黄河下游堤防工程隐患探测技术与应用

黄河下游堤防是各个时期逐步修筑而成的,各次修筑质量参差不齐,加上历史决口堵复时使用的物料腐烂和有害动物破坏,近年来水量减少、断流增加,河道淤积严重,水流散乱,河势极其不稳,致使堤防工程形成众多险点隐患．本文根据黄河下游堤防工程特点,成功地运用高密度电阻率法技术探测堤防隐患,取得了较好的探测效果,为堤防工程的检测和监测提供了可靠的资料．     

黄河下游堤防土程隐患探测技术与应用

黄河下游堤防是各个时期逐步修筑而成的,各次修筑质量参差不齐,加上历史决口堵复时使用的物料腐烂和有害动物破坏,近年来水量减少、断流增加,河道淤积严重,水流散乱,河势极其不稳,致使堤防工程形成众多险点隐患.本文根据黄河下游堤防工程特点,成功地运用高密度电阻率法技术探测堤防隐患,取得了较好的探测效果,为堤防工程的检测和监测提供了可靠的资料.     

堤坝隐患探测资料多维灰色综合评估方法

根据多维灰色系统综合评估理论,提出了一套堤防隐患的评估方法,并编制了相应的计算机软件.根据工程实际,确定了影响堤防安全的3个主要因素及相应的评价指标体系和权系数.用该方法对黄河下游某段堤防已探测到的隐患进行了综合评估.在203处堤防隐患中,有约15%的隐患危害程度比较严重,这一事实与实际相符.     

黄河大堤根石探测的地震SH横波方法研究

黄河大堤根石探测科技攻关是水利部黄河水利委员会非常关注的课题。应用地震SH横波方法进行根石探测尝试还是第一次，并取得了较好的探测效果。本文阐述了应用地震sH横波方法进行根石探测的理论基础、地震地质条件、试验参数、数据处理关键措施以及地质效果等，为黄河大堤根石全面探测及其它类似工程地质难题的解决提供了一种有价值的科学方法。     

堤坝隐患探测技术研究进展

我国堤防数量众多,质量参差不齐,对人民生命财产安全造成了很大威胁。利用各种物理探测手段查找堤防隐患对保证防洪工程安全具有重要意义。本文简要总结了我国堤防隐患无损探测技术概况并对近年来在此领域内取得的主要进展进行了回顾与总结。文章最后对堤防无损探测技术今后的发展进行了展望。     

电阻率成像技术在沁河大堤隐患探测中的应用

利用高密度电法仪,采用施龙贝格装置对沁河大堤某合同段进行了电阻率CT探测。坝体内的破碎、沉降、裂缝以及洞穴等隐患部位有均匀清晰的反映。江河大坝是其流域地区人民生命财产安全的保障,是关系到国泰民安的大事。对沁河大堤的隐患探测具有重要价值和意义。以电阻率成像法的运用,使得解释工作更加方便与直观,并具有较好的实用性、有效性和...     

综合物探方法在堤防质量检测中的应用

在堤防质量检测中,地球物理方法能够实现快速、无损的探测,但采用单一物探方法对堤防隐患的判别易形成多解,也很难对堤防质量做出准确分类.本文中应用探地雷达、高密度电法、地震勘探等综合物探方法对大源渡堤防质量进行检测,并以龙荫港以例,通过综合三种物探方法互相参照、相互验证,互为补充,查明了堤防隐患的分布位置与埋深,为堤防质量检测提供一种新的工作方法.     

黄河根石探测试验效果

黄河根石是黄河堤坝的保护屏障,其分布状态如何直接关系到大堤基础的安危.近些年为了解根石的分布状况,采用了地震、电法、 电磁法、雷达等方法进行勘探,但均未取得理想效果.笔者所在单位采用地震横波反射多次覆盖技术进行根石探测,取得了突破,获得了较为理想的效果,并经钻探验证,说明了方法的有效性.     

