黄海西南部陆架锋区锋断面环流数值模拟

浅水陆架锋是近岸混合区与外海层化区的分界面,对近海海雾形成、渔业生产及污染扩散有重要影响。赵保仁根据实测SST资料利用Simpson-Hunter参量提出黄海沿岸区域存在潮混合控制的浅水陆架锋,他还进一步指出,黄海沿陆架锋与冷水团边界区是黄海的主要上升流区,即锋面上升流区,夏季黄海西部沿岸存在沿冷水团锋面南下的强流。James用这一诊断模型讨论过锋区环流情况,Garret等用的是半诊断模型。他们均得出垂直于锋面的断面内在锋区附近存在着双环流结构。     

莱州湾夏季环流垂向结构及其影响机制的研究

完善莱州湾三维环流结构,对进一步认识莱州湾海域的物质输运和生态环境保护具有重要科学意义,但前人对于莱州湾环流三维结构的研究相对较少。本文基于一套高分辨率的海洋数值模式,从三维角度研究了莱州湾夏季8月份环流的气候态特征及其影响机制。数值研究表明,莱州湾夏季环流垂向结构呈现双层环流特征,其中在跨等深线方向,环流的双层结构环流特征比较显著且存在显著的密度锋面结构。动量诊断的结果进一步表明,这种双层结构环流的形成与底层密度锋面所导致的斜压梯度力密切相关。此外,通过量化温盐场对于密度锋面的贡献,本文证实了温度梯度是莱州湾顶的密度锋面的主要影响因素,其对斜压梯度力的贡献占比达到99%,而盐度梯度对于莱州湾中部区域的密度锋面十分重要,对斜压梯度力的贡献占比达到58%,这与夏季黄河所带来的淡水通量密切相关。     

闽北附近海域悬浮体输运及通量的季节变化

基于2015年9月和12月闽北附近海域3条断面上的同步连续沉积动力学观测,结合对应时段的卫星遥感海表温度资料,研究了闽北近岸海域冬季和夏季悬浮体分布和输运通量的变化规律。结果表明,该区域的悬浮体浓度存在明显的季节性变化,冬季季风活动对水体扰动强烈,水体垂向混合较为均匀,近岸沉积物再悬浮活跃,其浓度值明显高于外海;而夏季近岸悬浮体浓度明显降低。在50m以深的外海海域,悬浮体浓度无显著的季节差异,且空间变化幅度很小。受东北季风和闽浙沿岸流的影响,冬季悬浮体总体上沿东北向西南的沿岸方向输送,输运通量由近岸向外海逐渐减小;在夏季,闽北近岸海域悬浮体输运方向与冬季一致,但输运通量显著减小;外海海域的悬浮体输运方向指向东北,输运通量明显高于冬季。在离岸断面上,中间站位(水深约50m)的悬浮体浓度低于其两侧站位的浓度,这是由于在近岸一侧主要受控于闽浙沿岸流,而外海海域主要受控于台湾暖流,50m等深线为闽浙沿岸流和台湾暖流相互作用的交汇处,受闽浙沿岸流和台湾暖流的共同影响。温度锋面与闽北附近海域内的泥质区对应关系较好,温度锋面对悬浮体向外海扩散有明显的抑制作用,温度锋面西北侧悬浮体浓度较高且沉积速率较高。     

北部湾环流和沉积物输运的数值模拟

研究环流和沉积物输运对北部湾的环境保护和资源开发十分重要。本文使用区域海洋模型（ROMS）,研究了北部湾海域的季节环流、沉积物输运以及长期的地形演变过程。展示了湾内冬季和夏季都存在逆时针环流,冬季的风生环流比夏季强的特征。悬沙浓度较大值主要分布在琼州海峡、海南岛西侧海域,以及越南沿岸、雷州半岛沿岸等近岸地区。沉积物在琼州海峡附近表现为在冬季由东向西输运,夏季则相反;在琼州海峡西口处,沉积物全年以西向输运为主。结果显示,北部湾内沉积物输运主要由潮流引起的再悬浮控制。侵蚀和淤积的分布模式为：（1）湾内大部分区域侵蚀淤积不明显,（2）琼州海峡两侧口门附近淤积比较明显,（3）琼州海峡内深槽侵蚀严重,（4）海南岛西侧海域存在侵蚀和淤积交替发生区域。     

