Modeling fields of river runoff (a case study for the Lena River basin)

The potential of the model approach to the construction of mean annual fields (maps) of specific runoff for large territories from meteorological data is demonstrated for the Lena River basin. The ECOMAG (ECOlogical Model for Applied Geophysics), the physically based distributed model of river runoff formation is used to simulate hydrological parameters. Methodological aspects of calibration of the spatial fields of model parameters are discussed. The results of runoff hydrograph calculations are compared with the data of hydrometric observations at 12 gaging stations for the period of 1966-2009. The field of mean annual specific runoff in the Lena River batin computed with the ECOMAG model is compared with the map of specific runoff constructed from the data on water discharge in the river network. The comparative analysis of consistency between the fields is provided, and the possible sources of errors are considered.     

Investigation of surges in marine estuaries (A case study for the Don River mouth)

Upsurges and downsurges in the Don River mouth are investigated using the observational data of the standard hydrometeorological network. The characteristics ofsurges are determined, andthe catalog of maximum annual dangerous surges is compiled for the observation points in the estuarine offshore zone and mouth reach of the Don River from the beginning of observations till 2014. The series of the maximum annual upsurges and downsurges at marine gaging stations in the Taganrog Bay are formed and statistically processed. The distribution of surges along the Taganrog Bay is analyzed. Catastrophic surges which cause adverse and severe events are identified as well as the qualitative and quaniiiaiive patterns of surge peneiraiion to the Don River mouth. The coefficients of upsurges and downsurges, the intensity of their attenuation, and water levels with the probability of 0.1, 1, and 50% at different river runoff are calculated at all gaging stations in the Don estuary for specific upsurges and downsurges. The results of test computations of surges for the specific point in the Taganrog Bay for 2013-2015 based on the numerical hydrodynamic model of the Sea of Azov are compared with observational data. The possibility was revealed of forecasting downsurges and upsurges based on synoptic conditions over the Sea of Azov with the lead time of three days using hydrodynamic models that allowed developing the prediction scheme of surge transformation calculation.     

Hydrological Regime of the Lower Volga River under Modern Conditions

The regularities of changes in the parameters of the hydrological regime of the Lower Volga are considered using data of routine observations at gaging stations and data of field studies carried out by the specialists of Zubov State Oceanographic Institute in 2006–2017. The main modern trends are revealed for runoff and water level, water temperature, and ice phenomena as well as for the duration of flooding of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain during the spring flood. The parameters are compared for natural and regulated Volga River runoff conditions. It is shown that considerable variation in the duration of flooding of floodplains, in water temperature, and heat flow during the spring flood under modern conditions is caused both by runoff operation and by increase in the anthropogenic load on the area of the Volga-Akhtuba floodplain in the recent decades.     

Global Warming and Potential Changes in Fish Habitat in U.S. Streams

To project potential habitat changes of 57 fish species under global warming, their suitable thermal habitat at 764 stream gaging stations in the contiguous United States was studied. Global warming was specified by air temperature increases projected by the Canadian Centre of Climate Modelling General Circulation Model for a doubling of atmospheric CO₂. The aquatic thermal regime at each gaging station was related to air temperature using a nonlinear stream temperature/air temperature relationship.Suitable fish thermal habitat was assumed to be constrained by both maximum temperature and minimum temperature tolerances. For cold water fishes with a 0 °C lower temperature constraint, the number of stations with suitable thermal habitat under a 2×CO₂ climate scenario is projected to decrease by 36%, and for cool water fishes by 15%. These changes are associated with a northward shift of the range. For warm water fishes with a 2 °C lower temperature constraint, the potential number of stations with suitable thermal habitat is projected to increase by 31%.     

海河流域不同地形站网密度对面雨量分析精度的影响

利用2011-2013年汛期逐时降水量资料,将国家常规站与区域加密站进行分拣合成,通过面雨量离差系数、面雨量比值系数、点面关系综合分析不同地形条件下站网密度对海河流域各水系面雨量计算精度的影响。结果表明：站网密度是影响面雨量计算精度的重要因素,对不同地形面雨量分析存在不同程度的影响。其中,混合地貌水系中地形分布、降水分布差异尤为明显的滦河水系影响最大,站网密度较低的常规站对面雨量估计比高站网密度的合成站平均偏高2.5 mm,12%误差超过5 mm;其次山区永定河水系低站网密度常规站对面雨量估计平均偏高1.5 mm,相对误差达80.3%,尤其局地性短时强降水时,面雨量分析误差高达10倍以上;此外,混合地貌水系北三河、南运河站网密度对面雨量影响程度略低于滦河水系,平原区徒骇马颊河以及混合地貌中地形差异较小的大清河、子牙河影响较低。     

Dynamics of occurrence frequency of extreme anomalies of monthly mean air temperature in Georgia in the 20th century and its effect on precipitation and on the river water discharge

The dynamics of the occurrence frequency of extreme anomalies of monthly mean air temperature and its effect on precipitation and river water discharge in the 20th century are studied using weather observations at 40 stations and data on the hydrological regime of 34 rivers in Georgia.     

