. Geochemical exploration in covered areas depends on the possible presence of dispersion through the sediments or leakage along faults or fractures, but may be complicated by high metal backgrounds in the sediments themselves. Some of the most prominent anomalies occur in ferruginous materials and soils representing emergent residual terrain developed on Mesozoic sediments. These are largely due to weathering of sulfide mineralization that continued during submergence in a marine environment, with hydromorphic dispersion into the sediments as they accumulated. Multi-element (Cu, As, Zn, Sb, Au) anomalies occur in basal sediments and at the unconformity, due to a combination of clastic and hydromorphic dispersion and represent a useful sample target. Metal-rich horizons in weathered sediments, higher in the sequence, can also be targeted, particularly by specifically sampling ferruginous units and fragments. However, these are less certainly related to mineralization. Zinc and Cu, concentrated in Fe (and Mn) oxides at redox fronts, may be derived by leaching from the sediments with concentration in the sesquioxides, and be unrelated to any proximal basement mineralization. In all these regolith-dominated terrains, a clear understanding of local geomorphology, regolith framework, topography of unconformities and the origins of ferruginous materials is essential to sample medium selection and data interpretation.     

金矿立体地球化学探测模型与深部钻探验证

深部资源地球化学探测科学问题的的焦点是元素大深度垂向迁移机理和立体地球化学探测模型的建立。本文以胶东蚀变岩型金矿和贵州水银洞卡林型金矿钻孔岩芯和地表联合取样获得的数据, 建立千米深度立体地球化学探测模型。蚀变岩型金矿立体地球化学模型显示, Au、S和Hg与金矿密切相关, 分布模式既有相似性又有差异性, Au的立体几何分布模式兼具矿化剂元素S和远程指示元素Hg的双重特征, 金异常和矿化剂元素硫与矿体倾斜方向一致, 反映了成矿过程中流体沿控矿构造的轴向运移; 金异常与类气体元素汞在垂向上一致, 而且出现从矿体到地表的连续贯通式异常, 反映了流体沿微裂隙和纳米孔的垂向迁移。卡林型金矿立体地球化学模型显示, Au、As、Sb、Hg、Tl和S在不整合面都显示高含量特征, 与深部层状主矿体分布一致; 在矿体上覆地层中都存在弱异常, 显示了明显的成矿流体沿隐伏微小断裂垂向迁移特点; 所不同的是Sb和Tl元素在不整合面附近显示了最高的元素含量, 而Sb和Hg在近地表均显示了明显高的异常特征。立体几何模型清晰地显示了矿体的展布特征和范围, 而且金及其伴生元素垂向迁移在地表形成清晰异常, 为利用金及伴生元素和矿化剂元素进行深部矿体三维预测提供了重要依据, 对指导深部金矿勘查发挥了重要作用。针对胶东蚀变岩型金矿地表完全被土壤覆盖区的穿透性地球化学微细粒级土壤采样, 金属活动态提取分析圈定的异常, 经深部钻探验证, 胶东焦家成矿带五一村3200 m钻探, 在2428.00~3234.16 m深度发现6层矿化体, 其中高品位矿体位于2854 m深度; 上宫金矿地表基岩出露, 采集断层泥或裂隙岩石样品, 可以清晰探测深部异常, 经2000 m钻探, 在1312 m处发现高品位金铅锌银矿体; 贵州水银洞采集地表细粒级土壤, 能够直接有效地揭示深部金矿体, 经500~1500 m钻探验证, 在300~1500 m深度新增金资源量203 t。     

坦桑尼亚姆贝亚Sangambi地区土壤地球化学特征

坦桑尼亚的Sangambi地区位于姆贝亚的东北部、卢帕金矿田的东部。通过1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量,圈定了6个Au,Cu,Cr,Ni元素的组合异常,其中ZH-1和ZH-6组合异常与金、铜的矿化关系密切,而ZH-3和ZH-4组合异常与铬、镍(铜)矿化有一定关系。在片麻状花岗岩、细晶闪长岩和花岗闪长岩中发育大量NW向的韧性剪切带和断裂构造,其中的石英脉中经常见有黄铁矿、黄铜矿和金的矿化,刻槽取样最高品位w(Au)=11.5×10-6。土壤测量的结果证实,在卢帕金矿田的东部依然存在金成矿的潜力。     

