基于SPSS和GIS的BP神经网络农用地适宜性评价

以中原城市群为研究区,在应用GIS基础上运用SPSS软件进行主成分分析,根据因子贡献率提取主导性强的综合因
子,利用提取的主导因子进行系统聚类选择典型样本;依据因子的贡献率调整BP神经网络初始权值,建立评价模型,进行农用地
适宜性评价方法的探讨。通过检验,改变初始权值建立的BP模型预测合格率为50%,相对误差最大值为18.9%;为了进一步改
进BP网络,把第一次调整权值训练得到的网络权值作为下一次建模的初始权值,训练得到的BP模型预测合格率为100%,相对
误差最大值为9.5%。其后运用层次分析法、主成分聚类法作为对照,验证了这种BP模型在农用地适宜性评价中的可靠性与精确
性。最后根据所建立的BP模型预测获得中原城市群农用地适宜性分区图,各土地类型适宜性从西往东呈现由低到高的分带性,
其中高度适宜区占总面积的32.4%;中度适宜、勉强适宜、不适宜区分别占总面积的28.9%、22.1%、16.6%。      

Vegetation changes of the Taihang Mountains since the last glacial

1 BACKGROUND The Taihang Mountains is located in the western part of Hebei Province. It is bounded by the North China Plain to the east, the Shanxi Plateau to the west and the Yanshan Mountain to the north; the southern boundary is formed by the Huanghe (Yellow) River. It has an area about 30 000 km2, occupies about 17％ of the total area of Hebei Province. The Taihang Mountains has a continental monsoon climate, with the mean annual temperature between － 1.7℃ to 13℃ and mean ann…     

南太行山平顺闪长岩体SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及地质意义

南太行山平顺闪长岩锆石SHRIMP测年表明闪长岩体形成于(125.5±2.3)Ma,与太行山其他地区乃至整个华北地区
侵入杂岩体具有相近的形成年代,表明在晚中生代(115~135Ma)太行山地区与华北地区经历了相同的构造岩浆事件。平顺闪长
岩w(SiO2)=48.57%~63.54%,w(Al2O3)=13.53%~19.15%,w(MgO)=1.20%~9.31%,w(TiO2)=0.34%~1.07%,
w(CaO)=3.13%~10.39%,w(K2O+Na2O)=4.78%~7.99%,Mg# =0.37~0.72,LREE富集HREE亏损,略显微弱的正Eu
异常,以富集LILE、LREE元素和亏损Nb-Ta等高场强元素为特征。闪长岩(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.775~18.857,(207Pb/204Pb)i=
15.522~15.602,(208Pb/204Pb)i=38.044~38.502,εNd(125Ma)=-17.00956~-9.60632,ISr=0.70585~0.70753,表明起
源于EMI富集地幔,并受到地壳物质和EMII型富集地幔混染,可能说明在晚白垩世太行山地区与整个华北克拉通都发生了岩石圈
减薄事件。      

生态化土地整治视角下的村域“三生”空间营造

目前,我国的土地整治已进入生态化土地整治阶段。作为一种多类型、多尺度的综合生态治理系统,生态化土地整治可以从区域和工程尺度开展村域空间布局和工程设计,营造村域生态空间、生产空间和生活空间。村域生态空间营造可以通过村域绿色基础设施构建,形成绿色网络空间;村域生产空间(主要是农业生产空间)营造主要是通过生态化农田整理工程布局和单体工程设计,提升生态服务价值;村落生活空间营造可以通过村落空间格局塑造、街巷空间组织,庭院空间布局和公共空间建设等多个层次,形成营造适宜的居住空间。     

Detecting and attributing vegetation changes in Taihang Mountain,China

Attributing vegetation changes provide fundamental information for ecosystem management,especially in mountainous areas which has vulnerable ecosystems. Based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) data, the spatial-temporal change of vegetation was detected in Taihang Mountain(THM) from 2000 to 2014. The topographical factors were introduced to interpret the response of vegetation variation to climate change and human activities. Results showed that the avegaged NDVI during growing season showed a single-peak curve distribution, with the largest value(0.628) among 1600-1800 m. A significant greening trend was detected in THM, with the largest increasing rate(0.0078 yr~(-1)) among the elevation of1600-1800 m and slope gradient between 3~5°. The partial correlation and multiple correlation analyses indicated that vegetation variation in more than81.8% pixels of the THM was mainly impacted by human activities. In the low elevation zones less than1000 m, increasing precipitation is the principle factor promoting vegetation restoration, whereas in the high elevation zones of THM, temperature is the restricted factors impacting vegetation variation.Considering the dramatic climate change in the future,further studies should be conducted to explore inherent mechanism of vegetation growth to dynamic environment changes.     