地震活动与黄河下游大堤潜在危险性的探讨

黄河下游为一条地下悬河，存在着严重的地震危险性，未来强震会引起大堤失稳开裂，造成特大水灾，本文研究了黄河下游菏泽和滨州地区断裂及地震活动特征，对比历史上地震发生以黄河大堤的影响，认为黄河东明－梁山段和滨州段将是黄河下游具潜在危险的地段，并提出了防御措施，这对减轻避免黄河下游地区因地震活动而引起的水灾具有重要意义。     

地面核磁共振方法在大坝安全检测中的试验研究

地面核磁共振方法是一种直接探测地下水信息的地球物理勘查方法,本文将该无损探测技术用于土石坝的渗流安全评估试验。由于探测的核磁共振信号源于地下水中的氢质子,则可以确保核磁共振响应仅与地下水信息有关。利用地面核磁共振方法直接找水的技术优势,探测堤坝的浸润面,以判断堤坝的渗流(漏)隐患,为堤坝尤其是小型病险水库堤坝、易发事故的堤防的病险诊断提供一种便捷、高效和可重复利用的方法。通过NUMISPOLY多道核磁共振探测系统在某原体大坝检测中的试验,得到原体大坝的浸润面,进而对土石坝进行渗流(漏)隐患的评估,该方法为堤坝渗流(漏)隐患探测提供了一种有效而可靠的新方法。      

FLOOD AND FLOOD CONTROL OF THE YELLOW RIVER

1 INTRODUCTION Flood of the Yellow River occurred frequently in history. The natures of large impact and heavy losses have made the flood of the Yellow River being in the front rank among major rivers in China. Statistics shows that during the period 602 AC to 1938 BC, embankment of the Lower Yellow River had been breached 1590 times and the channel had changed its course for 26 times among which 6 times were major ones. Thus, flood of the Yellow River has endangered economic cons…     

Temporal and spatial patterns of low-flow changes in the Yellow River in the last half century

Low-flow is widely regarded as the primary flow conditions for the anthropogenic and aquatic communities in most rivers, particularly in such an arid and semi-arid area as the Yellow River. This study presents a method integrating Mann–Kendall trend test, wavelet transform analysis and spatial mapping techniques to identify the temporal and spatial patterns of low-flow changes in the Yellow River (1955–2005). The results indicate that: (1) no trend can be identified in the major low-flow conditions in the upper Yellow River, but downward trends can be found in the middle and lower Yellow River; (2) similar periodic patterns are detected in the 7-day minima (AM7Q) in the upper and middle Yellow River, while different patterns are found in the lower Yellow River; (3) the increasing coefficients of variance in the primary low-flow conditions suggest that the variability of the low-flow is increasing from the upper to lower stream; (4) climate change and uneven temporal-spatial patterns of precipitation, jointly with highly intensified water resource utilization, are recognized as the major factors that led to the decrease of low-flow in the lower Yellow River in recent decades. The current investigation should be helpful for regional water resources management in the Yellow River basin, which is characterized by serious water shortage.     

Equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport in the Yellow River

The equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport refer to the relative balance of sediment transport and the relative stability of river courses formed by the automatic adjustment of riverbeds.This is the theoretical basis for the comprehensive management of sediment in the Yellow River.Based on the theories of sediment carrying capacity and the delayed response of riverbed evolution,in this study,the equilibrium relations for water and sediment transport in the Yellow River are established.These relations include the equilibrium relationships between water and sediment transport and bankfull discharge in the upper and lower Yellow River and between water and sediment transport and the Tongguan elevation in the middle Yellow River.The results reveal that for the Ningmeng reach,the Tongguan reach,and the lower Yellow River,erosion and deposition in the riverbeds are adjusted automatically,and water and sediment transport can form highly constrained equilibrium relationships.These newly established equilibrium relationships can be applied to calculate the optimal spatial allocation scheme for sediment in the Yellow River.     

