中国石炭纪生物礁造礁群落演化

中国石炭纪造礁群落是弗拉斯期—法门期生物绝灭事件后新兴起的。该群落在早期演化过程中经历了形成、发展、完善和衰落的过程,构成一个群落演化旋回。晚期又开始新一轮的旋回,群落的二分性十分显著。显然,石炭纪造礁群落代表一个不连续的演化过程。     

弗拉期—法门期(F-F)之交事件在广西全州地区的沉积学响应

晚泥盆世弗拉期—法门期之交,地球环境急剧变化.广西作为中国南方泥盆纪沉积最为发育的地区,对该事件具有良好的记录.从广西全州地区东山剖面发育的一套海相碳酸盐岩为主夹细颗粒陆源碎屑岩序列的岩相、沉积微相及生物化石入手,厘定研究区内弗拉阶—法门阶界线,揭示研究区内与弗拉期—法门期事件相关的沉积记录,进而探讨当时的海平面变化情...     

西秦岭中带弗拉斯—法门期生物绝灭事件的研究

晚泥盆世弗拉斯—法门期(Frasnian—Famennian)之间存在一次全球性生物绝灭事件(简称F—F事件)。这次事件在西秦岭地区有所表现。西秦岭中带西成地区吉维特到弗拉斯期为碳酸盐台地和生物礁沉积。法门期以暗灰色和灰绿色板岩、粉砂质板岩沉积为主。弗拉斯期末(相当于gigas最上亚带),该区大量的层孔虫、珊瑚、腕足及兰绿藻等生物绝灭。沉积相、矿物及地球化学特征都表明该事件是山于海水急剧加深引起的。事件发生的时间为gigas上亚带和最上亚带之间。     

湖北宜昌地区奥陶纪层序地层及扬子地区五峰组沉积环境的讨论

运用露头层序地层学原理与方法，将宜昌地区奥陶系划分为三个Ⅱ型层序，并阐述了各层序的体系域特征和形成的沉积动力学机制以及海平面变化对沉积、生物迁移及环境的控制作用。认为研究区奥陶纪存在三个海平面变化旋回，第一个旋回发生于两河口期早期至晚期；第二个旋回发生于两河口期末期至大湾期初期；第三个旋回发生于大湾期早期至五峰期末期，并识别出两个平衡型碳酸盐岩体系。研究结果表明，宜昌地区下奥陶统生物礁均形成了高峰     

西秦岭礼县长安一带西汉水群牙形刺特征及时代讨论

在西秦岭礼县长安一带西汉水群中首次采到牙形刺，计有１７属３６种。根据牙形刺动物群特征、主要种属地史分布及其区域对比，确认该区西汉水群之七固组层位应为上泥盆统法门阶（锡矿山阶），龙鳞桥组主体为费拉斯阶（余田桥阶）底部层位中牙形刺显示中一晚泥盆世过渡色彩。     

北非摩洛哥小阿特拉斯东段晚泥盆世法门期叠层石的发现

北非摩洛哥小阿特拉斯东段Fecht地区的晚泥盆世地层划分为ds3和dh两个单元。ds3单元是一套厚约1.3m的灰色夹紫红色厚-薄层瘤状生屑灰岩,发育叠层石,产丰富的海百合茎和头足类,局部伴生腕足和三叶虫。dh单元下部为灰色薄层泥质粉砂岩与粉砂质页岩互层,夹泥灰岩透镜体;上部为灰绿色中层细砂岩,发育波痕构造,产遗迹化石和双壳类。牙形石生物地层表明这两个单元都处于法门期早Palmatolepis marginifera带。本文首次报道了摩洛哥晚泥盆世法门期的叠层石,说明弗拉期-法门期生物灭绝事件发生后,微生物首先出现繁盛,随后才开始骨骼生物的复苏。     

湖北黄石早三叠世的遗迹化石及其古环境意义

系统研究了湖北黄石新下陆下三叠统嘉陵江组碳酸盐岩地层中6个属的遗迹化石: Helminthopsis, Palaeophycus, Phycodes, Planolites, Rhizocorallium, Scalarituba,确认上述遗迹化石属于Cruziana遗迹相,依据风暴沉积及遗迹化石的组合推断嘉陵江组沉积序列是正常潮坪、浅海陆棚、浅水蒸发岩的沉积旋回.黄石地区的遗迹化石与美国西部弗吉尼亚早三叠世早期到晚期的演化特征以及前寒武纪-寒武纪之交、晚泥盆世弗拉期-法门期之交的遗迹化石所显示的演化特征颇为相近,这一耦合现象可能与生物-环境的系统演化有关.     