东平大洼石灰岩矿山土地复垦适宜性评价

《土地复垦方案编制规程》发布后,如何依照规范进行正确的土地复垦适宜性评价是土地复垦方案编制过程中至关重要的环节,以大洼石灰岩矿山为例,按照评价原则、评价依据、评价单元、评价方法及基本流程,确定初步复垦方向、土地复垦适宜性等级评定的评价流程,进行土地复垦适宜性评价,并最终确定各评价单元的复垦利用方向。该研究对类似矿山土地复垦适宜性评价具有一定的参考价值。     

太行山南端浅层速度结构成像和隐伏断裂探测

利用太行山南端的深地震反射剖面数据,运用初至波层析成像方法反演得到该区域的浅层P波速度结构和基底面展布形态,发现剖面浅部的P波速度变化与沉积盖层厚度和断裂分布有着较好的对应关系。利用跨断裂完成的浅层地震反射剖面,对区域内2条第四纪隐伏活动断裂进行高分辨率成像。结果表明,汤西断裂为东倾的正断层,控制汤阴地堑的西边界,活动年代为中更新世;汤东断裂为西倾的正断层,是汤阴地堑的主控边界断裂,活动年代为晚更新世。     

Land use effects on soil organic carbon,microbial biomass and microbial activity in Changbai Mountains of Northeast China

Land use changes are known to alter soil organic carbon （SOC） and microbial properties, however, information about how conversion of natural forest to agricultural land use as well as plantations affects SOC and microbial properties in the Changbai Moun- tains of Northeast China is meager. Soil carbon content, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, basal respiration and soil carbon mineraliza- tion were studied in five selected types of land use： natural old-growth broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest （NF）; spruce plantation （SP） established following clear-cutting of NF; cropland （CL）; ginseng farmland （GF） previously under NF; and a five-year Mongolian oak young forest （YF） reforested on an abandoned GF, in the Changbai Mountains of Northeast China in 2011. Results showed that SOC content was significantly lower in SP, CL, GF, and YF than in NF. MBC ranged from 304.4 mg/kg in CL to 1350.3 mg/kg in NF, which was significantly higher in the soil of NF than any soil of the other four land use types. The SOC and MBC contents were higher in SP soil than in CL, GF, and YF soils, yielding a significant difference between SP and CL. The value of basal respiration was also higher in NF than in SP, CL, GF, and YF. Simultaneously, higher values of the metabolic quotient were detected in CL, GF, and YF soils, indicat- ing low substrate utilization of the soil microbial community compared with that in NF and SP soil. The values of cumulative mineral- ized carbon and potentially mineralized carbon （Co） in NF were significantly higher than those in CL and GF, while no significant dif- ference was observed between NF and SP. In addition, YF had higher values of Co and C mineralization rate compared with GF. The results indicate that conversion from NF into agricultural land （CL and GF） uses and plantation may lead to a reduction in soil nutrients （SOC and MBC） and substrate utilization efficiency of the microbial community. By contrast, soils below SP were more conducive to the preservation of soil organic matter, which was reflected in the comparison of microbial indicators among CL, GF, and YF land uses. This study can provide data for evaluating soils nutrients under different land use types, and serve as references for the rational land use of natural forest in the study area.     

太行山山前平原地下水补给规律分析:以河北栾城为例

采用水均衡法与通量法对太行山山前平原(河北栾城)进行了地下水补给评价,结果表明:近20a地下水入渗补给量为
8~172mm/a(水均衡法),平均值49.3mm/a,变化幅度大。其中2004年入渗补给量(63mm/a)比采用通量法计算结果(28.2
mm/a)大一倍,表明土壤优先流对入渗补给作用显著。年入渗补给量总体上随有效降雨量增加、地下水位下降速率减少、作物实
际蒸发蒸腾量减少而增加,但与有效灌溉量和灌溉量之和的相关性不显著。通过长序列地下水位与灌溉量等数据估算得到研究
区侧向净补给量为125.2mm/a,约占地下水总补给量的71.7%(175.4mm/a),说明地下水主要以侧向补给为主。同时计算了入
渗补给与侧向补给地下水的延迟时间,分别为60a和1个月。      

Evaluation of the production-living-ecology space function suitability of Pingshan County in the Taihang mountainous area,China