黄海潮生陆架锋的数值模拟研究

采用海洋三维热结构及环流模式,模拟了黄海在Ｍ２潮流混合作用下,夏季温度的分布和变化特征。从数值研究的角度,对黄海陆架水域的海洋锋现象,诸如苏北浅滩外、山东半岛东端、大连、木浦水域的锋面以及锋面沿岸一侧的表层冷水区的成因及分布进行了探讨,模拟结果再现了黄海陆架锋的潮生性质。     

中国东部陆架海锋面的时空变化及其对细颗粒沉积物输运和沉积的影响

本文利用中国东部陆架海不同季节的航次观测数据与HYCOM模式数据,分析了HYCOM模式输出的水体温盐数据在中国东部陆架海的适用性,并探讨了中国东部陆架海表底层温盐锋面的时空变化及其对细颗粒沉积物输运和沉积的影响。研究结果表明,中国东部陆架海表、底层温度锋(盐度锋)的分布趋势基本一致(不考虑冲绳海槽以东的海域),但底层锋面的强度和锋区范围明显大于表层。锋面的位置很好的体现了海区流系的基本格局。表、底层温度锋面基本处于几大水团的交界处,说明表、底层温度锋面的分布与研究区环流和水团配置情况密切相关。而表、底层盐度锋面的分布则与研究区入海径流、沿岸流以及暖流等的分布密切相关。此外,对比锋面与中国东部陆架各泥质沉积区的位置可以发现,研究区温盐锋面的空间分布和季节变化对于泥质沉积区的形成具有重要的控制作用。     

南海西部夏季上升流锋面的次中尺度特征分析

利用卫星遥感资料和区域海洋数值模式ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)高分辨率数值模拟结果, 对南海西部夏季上升流锋面的次中尺度特征及其非地转过程进行了探讨。高分辨率卫星遥感观测和数值模拟结果显示, 南海西部夏季锋面海域存在活跃的次中尺度现象, 其水平尺度约为1~10km, 且具有O(1)罗斯贝数(Rossby number, Ro)的典型次中尺度动力学特征。进一步的诊断分析表明, 在夏季西南风的驱动下, 沿锋面射流方向的风应力(down-front wind stress)引起的跨锋面埃克曼输运有利于将海水由锋面冷水侧向暖水侧输运, 减小了锋面海域的垂向层结和Ertel位涡, 加剧了锋面的不稳定, 并形成跨锋面的垂向次级环流。高分辨率模拟结果显示, 锋面海域最大垂向流速可达100m?d ^-1, 显著增强了上层海洋的垂向物质交换。因此, 活跃在锋面海域的次中尺度过程可能是增强南海西部上升流海域垂向物质交换的重要贡献者。     

南海海洋温度锋面时空特征遥感分析

使用2010–2020年微波和红外融合SST数据,利用温度梯度法计算总温度梯度,获取了南海海面温度的水平变化梯度,开展了锋面位置、锋面平均强度及中心线长度的研究。利用锋面信息结果,开展了南海锋面气候态分布特征和年际变化分析和锋面强度与海面风场的相关性分析。结果发现：南海区域探测到的8个锋面多为河口锋和陆架锋,均有明显的季节态变化。1–2月检测到的锋面数量最多,所有锋面均可被检测;3–4月有较小幅度地减少,主要体现在马来西亚–菲律宾西侧沿岸锋和泰国湾锋的消失;5–9月呈现持续减少的趋势,并在9月达到最小值,仅检测到台湾海峡及广东福建沿岸锋和越南沿岸锋;10–12月开始有所回升,南海北部沿岸锋面开始被检测到。台湾海峡及广东福建沿岸锋平均梯度全年与风速的相关程度都在0.48以上,越南沿岸锋与纬向风相关系数最低为0.021。相比较夏季来说,冬季平均梯度与风速的相关程度较高。     

夏季浙江沿岸陆架区泥沙输运机制

基于2014年夏季浙江沿岸陆架区的水文、泥沙、底质沉积物等实测资料,运用物质通量分析方法和Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析法,探讨了泥沙的输运通量、输运方向、动力机制及净输运趋势。夏季,近岸含沙量规律性较强,由西至东逐渐降低,由南至北逐渐升高,且与潮流有非常好的对应关系,呈现出明显的潮周期变化特征。研究区净悬沙通量自岸向外海迅速变小,悬沙输运中平流输运占主导地位,其次是垂向净环流对悬沙输运的影响,近岸海域表现为向海输沙,30 m以深海域表现为东北向输沙,同时台湾暖流的屏障作用也影响了悬沙向海扩散。粒径趋势分析显示浙江沿岸陆架表层沉积物的长期输运机制为由东北向西南输运,在流系以及海底地形的影响下,中部海域出现粒径趋势较弱的沉积中心。而在夏季,悬浮泥沙主要为平行岸线向东北输运,估算每天进入研究海域的净悬浮泥沙约为1.9×106 t。     