旋回地层学：地层学解读时间的第三里程碑

围绕对地质时间的认识,地层学取得了从岩石地层学、生物地层学和旋回地层学3次里程碑性的重大进展.以生物地层学为基础并与放射性同位素定年技术相结合建立的、以百万年为计时单位的地质年代表既创造了地层学的辉煌,也在一定程度上降低了地质学对精确数字定年的不懈追求和为人类社会服务的功能.本文以时间为线索,简要回顾了地层学解读时间的漫长过程,阐述了旋回地层学概念的起源、形成和发展,以及旋回地层学与层序地层学在科学目标、研究内容和研究方法上的异同.以广西晚泥盆世弗拉期-法门期之交海相碳酸盐地层为例,从理论与实践的结合上剖析了旋回地层学的研究方法以及在岩石地层学和生物地层学基础上构建高分辨率,并能与人类社会时间接轨的地质时间坐标的广阔前景和科学意义.     

恭城地区法门期地层高频旋回的划分及特征

文章以恭城县西岭乡挖掘沟村晚泥盆世法门期地层为例,应用层序地层学理论,进行高频旋回地层研究,将其详细地划分出五级旋回９４个,四级旋回３６个,初步总结了各种旋回地层的空间叠复关系,强调指出高频旋回地层出现的原因很可能与地球轨道变化周期有关。     

华南弗拉斯阶—法门阶界线层牙形刺生物地层研究——兼论弗拉斯期—法门期生物绝灭事件

在地质历史时期,特别是在显生代,生物的演化发展十分迅速,因而生物的发生和衰亡是客观存在的。然而,能被人们认识为地质事件的巨大生物绝灭却是稀少的,它们的性质和起因也不尽相同。本文研究的弗拉斯—法门事件就是其中一次比较明显的巨大生物绝灭事件。我国泥盆纪地层发育良好,沉积类型齐全,化石十分丰富,极有利于弗拉斯—法门期生物绝灭事件的研究。本文本着实事求是的精神,从不同的角度观察和阐述这一事件在时间和空间上的表现方式和特征,进而探讨这一事件的性质和起因。     

国际泥盆系GSSP与华南泥盆系划分

简要介绍国际泥盆系各阶界线定义、界线层型,以及目前进行的国际泥盆系埃姆斯阶、吉维阶、弗拉斯阶和法门阶亚阶划分的情况,并讨论了中国区域性阶与国际性阶之间的关系:除了埃姆斯阶和法门阶在华南分别进一步细分为郁江阶和四排阶以及锡矿山阶和邵东阶等外,那高岭阶、应堂阶、东岗岭阶和佘田桥阶大致分别相当于布拉格阶、艾费尔阶、吉维阶和弗拉斯阶;今后需加强对上述几个中国区域性阶底界确切时代的研究。国际泥盆系中各亚阶在我国大体可以应用,但吉维阶中亚阶-上亚阶、弗拉斯阶下亚阶-中亚阶的分界及最上法门亚阶的底界在华南台地相区岩石地层上不易划分。     

四川龙门山甘溪泥盆纪生态地层、层序地层与海平面变化

龙门山甘溪剖面是我国泥盆系重要典型剖面之一,倍受中外同行关注。本文着重对生态地层、事件地层、层序地层进行研究,为研究全球海平面变化提供区域背景资料。龙门山甘溪剖面含十分丰富的底栖生物化石,从洛赫柯夫阶-弗拉斯阶自下而上可识别出24个腕足动物群落,另外还建立了若干礁复体群落和浮游群落
本文对以上群落的特征、性质、分异度、成分、底栖组合及其与沉积环境的关系作了分析和讨论,并识别了11个海进海退事件(生物的或非生物的)
本区泥盆系是加里东构造旋回后的第一个沉积盖层,属海平面主体上升和海侵同步条件下的旋回超覆地层,由砂质海岸环境向碳酸盐台地环境推进,构成了区内泥盆纪沉积层序序列的组合特征。根据海平面的变化及其相旋回的变迁,划分出6个三级沉积层序。6个沉积层序代表6次海平面的相对升降周期,大致相当于Vail,P.R.(1977)划分的三级地层旋回的海平面变化周期(延续时限1-12Ma),包括4个较大的海平面上升周期与2个较大的海平面下降周期,即洛赫柯夫期、布拉格晚期至埃姆斯早期,吉维中期及弗拉斯早、中期的海平面上升期与艾费尔期中晚期至法门期的海平面下隆期。
上述沉积层序特征和海平面变化,说明区内泥盆纪台缘断陷盆地的形成经历了由陆向海转化和盆地发展演化过程,反映了上扬子地台西缘陆架沉积发展的历史大致可划分为:盆地的雏形阶段(碎屑岩陆架的形成阶段),盆地的发展阶段(碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩混积陆架的形成阶段)和盆地形成与消亡不同性质的三个阶段。它们的形成与演化主要是构造断陷活动和龙门山海水不断向东侵进、古特提斯海北支向东扩展的结果,展示了由滨岸陆架转变为碳酸盐台地,由陆源碎屑充填转化为碳酸盐岩沉积的发展史。     