A rational utilization of land is a matter of importance in sustainable development of mountainous area. The land function in mountainous areas has a close connection with space structure of ecology, production and living. To promote a harmonious development of the relationship between people and nature in mountainous areas, it is necessary to coordinate their relationships of space functions. Suitability evaluation of basic unit function associated with multi-scale space analysis is a prerequisite to a reasonable optimization of land function structure. In this study, an optimized evaluation index system of combination functions was introduced into the assessment of ecological spatial functional suitability in ecological fragile regions by adding three indicators, namely, soil erosion sensitivity, landscape ecological risk and ecological sensitivity. The principle of "taking high"(referred to a function with high suitability to be regarded as the main function of an evaluation unit) and ecological priority(referred to the case, supposing the suitability of a unit's three functions is consistent, the main function is determined to be the ecological function) were used to determine the main function of an evaluation unit. Pingshan County, China, located at the eastern foot of the Taihang Mountain, was targeted in this case study. The production-livingecology space(PLES) function in Pingshan was identified by applying our improved valuation indexes. Further, the functional suitability distribution of the combination of elements was obtained by using overlapping comprehensive analysis method, considering the tradeoff of the functional suitability of combination elements. The regions suitable for production/living were distributed in relatively flat piedmont plains, whereas the regions suitable for ecology were distributed in the mountain areas of middle and low altitudes. Therefore, to maintain a sustainable development in mountainous areas, an improved scheme of development for Pingshan should be to delineate ecologically fragile areas, to build ecological industrial parks near existing scenic spots, to protect basic agricultural production areas, and to increase investment in science and technology, including reasonable ecological compensation. This study can provide reference for the planning of sustainable development in the Taihang Mountain area and similar regions.     

Variation of Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains,China

The Thornthwaite moisture index, an index of the supply of water(precipitation) in an area relative to the climatic demand for water(potential evapotranspiration), was used to examine the spatial and temporal variation of drought and to verify the influence of environmental factors on the drought in the Hengduan Mountains, China. Results indicate that the Thornthwaite moisture index in the Hengduan Mountains had been increasing since 1960 with a rate of 0.1938/yr. Annual Thornthwaite moisture index in Hengduan Mountains was between –97.47 and 67.43 and the spatial heterogeneity was obvious in different seasons. Thornthwaite moisture index was high in the north and low in the south, and the monsoon rainfall had a significant impact on its spatial distribution. The tendency rate of Thornthwaite moisture index variation varied in different seasons, and the increasing trends in spring were greater than that in summer and autumn. However, the Thornthwaite moisture index decreased in winter. Thornthwaite moisture index increased greatly in the north and there was a small growth in the south of Hengduan Mountains. The increase of precipitation and decrease of evaporation lead to the increase of Thornthwaite moisture index. Thornthwaite moisture index has strong correlation with vegetation coverage. It can be seen that the correlation between Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) and Thornthwaite moisture index was positive in spring and summer, but negative in autumn and winter. Correlation between Thornthwaite moisture index and relative soil relative moisture content was positive in spring, summer and autumn, but negative in winter. The typical mountainous terrain affect the distribution of temperature, precipitation, wind speed and other meteorological factors in this region, and then affect the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The unique ridge-gorge terrain caused the continuity of water-heat distribution from the north to south, and the water-heat was stronger than that from the east to west part, and thus determined the spatial distribution of Thornthwaite moisture index. The drought in the Hengduan Mountains area is mainly due to the unstable South Asian monsoon rainfall time.     

Change in fresh snow density in Tianshan Mountains,China

The fresh snow density was observed with snow analyzer (Snow Fork) at Tianshan Station for Snowcover and Avalanche Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences from February 21 to March 5, 2009. Results show that fresh snow density increases from the 5th h to the 291st h after the snowfall, with an average rate of increase of 4.0×10-4 g/(cm3·h) (R2 = 0.943). Analysis shows that fresh snow density is negatively correlated with the compac-tion rate of fresh snow (R2 = -0.960). Inversely, it is positively correlated ...     