浙江沿岸上升流和沿岸锋面的数值研究

本文构造了一个垂向二维的数值模式,对夏季浙江沿岸上升流和沿岸锋面的结构,它们之间的相互关系,以及各动力因子的相对重要性进行了研究。模式考虑具有陆架底坡f—平面连续层化流体,并采用Richardson数依赖的垂直涡动系数。计算结果表明,浙江沿岸上升流按其成因可分成两个区域,即近岸区和远岸区。在近岸区,风应力对上升流和沿岸锋面的形成有重要的作用。而在远岸区,上升流主要由沿岸向北的台湾暖流诱生。夏季沿岸锋面的生成和沿岸较强的上升流有密切关系。     

Thermal and haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas: Surface and subsurface seasonality comparison

Seasonal variability of surface and subsurface thermal/haline fronts in the Yellow/East China Seas (YES) has been investigated using three-dimensional monthly-mean temperature and salinity data from U.S. Navy’s Generalized Digital Environmental Model (Version 3.0). The density-compensated Cheju-Yangtze Thermal/Haline Front has (northern and southern) double-tongues. The northern tongue is most evident throughout the depth from December to April. The southern tongue is persistent at the subsurface with conspicuous haline fronts. The thermal (haline) frontal intensity of the northern tongue is controlled mainly by the temperature (salinity) variation on the shoreward (seaward) side of the front. The cold water over the Yangtze Bank is influential in generating the southern tongue and intensifying the Tsushima Thermal Front. The year-round Cheju-Tsushima Thermal Front is evident throughout the depth and intensifies from July to December. The northern arc of the Yangtze Ring Haline Front is manifest in spring and is sustained until summer, whereas the southern one is fully developed in summer because of eastward migration of the Yangtze Diluted Water. The area showing strong frontal intensity in the Chinese Coastal Haline Front shifts seasonally north and south along the Zhejiang-Fujian coast. The Generation and evolution of YES fronts are closely associated with YES circulation (inferred from the linkage of the water masses). Moreover, the subsurface temperature/salinity evolution on the fronts in the Yellow Sea differs from that in the East China Sea owing to local factors such as wintertime vertical mixing and a summertime strong thermocline above the Yellow Sea Bottom Cold Water.     

南海北部反气旋涡旋边缘的次中尺度动力过程分析

广泛存在于上层海洋的次中尺度过程能有效地从平衡态的中尺度地转剪切中汲取动能, 并通过非地转斜压不稳定正向串级能量至小尺度的耗散过程, 从而对海洋物质能量输运、中尺度过程变异以及混合层再层化等产生重要影响。文章利用高分辨率(500m)的区域海洋数值模式ROMS(Regional Ocean Modeling System)模拟结果, 并结合理论分析, 对南海北部冬季典型反气旋涡的次中尺度动力过程进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明, 典型中尺度涡边缘存在显著的锋面, 锋面海域强烈的水平浮力梯度能有效地减小Ertel位涡, 有利于诱发次中尺度对称不稳定(symmetric instability); 锋生作用是引起该中尺度涡边缘发生对称不稳定的主要动力机制之一。同时, 次中尺度过程及其不稳定引起的垂向次级环流显著增强了混合层垂向物质能量交换, 最大垂向速度可达95m·d^-1, 影响深度最深至80m。     