“Lag” — a geochemical sampling medium for arid regions

Desert land surfaces are commonly characterized by a veneer or pavement of siliceous and/or ferruginous stony material. This material can be shown in most cases to be predominantly bedrock-derived, despite often severe modification by prolonged weathering, and can therefore be selectively sampled and analyzed as an indicator of bedrock geochemistry in geochemical surveys.Most pavements probably owe their existence to the interaction of several dispersion mechanisms. However, a common factor in all cases is the concentration of coarse particles at the surface as a result of the selective removal by erosion of fine dilutant material. Hence, the preferred name when used in the geochemical context is “lag”.In lag sampling, particles in the range 2.0–6.0 mm are screened on site from the unconsolidated surface material. Material in this size range has been found to be quite uniformly distributed over a wide range of arid region environments, including areas where residual soils are severely diluted by transported alluvial and aeolian materials.Data from exploration programmes for Au, Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba, and Ni allow comparison of results for lag sampling with those for alternative sample media in a variety of arid region environments. Analysis of lag samples for Au, Cu and As clearly indicates the presence of bedrock Au mineralization in the Paterson and Eastern Goldfields Provinces of Western Australia. In these areas both lags and soils exhibit good anomaly contrast, but lags show more extensive lateral dispersion, leading to advantages in reconnaissance exploration.Strong anomalies for Ni and Cu are developed in lags, compared with subdued response in fine-fraction soils over a Ni sulphide occurrence in the Eastern Goldfields which has been subjected to deep lateritic weathering.Lag geochemistry also clearly reflects sub-economic base metal and barite occurrences in the McArthur Basin, N.T., in spite of the dilution of surface soils by sands probably related to a Mesozoic marine incursion. Orientation sampling over a Pb-Zn prospect in the Pine Creek Geosyncline has demonstrated optimum response in lag samples compared with various size fractions of the associated lithosols.Variable dilution of lag samples by coarse quartz sand can be a problem in areas with substantial transported overburden. A simple procedure to ‘correct’ trace-element values using regression analysis based on the Fe content of samples is described as a means of reducing ‘noise’ resulting from such matrix variations.     

甘肃东海金矿床地球化学特征

东海金矿床位于甘肃北山重要的Au，Ag多金属成矿带上，具长期活动特征的花牛山-察客尔呼都格压扭性断裂横贯成矿带，成矿的有利位置为大断裂及次一级断层、层间裂隙(破碎蚀变带，局部夹有石英脉)，断裂控矿特征十分明显。原生晕以亲硫元素组合为主，亦有亲氧元素。金矿石以硫化物型为主，氧化物型次之，其元素组合以成矿元素Au，Ag，Pb，Zn和亲硫元素Cu，Sb，Mo为主，也有亲氧元素W，Sn。具有深部断裂剪切、挤压带地球化学元素组合特征。     

Exploration rock geochemistry for Pinnacles-type mineralization at Broken Hill, N.S.W., Australia

Geochemical responses in weathered and oxidized surface metasedimentary rocks associated with stratiform lead-zinc mineralization at Stirling Hill (6 km west of Broken Hill) are compared with the geochemical responses in fresh drill core from an equivalent lithostratigraphic section with stratiform lead-zinc mineralization at the Pinnacles Mine (8 km south of Stirling Hill). Mineralization is interpreted as being volcanic exhalative and it lies within highly metamorphosed (sillimanite grade) rocks of the Willyama Supergroup.Surface rocks were classified into groups by discriminant analysis using drill core data from the Pinnacles Mine as the initial training set. The behaviour of elements in surface rocks varies with the rock group but Zn, Pb, Mn, Fe, and Co are leached from all surface rocks relative to fresh drill core.Nothwithstanding the leaching effects of weathering, common geochemical responses to mineralization have been identified in drill core and surface rocks. Coincident positive anomalies for Zn/Ba and Fe/(Na × Ba) ratios and negative anomalies for Na/(Mn × Ca) ratios uniquely define mineralization in both weathered surface rocks and in fresh drill core.The results demonstrate that the pattern of geochemical responses to Pinnacles-type stratiform volcanic-exhalative mineralization in surface rocks has survived the intensive weathering regime in the Broken Hill region.     