地面气象观测缺测记录替代方法的误差特征分析

以2014年南京、吕泗、淮安三个国家基准气候站的地面气象观测资料,统计分析了不同气象要素采用不同的记录替代方法时产生误差的特征。一般地,用自动站临近正点的分钟数据代替的方法要优于其它方法,越靠近正点的资料误差越小;备份站的资料同现用站相比,存在明显的系统误差,记录代替时宜作订正;为保证气象资料序列的均一性,建议在数据代替时,动态地选择误差较小的代替方法。     

青藏高原“三江源地区”雨季水汽输送特征

利用40年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和青藏高原三江源地区的降水资料,分析了三江源地区的水汽输送特征.研究表明:在东亚和印度季风驱动下的西南暖湿气流是三江源地区空中主要水汽来源,其次是来自西边界中东高压中的偏西气流和西风带中的偏北气流,这3种大尺度环流背景的气流汇集到三江源区,使该地区6-9月处在水汽辐合区内,同时在高原大地形的动力作用下,三江源地区近地面层维持定常的切变、低涡等天气系统,源源不断的降水为这一区域形成江河源头创造了条件.在水汽输入的各边界中,南边界季节变化特征显著,冬、春季水汽输入量小,夏、秋季水汽输入量大,9月达到全年的最大值.西边界的水汽输入量季节变化特征不明显,一年四季有水汽输入.北边界冬、春季水汽输入量小,夏、秋季水汽输入量大,6月达到全年的最大值.水汽输出主要在东边界.从三江源地区空中净水汽输入(输出)量收支的月际变化来看,6-9月水汽是收入的,5月收支平衡,10月到次年4月水汽是支出的,三江源地区的这种净水汽输入(输出)量收支的月际变化与该地区降水量的月际变化基本一致.冬、春季以西边界的水汽输入为主,夏、秋季以南边界的水汽输入为主.青藏高原三江源地区主要水汽输入边界的水汽通量近40年来呈现减少的变化趋势,这将影响到三江源地区未来的降水变化.     

空间回归检验方法在气象资料质量检验中的应用

该文详细介绍了空间回归检验方法, 并使用2003年我国671站的逐日平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、平均水汽压、平均风速、平均0 cm地温、降水量资料, 检验该方法在气象资料质量检验中的适用性。按区号将全国划分为10个区, 利用该方法分别对各区7个要素进行了检验试验。结果表明:空间回归检验方法能够有效检验出可疑数据, 适用于对单一要素的检验; 对降水、风速等空间变化比较大的要素, 该方法有比较好的检验效果; 应用该方法计算时, 在不同地区、不同要素之间存在差异; 当固定出错比率时, 各区应该选择不同的f值。与一般空间检验方法相同, 该方法也与地理环境、周边台站分布有关, 并受台站密度的影响。     

影响人工站与自动站水汽压差值原因探究

为探究人工观测气象站与自动站水汽压差值产生原因,利用全国134个1年的基准气象观测站逐时气压、干球气温、湿球温度等资料,分别采用人工站和自动站水汽压计算公式,模拟了本站气压、干球温度、湿球温度、自动站气温、相对湿度等要素产生一增量时,水汽压所对应变化量随各要素的变化规律,并分析了影响水汽压差值与其主导因子定量关系。通过实际观测资料的数据模拟分析,气压和干球温度的系统误差对人工与自动观测站的水汽压差值影响很小,而自动站的相对湿度和气温对水汽压差值影响较大,其中相对湿度的影响最明显。当自动站的相对湿度或气温的系统误差为一固定值时,水汽压差值变化幅度随气温大小变化,气温越高,水汽压差值越大。     

Estimating global solar radiation

A model is presented to calculate daily totals of global solar radiation. First, cloudless sky radiation is evaluated from transmission due to absorption and scattering. Cloud effects are added using cloud layer transmission. A simple expression to account for additional radiation due to reflection between the ground surface and cloud bases is also included. Atmospheric transmissions are obtained from previous studies. Precipitable water and observations of cloud type and amount for different layers in the atmosphere are the only meteorological variables required. The model is evaluated and tested with data collected at stations in and around Lake Ontario: a lake station near Grimsby in 1969 and land stations at Burlington, Scarborough, Peterborough, Trenton and Kingston, Ontario in 1972 and 1973 during the International Field Year for the Great Lakes. Good agreement between calculated and measured radiation was obtained at all stations, particularly for 5- and 10-day means. Model performance was largely independent of both cloud amount and season.     