Study on heterogeneous distribution of plankters at oceanic fronts

In this paper, I review my study on heterogeneous distribution of plankters at oceanic fronts, taking advantage of an opportunity awarded the Okada Prize 1989 of the Oceanographical Society of Japan. The main focus is on the formation and retention mechanisms of phytoplankton peak abundance at the Kuroshio Front, and the events observed at other oceanic fronts, such as the Oyashio Front, the Antarctic Polar Front and the Subtropical Convergence in the southern hemisphere are compared to those found at the Kuroshio Front.Phytoplankton standing stock was hign in the inner cold belt of the Kuroshio Front. Since the inner cold belt form from water masses entrained into the front from coastal and/or the Oyashio areas, one of the characteristics of the phytoplankton community is high contribution of microplankton fraction. Rising of isopleths of temperature and nutrient saltsetc. at the front suggested that upwelling event occurred along the front. Incubation experiments with nutrient addition showed it would flourish the entrained species but oceanic ones when upwelling occurred at the front.Zooplankton was strongly aggregated at the Kuroshio Warm-Core Ring Front, and the peak of abundance was spatially separated in each individual. I thought that biological processes, such as motility and prey-predator interaction, play an important role to control the aggregated patterns.Since the cabbeling event is expected at the Oyashio Front where the relatively cold and low-salinity Oyashio water faces the relatively warm and saline water of the perturbed area, it appears that the phytoplankton species having larger density than that of sea water sink down there. The mixture of sea waters on both sides of the front, however, may accelerate their growth by supply of some deficient element (s).I consider that raise of temperature is the most plausible factor to make phytoplankton peak abundance at the Polar Front. Experiments on board showed that raising temperature activates photosynthesis of antarctic phytoplankton. Phytoplankton standing stock and productivity were also high at the Subtropical Convergence.The primary object of this study is the biological role of oceanic fronts for fish ecology. I consider that concentrated phyto- and zooplankton communities at oceanic fronts support the energy of migrating fishes, and also support the survival of juvenile fishes just after hatching which are transported from coastal areas.     

夏季南黄海跨锋断面的生态环境特征及锋区生态系的提出

基于2006年夏季综合调查资料,分析和研究了南黄海陆架锋的分布以及跨锋断面的生态环境特征,并结合锋区的生物学和生态学现象,提出了锋区生态系的观点.结果表明:在南黄海西部冷水团边界附近海域存在因潮混合而形成的浅水陆架锋(潮汐锋),其中以长江口东北部至江苏北部外海、山东石岛外海和海州湾外侧的陆架锋最明显,而且与表层冷水区相...     

东海温度锋的分布特征及其季节变异

根据１９３４－１９８８年东海水文观测资料，重点分析东海温度锋的分布特征及其季节变异，并结合近期中日黑潮合作调查研究成果，初步探讨温度锋季节变异和水团演变的关系，所得主要结论是：（１）东海不仅常年存在浙闽沿岸锋，东海北部陆架锋和黑潮锋，而且、春、夏两季，在东海南部还出现一条东海中部出架锋。（２）江海温度锋季节变化的特点是：冬季，锋的宽度和强度皆是表层最强，夏季，表层温度锋仅出现在浙江近岸小范围海域。     

Plankton distribution associated with frontal zones in the vicinity of the Pribilof Islands

We studied the effect of four types of fronts, the coastal front, the middle front, the shelf partition front and the shelf break front on the quantitative distribution and the composition of plankton communities in the Pribilof area of the eastern Bering Sea shelf in late spring and summer of 1993 and 1994. The coastal fronts near St. Paul and St. George Islands and the coastal domains encircled by the fronts featured specific taxonomic composition of planktonic algae, high abundance and production of phytoplankton, as well as large numbers of heterotrophic nanoplankton. The coastal fronts also were characterized by high values of total mesozooplankton biomass, high concentrations of Calanus marshallae, as well as relatively high abundances of Parasagitta setosa and Euphausiacea compared to surrounding shelf waters. We hypothesize that wind-induced erosion of a weak thermocline in the inner part of the coastal front as well as transfrontal water exchange in subthermocline layers result in nutrient enrichment of the euphotic layer in the coastal fronts and coastal domains in summer time. This leads to prolonged high primary production and high phytoplankton biomass. In this paper a new type of front—the shelf partition front located 45–55 km to the north-east off St. Paul Island—is described, which is assumed to be formed by the flux of oceanic domain waters onto the shelf. This front features a high abundance of phytoplankton and a high level of primary production compared to the adjacent middle shelf. Near the southwestern periphery of the front a mesozooplankton peak occurred, composed of C. marshallae, with biomass in the subthermocline layer, reaching values typical for the shelf break front and the highest for the area. High abundance of phyto- and zooplankton as well as heterotrophic nanoplankton and elevated primary production were most often observed in the area adjacent to the shelf break front at its oceanic side. The phyto- and mesozooplankton peaks here were formed by oceanic community species. The summer levels of phytoplankton numbers, biomass and primary production in the shelf break frontal area were similar to those reported for the outer and middle shelf during the spring bloom and the coastal domains and coastal fronts in summer. In the environment with a narrow shelf to the south of St. George Island, the mesozooplankton peak was observed at the inner side of the shelf break front as close as 20 km from the island shore and was comprised of a “mixed” community of shelf and oceanic species. The biomass in the peak reached the highest values for the Pribilof area at 2.5 g mean wet weight m⁻³ in the 0–100 m layer. Details of the taxonomic composition and the numbers and production of phytoplankton hint at the similarity of processes that affect the phytoplankton summer community in the coastal domains of the islands, at the coastal fronts, and at the oceanic side of the shelf break front. The middle front was the only one that had no effect on plankton composition or its quantitative characteristics in June and July. Location of a variety of frontal productive areas within 100 km of the Pribilof Islands creates favorable foraging habitat for higher trophic level organisms, including sea birds and marine mammals, populating the islands.     