青海果洛龙洼金矿床地球化学垂向分带研究

通过系统采样分析,运用格里戈良分带指数法,探讨了青海果洛龙洼金矿床原生晕垂向分带特征。果洛龙洼金矿床元素分带序列由浅到深为:Au-Pb-As-Ag-W-Co-Cu-Bi-Hg-SbZn-Sn-Ni-Mo。金矿床的矿上晕元素Au、Pb、Ag集中于该矿床的最上部,尾晕元素Sn、Ni、Mo在该矿床下部富集,矿上晕元素与尾晕元素按照理论金矿床垂向分带规律分布,代表了该矿床主成矿期的元素分带特征,而在主成矿期形成的位于矿床最上部的前缘晕元素分布空间已被风化剥蚀。结果表明,金矿床的前缘晕元素As、Hg、Sb,和矿上晕元素Cu、Zn以叠加晕的形式穿插于矿上晕元素及尾晕元素之间,反映了该矿床成矿具有两期次叠加成矿的特征,矿床深、边部找矿工作应围绕这两期成矿作用形成的矿化富集带进行。     

蒙古国那仁陶勒盖金矿床原生晕特征及深部预测

为预测和评价那仁陶勒盖金矿的成矿潜力,运用多元统计方法,结合地球化学各参数信息,对那仁陶勒盖金矿原生晕进行系统研究.结果显示:那仁陶勒盖金矿赋矿花岗闪长岩中Au、Ag、Bi等元素浓集克拉克值明显偏高,与那仁陶勒盖金成矿作用关系密切;矿石中Au与Sb、Cu、Pb、Ag、Hg、Zn、As、Bi等关系最为密切;矿体原生晕轴向分带序列出现尾晕元素W、Sn等与前缘晕元素As叠加的现象,同时(As+Sb)/(Bi+Mo)、100Sb/(Bi·Mo)等分带性指数出现转折,指示深部存在盲矿体.依据上述矿体原生晕特征,建立矿体叠加晕预测模型,预测盲矿体赋存位置在海拔710m以下的岩体与地层接触带附近.     

哈图金矿深部构造—地球化学特征及隐伏矿体预测

对哈图金矿区地表及深处矿体和围岩系统进行取样,通过石英包裹体和氧同位素研究,认为该矿是造山型中—低温混合热液金矿床。含矿断裂产状统计结果显示:浅部含矿构造产状变化范围较大,数量波动明显,岩石以脆性变形为主,在扭应力作用下,形成较多的张裂隙,呈尖灭再现的雁列式分布;深部断裂数量显著减少,产状变化范围缩窄,由于岩石围压增大,脆性变形向塑性转变,张裂隙不发育,石英脉型矿石变成石英细脉+蚀变岩型或蚀变岩型。分析成矿成晕指示元素Hg、Au、Ni、Pb、As、Sb、Cu、W、Zn、Ag、Mo、Bi含量的空间变化发现,地球化学原生晕受含矿构造尖灭再现的影响,存在前缘晕和尾晕的叠加结构,并且已知矿脉群的下部以尾晕元素组合为主,虽有前缘晕元素Sb与As的异常,但规模和强度较小。结合含矿断裂数量和规模向下衰减的特点,推测深部可能仍有隐伏矿体,但规模不大。      