湖南泥盆纪露头层序地层研究

湖南及相邻地区泥盆纪地层发育，其地层划分对比清楚，沉积类型丰富，地层裸露良好，是进行露头层序地层研究的理想场所。本文运用层序地层学的理论和方法，在详细的沉积学研究和精细的地层划分对比基础上，对湖南泥盆纪进行了精细的露头层序地层研究，详细阐述了层序建立和各种界面的露头标志，探讨了湖南泥盆纪的层序划分、海平面变化及全球对比，从而解释泥盆里各沉积层序的形成控制因素。     

Reef Formations in the West Canada Basin and Their Oil and Gas Potential

Devonian reefs are widespread in the West Canada Basin in three regions: lower Givetian in the north (Elk Point subbasin), upper Givetian and middle Frasnian in the central part (framing of the Peace River Arch), and middle Frasnian (southern end of the basin). Each stage of reef formation ended with regression, and the last reefs terminated long before the Frasnian/Famennian biotic crisis and mass extinction. Reefs of this basin are petroliferous. Moreover, the structure of reservoirs is determined by the reef type, and the highest reservoir properties are related to bioherm varieties in reefs.     

Devonian Sea-Level Change Rhythms in South China and Coupling Relationships Among the Earth-spheres

Twenty orthosequences and their corresponding sea-level change (SLC) cycles have been recognized in the Devonian overlying the Caledonian unconformity, of which 9, 5.5 and 5.5 occurred in the Lower, Middle and Upper Devonian respectively. They can be grouped into 4 orthosequence sets, in which the maximum flooding surfaces lie in the sulcutus Zone (D12), perbonus Zone (D13), Middle and Upper varcus Zone (D22) and gigas Zone (D21) respectively. Four instant palaeogeographical reconstructions of South China have been made in the Emsian and Givetian. Devonian sea-level change rhythms of South China can be divided into 3 categories: the autorhythmic, the worldwide and regional allorhythmic, and the coupling-rhythmic. They developed respectively in the Famennian, Pragian, Eifelian, Lochkovian, Emsian, Givetian, Frasnian and the F / F (between the Frasnian and Famennian) event. The cause of the worldwide allorhythmic SLC of the Pragian and Eifelian under comparatively dry, warm and tranquil conditions may be     

Paleogeography and facies of the central and northeastern parts of the Moscow syneclise in the Devonian

New data on the stratigraphy and composition of the Devonian rocks of the Moscow Syneclise were used. Facies-paleogeographic schemes were compiled for the Lochkovian, Eifelian, Givetian, early-middle Frasnian, late Frasnian, and early-late Famennian evolutionary stages of the Moscow Syneclise. Seven sedimentation cycles were developed due to sealevel fluctuations and structural rearrangements in the paleooceanic basins surrounding the East European Platform at that time. The inference was made on the structural heterogeneity of the platform basement and on differentiated movements as well as on the strike-slip fault nature of some fragments of the basement relative to each other in the Devonian.     

Reef Formation during Mass Extinction Events: Frasnian—Famennian and Devonian—Carboniferous Boundaries

An analysis of the development of Late Devonian reefs in a number of regions worldwide shows that reef formation decreased gradually and discontinuously during the second half of the Frasnian and was completely terminated in some places. These events were associated with regression stages. The final Frasnian regression and Kellwasser event, which led to the biotic crisis, resulted, first, in the quantitative reduction of reef formation in the Famennian and, second, in the change of the frame reef formation by the formation of microbial mud mounds in the Famennian.     