台湾海峡南部的海洋锋

通过近期水文观测,结合卫星遥感和历史水文资料,对台湾海峡南部海域的海洋锋现象进行了整体分析。结果表明,由于多种水系在此交汇,台湾海峡南部冬、夏季匀有明显锋面发育。受季风气候影响,锋面发育有显著的季节差异。夏季影响本海区的水系主要有韩江冲淡水、上升流、南海水、和黑潮水等。它们的交汇形成了韩江冲淡水羽状锋、台湾浅滩上升流锋、黑潮锋、以及陆架／陆坡锋等的三维锋结构。韩江冲淡水和上升汉对夏季海崃南部浅海峰     

南黄海物理-生物地球化学过程的时空异质性及内在关联和机制

研究多重物理过程控制下陆架边缘海生物地球化学过程的时空异质性及其生态响应,对于深入认识海洋生态系统具有重要的意义。基于相关历史观测资料和卫星遥感海表温度,本文综合分析了南黄海物理-生物地球化学过程的时空变化和空间异质性特征,探讨了该海域内部典型地理单元之间的内在关联和机制。结果显示,冷季沿岸流南向输送和暖季锋面上升流垂向输运的季节性交替是影响石岛外海与海州湾外侧海域生物地球化学和初级生产的重要物理过程。夏季苏北沿岸水的东北向扩展可形成浒苔离岸/跨区域输送的动力驱动。暖季水体层化显著影响着南黄海中部冷水团海域的生物地球化学过程,春至秋季冷水团海域底层水体中的营养盐逐渐累积,形成了营养盐的重要贮库;层化季节黄海冷水团边界锋区上升流系统的存在使得南黄海叶绿素a和初级生产力高值区位置同海表低温涌升流区总体相一致。冷季南黄海西部南下的冷水与中部北向入侵的暖水共同导致了“S”型锋面的形成;暖季黄海冷水团边界锋区的上升流系统是连接层化海域和近岸区的纽带,可实现对冷水团内部营养盐的提取,从而将冷水团内部和边界区的生物地球化学过程形成有机连接,并在成山角-石岛外海、海州湾外侧、苏北浅滩东部形成三个典型的物理-生物地球化学相互作用区。本研究细化和整合了南黄海区域海洋学研究,揭示了该海域物理-生物地球化学过程的空间异质性特征和不同地理单元之间的关联性及机制,获得了对南黄海水文-生物地球化学-生态过程的综合、系统认知。     

夏季南海北部粤东陆架锋面的动力特征分析*

本文利用现场观测资料和卫星遥感数据, 并结合ROMS(regional ocean modeling system)数值模拟对南海北部粤东陆架的锋面特征及其影响因素进行探讨。观测结果显示, 夏季南海北部陆架存在活跃的上升流温度锋面, 其水平尺度约为50km, 强度达到0.06℃∙km^-1, 大于同时期卫星遥感观测结果, 垂向影响深度超过20m, 且具有一阶理查森数(Richardson number, Ri)的典型动力学特征。进一步的ROMS 模式诊断分析结果显示, 锋面处水平梯度增强, 且动力学上表现出一阶Ri数, 为锋面不稳定的发生提供了有利条件。高分辨率模拟结果显示, 在夏季西南风的驱动下, 沿锋面地转流方向的风应力引起的跨陆架Ekman输运将锋面处冷水向暖水运移, 导致水平浮力梯度和锋面强度增强并形成负Ertel位涡(Ertel potential vorticity, EPV)。因此, 夏季风场强迫引起的Ekman浮力通量(Ekman buoyancy flux, EBF)可能是南海北部锋面不稳定现象的主要贡献者, 对局地动力环境有重要影响。