ECMWF模式气温预报在青岛地区的检验与评估

利用2013—2015年ECMWF(简称EC)细网格模式2m气温预报产品,分析了不同季节和不同天气形势下EC细网格模式产品对青岛地区7个基准站逐日最高气温和最低气温的预报性能。结果表明:EC细网格模式2m气温预报误差沿海站点大于内陆站点,且误差随着预报时效的延长逐渐增大。最高气温预报除胶州站外均为负误差,最低气温预报青岛、平度、莱西为正误差,崂山、黄岛、胶州和即墨为负误差。最高气温预报在3—4月和8—9月预报质量不稳定,最低气温预报夏半年好于冬半年。根据模式误差特点,给出7站气温主观订正参考值,订正后最高气温预报准确率提高3%~16%,最低气温预报准确率提高4%~18%。EC细网格模式对于暴雨、强对流、高温晴热、回暖天气、冷空气过程最高气温预报偏低,海雾影响时最高温度预报偏高;对冬季大雾情形下的最低气温预报偏低,辐射降温时最低气温预报沿海站点偏低,北部内陆站点偏高。     

Managing the socio-ecology of very large rivers: Collective choice rules in IWRM narratives

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been lauded as an integrative and participatory form of governance. However, critics claim that actual implementation remains problematic, because of deep path dependencies and the entrenched interests. This paper investigates this claim by looking at the formation of collective choice rules in integrated water resources management reforms in China’s Yellow River and the Ganges in India. The two rivers provide a natural experiment—similarity in physical scale, complexity, and integrated water resources management reforms, but highly different in social and policy contexts. Using the Q methodology and Ostrom’s Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, we find that, despite differences in policy contexts, narratives amongst the stakeholders in the two rivers are surprisingly similar, including a continued role for a negotiated local approach, and the presence of normative incentives for collective action, underwritten by deep historical meanings of the rivers. These narratives in turn provide some explanation for the choice of collective rules in use. They suggest that a modified form of integrated water resources management, taking into account narratives and collective choice rules, is useful for the governance of very large rivers across different contexts.     

Spatiotemporal Changes in Extreme Runoff Characteristics for the Volga Basin Rivers

Long-term changes in peak spring runoff and daily minimum winter and summer-autumn runoff in the Volga River basin are analyzed based on observational data from 94 gaging stations. It is revealed that climate changes in the basin during the period from the late 1970s till the middle of the 1980s led to the significant increase in minimum discharge, but maximum runoff changed ambiguously. The regions with the disturbed uniformity of the series of extreme values of river runoff are identified. Changes in the values of high runoff, above the 10% probability, and low runoff, below the 90% probability, are analyzed for current climate conditions. Under nonstationary conditions, it is recommended to assess the probability characteristics of extreme runoff with compound distribution curves or based on the Bayesian approach.     

On the influence of the features of morphologic structure of the floodplain and riverbed on the hydraulics of streams in channels with floodplains

Carried out is the analysis of methods of computation of discharge capacity of channels with floodplains. It is revealed that the standard technique recommended by the regulatory documents is uneffective. One of the causes for large computation errors is taking no account of the effect of interaction of the channel and floodplain flows. An empirical technique is recommended for the calculation, based on field observation data and graphical depth-velocity relations in relative coordinates. The technique based on the equation of stream motion with lengthwise-variable water discharge. Unfortunately, it requires additional studies on establishing dependences of the inertial terms of this equation on determining parameters.     

Usage of multivariate geostatistics in interpolation processes for meteorological precipitation maps

Long-term meteorological data are very important both for the evaluation of meteorological events and for the analysis of their effects on the environment. Prediction maps which are constructed by different interpolation techniques often provide explanatory information. Conventional techniques, such as surface spline fitting, global and local polynomial models, and inverse distance weighting may not be adequate. Multivariate geostatistical methods can be more significant, especially when studying secondary variables, because secondary variables might directly affect the precision of prediction. In this study, the mean annual and mean monthly precipitations from 1984 to 2014 for 268 meteorological stations in Turkey have been used to construct country-wide maps. Besides linear regression, the inverse square distance and ordinary co-Kriging (OCK) have been used and compared to each other. Also elevation, slope, and aspect data for each station have been taken into account as secondary variables, whose use has reduced errors by up to a factor of three. OCK gave the smallest errors (1.002 cm) when aspect was included.     