基于行为聚类算法的土地利用聚类适宜性分析研究

为了在较少地类的基础上,深入研究土地利用变化过程,可把较多的地类合并成较少的具有重要变化特征的地类.本文运用基于行为聚类的方法,将净增加和净增加的地类合并或净减少和净减少的地类合并,但不能将净增加和净减少的地类合并.主要分为3个阶段实现:第1个阶段是完全不变阶段,聚类结果是形成综合的完全不变地类;第2个阶段是完全减少和完全增加阶段,该阶段将完全减少地类和完全增加地类分别进行合并;第3个阶段是转变阶段,该阶段计算了每一对有相同净变化方向地类的相互转变信息.基于行为聚类的算法在每一步的计算过程中都会保留净变化面积为常数,转变变化面积保留最大化.本文对3个聚类原则进行了数学证明,定义了6种聚类行为,以云南省土地利用分类体系为例,从面积变化和强度变化2个角度阐述了行为聚类方法的可行性和优势性.最后,与刘纪远等建立的土地利用遥感监测分类系统进行比较,结果表明:行为聚类算法聚类到9种类型时,类型总变化面积达到5.10%,比原始类型的总变化面积下降了0.06%;而基于遥感监测分类系统的6个一级分类将总变化减少至4.7%,与聚类算法比较,总变化面积减少了0.4%.实践证明,行为聚类的算法可更好地保留土地利用动态变化信息,证明了该聚类方法的有效性.     

Value Assessment of Wetland Ecosystem Services in the Da Hinggan Mountains,China

This study examined regional differences in ecosystem services for the Da Hinggan Mountains(DHM),China.A correction index was constructed based on ten-year aver...     

济南市城市地下空间资源开发利用适宜性评价

随着城市建设的快速发展,土地资源紧张成为限制城市健康稳定发展的主要因素之一,地下空间资源开发成为解决这一问题的主要途径之一,而对城市地下空间资源进行因地制宜的适宜性评价是对其合理开发利用的关键。该文采用专家调查法、层次分析法(AHP)等研究手段,对城市地下空间资源开发利用适宜性评价进行了研究,以济南市地下空间资源开发利用为例,分析了济南市水文及水文地质、工程地质、环境地质等影响因素,构建了济南市城市地下空间资源多层次评价体系,重点研究了泉水保护对济南市地下空间资源开发利用的制约影响,建立了一套适用于济南市地下空间资源的综合评价模型,旨在为济南市后续地下空间资源开发利用提供理论依据。     

Dynamics of soil fauna in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China

The dynamics of soil animals was studied in seven representative forest communities in the north of the Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China. The results indicate that it was distinctive in the changes of the numbers of soil animals and groups and diversity in relationship with seasons for macrofauna and torso-micro fauna in the study area. The numbers of the observed soil animals in different months were: October>August>June. Group number was larger in August and October, but smaller in June. The change of diversity index in different months was: August>June>October. The biomass for macrofanna in different months was: October>June>August. The composition and number of each functional group was relatively stable. In the community of the predominant soil environment, the percentage of saprophagous animals was higher than carnivorous animals and herbivorous animals. The dynamics changes of saprophagous and carnivorous animals were distinctive, increasing from June to October, while the change of herbivorous animals was unremarkable.     

济南市地下空间资源开发地质环境适宜性评价

在对济南市地质环境评价的基础上,结合城市特点,选取地下水富水性、地下水腐蚀性、岩土层综合分区等14个一般性因子和泉水影响这一敏感因子,采用GIS-模糊数学评价方法对地下空间资源分为2个竖向层次进行评价,对地下空间资源开发地质环境适宜性作出了分区。     

新疆土地耕作适宜性的多自然地理要素评价方法

新疆维吾尔族自治区地处中国西北边陲,研究该区宜耕土地资源的空间分布,对促进其土地资源合理开发,确保国家耕地安全和粮食安全具有重大现实意义。本文基于多源自然地理要素,对新疆土地资源的耕作适宜性进行GIS多级评价。首先,选取地形、气候、土壤和生态4要素共10个宜耕因子,采用综合指数法与极限条件法相结合的评价方法,构建了新疆宜耕土地资源评价模型;然后,将模型结果与基于地貌数据获得的宜耕区域叠加对比,确定对模型结果的分级标准,得到新疆宜耕土地资源的数量、质量及空间分布格局;最后,利用2000、2005和2013年3期土地利用数据,验证了模型的合理性和科学性,同时,通过统计分析找出模型中需进一步完善之处。     

Long-term reconstruction of flash floods in the Qilian Mountains,China,based on dendrogeomorphic methods

In China, flash floods are one of the main natural disasters causing loss of life and damage to infrastructure. The threat of flash floods is exacerbated with climate change and increased human activities, such that the number of disasters has shown a clear upward trend in recent years.However, due to the scarcity of instrumental data or overly short timeseries, we are still lacking critical data to understand spatio-temporal patterns and driving factors of extreme flash floods. This missing kno...