PROGNOSIS OF AGGRADATION IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER BY HISTORIC ANALYSIS OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF ITS ABANDONED ANCIENT CHANNEL

1. INTROOUCnONFor a long time, the Lower Yellow River has been aggtading. As a result, the river bed becomesmuch higher than the adjacent land beyond the levees and poses a threat to the safety of the GreatNorthern Plain of China. Since the founding of the New China, great success has been achieved insafeguarding the levee for forty years. The trend of aggravation in lower reaches however is still Soingon and is at a rate even higher than before. That makes the flood control on the LO…     

Comprehensive evaluation method for sediment allocation effects in the Yellow River

Scientific evaluation of the sediment allocation effects in the Yellow River plays an important role in the comprehensive harnessing of the Yellow River. A new evaluation index system for sediment allocation has been established using the Analytic Hierarchy Process, and six main evaluation indexes have been selected for this study. The calculation methods and evaluation criteria of each evaluation index are proposed. The evaluation criterion of bankfull discharge in the upper reach is 2,000 m³/s, that of Tongguan elevation in the middle reach is 325.7 m, and that of bankfull discharge in the lower reach is 4,000 m³/s. The evaluation criteria of water volume and sediment volume into the Yellow River are 25 billion m3/a and 300 million t/a, respectively, and that of sediment volume into the sea to maintain stability of the estuary is 130–260 million t/a. The comprehensive evaluation method and grade index are proposed, and the effect of sediment allocation in the Yellow River from 1960 to 2015 is evaluated. The comprehensive evaluation grades in different periods are determined. The evaluation results objectively reflect the situation of sediment allocation in the Yellow River, and the new comprehensive evaluation method can be applied to evaluate the sediment allocation scheme of the Yellow River in the future.     

Quantitative evaluation of groundwater recharge and evaporation intensity with stable oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in a semi‐arid region,Northwest China

Yinchuan Basin, a semi‐arid area located in Northwest China, is currently subject to increasing pressure from the altered hydrology due to the anthropogenic activities as well as increasing water demands for regional development. Sustainable water management across the region must be underpinned by a clear understanding of the factors that constrain water supply in this area. We measured the stable isotope of oxygen and hydrogen to determine the likely processes that control the interrelations among precipitation, surface water (Yellow River), and groundwater. The hydrogen and oxygen values demonstrate that 2 primary hydrochemical processes, mixing and evaporation/condensation, occurred in the Basin. Recharge proportions of precipitation and Yellow River were quantitatively evaluated based on the isotope mass balance method. The proportions of the Yellow River and atmospheric precipitation recharge are 87.7% and 12.3%, respectively. The evaporation proportions calculated with ¹⁸O and D by Rayleigh fractional equation are close to each other, which demonstrate that evaporation intensity increases following the flow direction of the Yellow River. The findings obtained in this study are useful for recognizing the significance of Yellow River to Yinchuan Basin, and some optimal allocation schemes can be adopted for a prospective development of this reputed area in Northwest China.     

Sediment retention by check dams in the Hekouzhen-Longmen Section of the Yellow River

Coarse sediment retention by check dams is analyzed for five typical catchments in the Hekou-Longmen section of the midstream of the Yellow River, which is an area of high .coarse sediment concentration. The catchments are the Huangfuchuan, Kuye, Wuding, Sanchuan and Qiushui River Basins. The amount of coarse sediment retained by check clams in these areas for different periods was measured. Sediment reduction due to check clams is compared with other soil conservation measures and the results show that check clams are the most effective to rapidly reduce the amount of coarse sediment entering the Yellow River. If the average percentage of the drainage area with check clams for the five typical catchments reaches 3.0%, the average sediment reduction ratio can reach 60%. Therefore, to rapidly and effectively reduce the amount of sediment, especially coarse sediment, entering the Yellow River, the area percentage of check clams in the Hekou-Longmen section should be kept around 3%. The Kuye and Huangfuchuan River Basins are the preferred main catchments in which such water conservation measures are implemented.     