SWAT模型在三江源地区适用性的初步分析

为验证SWAT模型在三江源地区运用的可行性,利用SWAT模型对黄河源头地区的地表径流进行了模拟,结果表明：SWAT模型在三江源地区水文水资源模拟是可行的,模拟结果与实测结果具有良好的一致性,对未来气候变化背景下水资源变化预测结果与其他研究结论基本一致。SWAT模型在三江源地区可运用于水文水资源的利用及管理、气候变化背景下水资源的变化模拟、洪水短期预报、人工增雨对水资源的影响、冰雪消融对河流水文特征的影响。由于区域环境特点,在使用SWAT模型时,必须解决气象站点稀缺、流域面积过大且分属不同流域、验证资料缺乏、冻土层的存在、地理信息系统资料陈旧等问题。总体而言,SWAT模型在我国高原地区有一定推广及应用价值。     

Water Vapor Variability in the Tropical Western Pacific from 20-year Radiosonde Data

The 20-year (1976-1995) daily radiosonde data at 17 stations in the tropical western Pacific was ana lyzed. The analysis shows that the atmosphere is more humid in a warmer climate on seasonal, inter-annual and long-term (20-year) time scales, implying a positive water vapor feedback. The vertical structure of the long-term trends in relative humidity (RH) is distinct from that on short-term (seasonal and inter-annual) time scales, suggesting that observed water vapor changes on short time scales could not be considered as a surrogate of long-term climate change. The increasing trend of RH (3%-5%/decade) in the upper troposphere is stronger than that in the lower troposphere (1%-2% / decade). Such vertical structure would amplify positive water vapor feedback in comparison to the common assumption of constant RH changes vertically. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of vertical structure of RH variations shows distinct features of the vertical structure of the first three EOFs. The first three EOFs are optimal for repre sentation of water vapor profiles and provide some hints on physical mechanisms responsible for observed humidity variability. Vaisala radiosondes were used at nine stations, and VIZ radiosondes used at other eight stations. The Vaisala data are corrected for temperature-dependence error using the correction scheme developed by NCAR / ATD and Vaisala. The comparison of Vaisala and VIZ data shows that the VIZ-measured RHs after October 1993 have a moist bias of ～ 10% at RHs ＜ 20%. During 1976-1995, several changes in cluding both instruments and reporting practice have been made at Vaisala stations and introduce errors to long-term RH variations.     

电导率加和性质及其在酸雨观测数据质量评估中的应用

大气降水中离子成分的电导率具有可加和性, 国际上已经普遍应用该原理对大气降水离子成分观测的数据质量进行分析和评估, 即所谓的相对电导率差 (conductance percent difference, CPD) 方法。该文应用CPD方法对我国4个大气本底观测站的电导率和降水离子成分数据进行了数据质量分析, 针对我国的降水电导率范围偏高等特点, 对国外推荐的CP D统计检验指标的适用性进行了讨论, 指出在我国应用CPD方法时宜采取pH值分组的方式, 并根据这种分组方式的统计分析, 估计4个大气本底观测站的部分pH值观测数据可能存在-0.05左右的测量误差。该文还依据降水中离子成分电导率的可加和性原理, 提出K-pH不等式方法, 可以用于中国气象局酸雨观测站网的pH值和电导率数据的现场校验和数据质量的分析评估。应用K-pH不等式方法对观测数据进行现场质量检验时, 对pH值小于5.0范围的酸性降水效果尤其显著。应用K-pH不等式方法对1992—2005年间全国酸雨观测站观测数据的统计分析显示, 部分酸雨观测站的pH值测量数据可能存在-0.1~-0.3左右的系统性负偏差。     

青藏高原大气总水汽量的反演研究

利用2001年青藏高原89个气象站资料、NCEP格点再分析资料以及2001—2003年7月3个地基GPS站的大气总水汽量观测资料,对GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果做了比较,研究了大气总水汽量变化对降雨形成的影响,大气总水汽量与地面水汽压的关系,分析了青藏高原大气总水汽量的时空变化特征及其成因。结果表明:GPS遥感的大气总水汽量与探空观测结果吻合得较好,2001年那曲站两种结果相比均方根误差仅0.15 cm;大气总水汽量与地面水汽压之间有良好的相关关系;不同季节高原上基本都存在3个明显的大气总水汽量高值中心:即东南部、西南部和西北部;高原大气总水汽量分布的季节变化与500 hPa风场及整层大气水汽通量的变化关系密切。