青海省北祁连中段托勒山地区金锑等多金属矿地球化学特征及其找矿前景

青海省北祁连中段托勒山地区金锑多金属矿属北祁连中段托勒山成矿带。岩石地球化学分析表明,岩石中金含量最高的为石英脉,其次是石英碳酸盐岩、二云石英片岩、玄武岩、橄榄岩、硅质白云岩和糜棱岩等,且与破碎蚀变带关系密切,地层岩性和次级断裂构造对于Au及各元素的富集(或成矿)起着重要作用;土壤地球化学测量共圈出土壤异常6个,各异常中Au,Cu,As,Sb元素异常套合性较好,各元素曲线在具有矿化蚀变的硅质白云岩中峰值相对其他岩性较大,且Au,As,Sb元素具有较强的相关性。从地质角度来看,区域上金多金属矿化主要与地层、断裂构造和侵入岩有关,而起决定作用的是火山活动及火山岩。测区充分具备这些条件的地区目前地表揭露能有良好的成矿显示,这些成矿有利区域,尤其是深部岩体接触边界附近是成矿的重点和金、铜、锑多金属矿前景突破的关键。     

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿13号矿体地质地球化学特征

内蒙古哈达门沟金矿13号矿体以含金石英钾长石脉为主,金大部分以包体金形式存在,少数存在于黄铁矿间隙中。金的颗粒大小为0.05~0.25 mm。成矿元素组合特征中Au与Ag、Bi、Pb等亲硫元素具有很高的相关性,显示金的成矿与多金属硫化物联系很密切。通过数据分析,绘制了元素空间分布图,并建立了原生晕轴向垂直分带序列:Au-Pb-(Ni-Co-Ag-Zn-As-Hg )-Cu-W-Bi-Sb-Mo。由于成矿多期叠加特点导致Ag、Sb、As等元素异常同时存在和部分轴向分带序列分带特征不明显。与典型金矿分带序列对比发现,前缘晕元素Sb出现在分带序列的下部,地球化学参数在矿体下方(标高658 m附近)发生转折,这些都暗示深部有隐伏矿体存在,通过后续实际生产实践也验证了本文推测。     

Mineralogy of the Precambrian southern Kostomuksha gold prospect in Karelia

The southern Kostomuksha gold-sulfide prospect with a grade of 0.2–30 g/t Au belongs to the gold-pyrrhotite-arsenopyrite mineral type and is localized in the metasomatically altered shear zone at the southern flank of the Kostomuksha iron deposit. The Au-bearing pyrite ore is commonly characterized by a low grade (0.02–1.0 g/t Au). The grade of Au-bearing mineralization composed of arsenopyrite, loellingite, and electrum (4.28–15.31 wt % Ag and up to 0.99–2.16 wt % Hg) is higher; pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, galena, maldonite, aurostibite, and native bismuth are additional components of this mineral assemblage. The ore mineralization is hosted in the near-latitudinal shear zone close to the contact between the folded and metamorphosed banded iron formation (BIF) and hälleflinta. The early stage of collision-related HP-HT metamorphism resulted in the formation of a garnet-amphibole-biotite assemblage (T = 680-750°C) and microcline. After an abrupt drop m pressure, metasomatic alteration and ore mineralization took place. The ore-forming process started at 510–440°C with deposition of arsenopyrite. Galena and electrum were formed at a lower temperature. The temperature continued to decline down to the stage of ore oxidation and deposition of colloform marcasite. Ore minerals precipitated from acid chloride aqueous solutions admixed with methane at the initial stage and from diluted aqueous solutions at the final stage. The character of wall-rock alteration and the gain of K, Rb, and B show that the ore-forming process postdated the emplacement of potassium granite. The occurrence of Cu, Zn, Pb, As, and Ni and other heterogeneous elements indicates a complex metamorphic-metasomatic source and an additional supply of Au, As, Bi, Sb, and Te under conditions of sulfur deficiency. The gold mineralization at the southern Kostomuksha prospect is classified as gold-sulfide (arsenopyrite) ore type related to shear zones in the BIF.