长江与黄河入海活性硅输送规律及变化趋势

根据长江与黄河各一个完整水文年的调查数据,并结合历史资料分析了我国这两条大型河流活性硅((RSi,RSi=溶解硅(DSi)+生物硅(BSi))的入海通量及长时间序列的变化规律与影响因素.结果表明,长江与黄河RSi的组成存在显著的差异,二者水体中BSi/RSi的平均比值分别为0.22和0.49;黄河DSi的年平均浓度为长江的74%,而BSi年平均浓度却是长江的3倍.黄河水体中相对较高的BSi浓度反映了黄河流域水体浑浊度与土壤侵蚀程度较高,源自黄土高原高的泥沙输送量是导致黄河水体中BSi浓度较长江高的主要原因.长江与黄河下游RSi通量在丰水期、平水期与枯水期的比值分别为5.3∶3.1∶1.6与3.8∶3.4∶2.8,长江半数以上的RSi入海通量是在丰水期输出的,而黄河在3个时期的差异不明显.相比于径流的变化,1958-2014年间长江DSi通量变化主要是由DSi浓度的变化引起的,流域气候变化(如温度变化)是其浓度及其通量年代际变化的重要原因;而黄河1985-2001年间DSi通量下降是由于径流量与DSi浓度降低的双重原因引起的.气候变化,特别是温度的变化会对流域硅的风化速率与硅的产出产生重要影响,但其具体的影响有待进一步揭示.     

Quantitatively distinguishing sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River using δ Eu<Subscript>N</Subscript>-ΣREEs plot

Sediment samples were collected from the lower channel of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River and the contents of rare earth elements (REEs) were measured. In addition, some historical REEs data were collected from published literatures. Based on the δ Eu_N-ΣREEs plot, a clear boundary was found between the sediments from the two rivers. The boundary can be described as an orthogonal polynomial equation by ordinary linear regression with sediments from the Yangtze River located above the curve and sediments from the Yellow River located below the curve. To validate this method, the REEs contents of sediments collected from the estuaries of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River were measured. In addition, the REEs data of sediment Core 255 from the Yangtze River and Core YA01 from the Yellow River were collected. Results show that the samples from the Yangtze River estuary and Core 255 almost are above the curve and most samples from the Yellow River estuary and Core YA01 are below the curve in the δEu_N-ΣREEs plot. The plot and the regression equation can be used to distinguish sediments from the Yangtze River and the Yellow River intuitively and quantitatively, and to trace the sediment provenance of the eastern seas of China. The difference between the sediments from two rivers in the δEu_N-ΣREEs plot is caused by different mineral compositions and regional climate patterns of the source areas. The relationship between δEu_N and ΣREEs is changed little during the transport from the source area to the river, and from river to the sea. Thus the original information on mineral compositions and climate of the source area was preserved. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40506016, 40576032, and 90411014)     

Mechanisms of isotopic control of precipitation in the Yellow River source region

The study of water vapour sources and water cycle patterns in the Yellow River source region is of great significance for ensuring water resource security in the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. We established a precipitation stable isotope observation system in the Yellow River source region for three consecutive years (2020–2022), systematically analysed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of precipitation stable isotopes ²H and ¹⁸O in the Yellow River source region and their interrelationships with environmental factors and topography, and explored the regional water vapour transport pathways by using the HYSPLIT model and combining with the global reanalysis data. The results show that: (1) the δ¹⁸O and δ²H values of precipitation in the Yellow River source region follow the seasonal pattern, with the first half of the year being richer than the second half of the year; (2) the spatial variations of δ¹⁸O of precipitation in the Yellow River source region show a low in the southwest and a high in the northeast; (3) the water vapour source in the source area is basically stable, and the complex transport paths and the cross-effects of the local factors determine the stable isotope characteristics of the water, and the stable isotope characteristics of the water are determined by the cross-effects of the local factors, because the source of the water vapour and the local factors such as the height will not change significantly in the short term. Since the source of water vapour and local elevation factors will not change significantly in the short term, the precipitation pattern in the source area of the Yellow River can be considered to be basically stable.