Long-distance correlation between tectonic-controlled, isolated carbonate platforms by cyclostratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy in the Devonian of South China

During the early Middle Devonian in South China, an extensive carbonate platform was broken up through extension to create a complex pattern of platforms, and interplatform basins. In Givetian and Frasnian carbonate successions, five depositional facies, including peritidal, restricted shallow subtidal, semi‐restricted subtidal, intermediate subtidal and deep subtidal facies, and 18 lithofacies units are recognized from measured sections on three isolated platforms. These deposits are arranged into metre‐scale, upward‐shallowing peritidal and subtidal cycles. Nine third‐order sequences are identified from changes in cycle stacking patterns, vertical facies changes and the stratigraphic distribution of subaerial exposure indicators. These sequences mostly consist of a lower transgressive part and an upper regressive part. Transgressive packages are dominated by thicker‐than‐average subtidal cycles, and regressive packages by thinner‐than‐average peritidal cycles. Sequence boundaries are transitional zones composed of stacked, high‐frequency, thinner‐than‐average cycles with upward‐increasing intensity of subaerial exposure, rather than individual, laterally traceable surfaces. These sequences can be further grouped into catch‐up and keep‐up sequence sets from the long‐term (second‐order) changes in accommodation and vertical facies changes. Catch‐up sequences are characterized by relatively thick cycle packages with a high percentage of intermediate to shallow subtidal facies, and even deep subtidal facies locally within some individual sequences, recording long‐term accommodation gain. Keep‐up sequences are characterized by relatively thin cycle packages with a high percentage of peritidal facies within sequences, recording long‐term accommodation loss. Correlation of long‐term accommodation changes expressed by Fischer plots reveals that during the late Givetian to early Frasnian increased accommodation loss on platforms coincided with increased accommodation gain in interplatform basins. This suggests that movement on faults resulted in the relative uplift of platforms and subsidence of interplatform basins. In the early Frasnian, extensive siliceous deposits in most interplatform basins and megabreccias at basin margins correspond to exposure disconformities on platforms.     

广西黎塘孤立台地吉维特阶-法门阶碳酸盐台地生态系到菌藻生态系的演变及其意义

自泥盆纪埃姆斯期, 广西受陆内裂陷影响, 形成碳酸盐台地与台沟间列的构造格局.吉维特期开始, 六景及相邻的黎塘一带逐渐形成孤立台地的沉积背景.吉维特期, 六景剖面的民塘组为以竹节石为特色的礁前斜坡生态系, 尽管目前没有出露生物礁, 从礁前角砾岩可以恢复曾经存在的礁生态系.而黎塘一带塘家湾组为以珊瑚、层孔虫、腕足类为主要特色的台地生态系.弗拉斯期, 六景剖面的谷闭组则为少量珊瑚、腕足、层孔虫为特色的局限-半开放台地生态系.黎塘一带的桂林组仍为以珊瑚、层孔虫、腕足类为主要特色的台地生态系.六景、黎塘地区自法门期开始发生生态系突变, 六景剖面的融县组和黎塘一带的东村组发育藻礁丘或藻席为特色的藻生态系.该生态系的突变是F-F生物群集绝灭造成的生物类群突变的结果.生态系的特征也与吉维特-弗拉斯期烃源岩的形成、演化密切相关.      

西藏泥盆纪海相红层的分布与时代

在作者及前人对西藏地区泥盆纪地层学、古生物学等资料研究的基础上,作者对该区泥盆纪海相红层进行了初步的系统整理。共识别出6层(套)海相红层,它们是:早泥盆世扎西岗组海相红层(洛赫柯夫阶—布拉格阶)(XDRB1)和春节桥组上部海相红层(埃姆斯阶)(XDRB2),中泥盆世海通组海相红层(艾费尔阶)(XDRB3)和丁宗隆组底部海相红层(吉维阶)(XDRB4),晚泥盆世查果罗玛组(下部)海相红层(弗拉斯阶)(XDRB5)和羌格组顶部海相红层(法门阶)(XDRB6)。所有海相红层均形成于近岸或浅水碳酸盐岩台地环境,因此,属于浅水-半深水陆棚红层,此外,还讨论了中国南方泥盆纪海相红层的分布及全球法门期海相红层广布事件。