Stratigraphical and biological significance of negative carbon isotopic anomalies in the basal Cambrian series of Guizhou Province

The early Early Cambrian strata within the bounds of Guizhou Province are almost predominated by black shale deposition. Recently, however, the authors have found a section consisting of a set of mudstones interbedded with limestones at the basement of the Cambrian at Yingping, Fuquan County,Guizhou Province, which provides favorable conditions for the study of marine geochemical characteristics of the early Early Cambrian. The characteristics of intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary at Yingping, Fuquan County, Guizhou Province, can be correlated with those of global carbon isotopic anomalies at the same time on a global scale, corresponding to the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies near the Neoproterozoic/Cambrian boundaries at the bottom of the Xiaowaitoushan Member, Huize, Yunnan Province, at the top of the Tsagaan 0loom Formation of Mongolia and at the top of the Salarmy Gol Formation of Siberia, as well as those observed in southwestern United States, Iran, Amman, Poland, Newfoundland, the Great Britain, Canada, etc. Negative carbon isotopic anomalies can be used as the important basis for the division of the Precambrian/Cambrian boundaries.There have been found 8 m-thick black shales and cherts below the intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies in this profile. In the black shales there have been found large amounts of fossils such as Bradoricla,gernus Archotuba, indicating that during the period of sedimentation of black shales under anaerobic conditions there would be large quantities of organic species living in the sea. But in the section of grayish-green mudstones interbedded with limestones with intense negative carbon isotopic anomalies almost no organic fossil has been found. This may imply that the anaerobic event seems to have little bearing on the mass extinction near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary, whereas the intense negative carbon isotopic anomaly event appears to be more closely related to the mass extinction occurring near the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary.     

新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义

新疆柯坪地区早古生代地层的碳同位素变化特征及其意义王宗哲，杨杰东（中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所，江苏南京，２１０００８）（南京大学现代分析中心，江苏南京，２１０００８）柯坪地区位于新疆塔里木盆地西北缘，本次研究的区域涉及阿克苏、乌什、柯坪和巴楚一带...     

湖南会同寒武纪早期有机碳同位素地层学研究

寒武纪早期是地球海洋环境与生命演化的关键时期,但目前扬子东南缘深水相区的早寒武纪地层尚缺乏系统、精确 的地层对比工作。该文选取湖南省怀化地区会同钻孔剖面（深水相区） 的留茶坡组硅质岩、小烟溪组黑色页岩为研究对 象,进行了高分辨的有机碳同位素（δ13Corg） 地层对比,结果在会同剖面自下而上识别出四个正漂移（P1、P2、P3和P4） 与两个负漂移（N1和N2）,结合其他剖面的生物化石记录和锆石U-Pb年龄资料,将会同剖面有机碳同位素与湖南其他 剖面,以及和云南和三峡等地浅水相区剖面的有机碳、无机碳同位素曲线进行对比,认为扬子东南缘埃迪卡拉系-寒武 系界线在湖南深水相区可放置于留茶坡组上部较大的有机碳同位素负漂移（Basal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion, BACE） 出现的位置,但由于钻孔深度不够,所以该负漂移未在会同剖面获得,而P1、P2和P3分别对应于寒武系的ZHUCE （ZHUjiaqing Carbon isotope Excursion,第二阶）、CARE （Cambrian Arthropod Radiation isotope Excursion,第三阶） 和MICE（MIngxinsi Carbon Isotope Excursion,第四阶） 正漂移,N1 和N2 分别对应于寒武系的SHICE （SHIyantou Carbon isotope Excursion,第二阶） 和AECE（Archaeocyathid Extinction Carbon isotope Excursion,第四阶） 负漂移,因此会同剖面留茶坡组顶部至小烟溪组底部属于寒武系第二阶,小烟溪组下部属于寒武系第三阶,而小烟溪组中-上部属于寒武系第四阶,而顶 部是否达到第四阶顶部尚无法确认。碳同位素的负漂移可能是海侵时期上升流水体将底层富含12C还原水体带至浅水地区所 致,并分别与埃迪卡拉动物群、小壳化石动物群和古杯动物的灭绝密切相关;而在生物繁盛时期,海洋初级生产力升高, 有机质埋藏增加,导致碳同位素的正漂移。     

九瑞矿集区志留纪西坑组疑源类化石和碎屑锆石年代学研究及其地层意义

九瑞矿集区是长江中下游成矿带中一个最重要的铜金多金属矿集区,区内发育了城门山铜矿、武山铜矿、洋鸡山金矿等重要的多金属矿床。本文对该区域的城门山和望夫山两个剖面的疑源类化石及碎屑锆石开展了详细研究,在城门山剖面原来被认为是志留纪西坑组的地层中发现了化石面貌为新元古代或早寒武世的化石,结合碎屑锆石U-Pb定年工作,推测其时代为早寒武世,该地层与上覆地层泥盆系五通组之间存在一个明显的角度不整合。望夫山剖面仍旧为正常志留纪西坑组地层,疑源类化石和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究表明九瑞西坑组沉积时代应该晚于特列奇阶。九瑞矿集区“扬子抬升”的开始时间应该晚于特列奇阶,结束时间应该晚于中泥盆世早期。     

浙江江山寒武系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其古环境意义探讨

对浙江江山碓边下寒武统上部—下奥陶统下部碳酸盐岩进行了碳氧同位素测定。δ1 3C、δ1 8O值变化范围和均值分别为 - 1.9‰～ 3.7‰、- 13.0‰～ - 1.3‰和 0 .86‰、- 9.76‰。碳氧同位素地层曲线与 Veizer et al.(1986 )的同位素年代演化曲线形状相似 ,在寒武纪—奥陶纪界线附近没有明显的δ1 3C、δ1 8O漂移现象。δ1 3C地层曲线具旋回性变化特征 ,大陈岭组、杨柳岗组各形成一个完整的演化旋回 ,与根据露头层序地层研究推测的海平面变化曲线吻合性较好 ,表现出δ1 3C值的高值区是海盆水体变深的反映。一个明显的碳同位素正漂移发生于晚寒武世早期 (华严寺组下部 ) ,与 Matthew etal.(2 0 0 0 )报道的在美国内华达州中东部、哈萨克斯坦 Malyi Karatau地区、澳大利亚昆士兰州西北部和湘西桃源瓦儿岗等地发现的 δ1 3C正漂移记录 (SPICE— The Steptoean Positive CarbonIsotope Excursion)和 Veizer et al.(1986 )碳同位素年代演化曲线中的正漂移波峰一致 ,为晚寒武世全球性碳同位素正漂移提供了一个佐证。     

朝鲜平南盆地寒武系黄州群和法洞群的碳同位素漂移事件

朝鲜平南盆地寒武系包括黄州群和法洞群下部.为了与邻区及世界其他地区同时期地层进行对比,对黄州群（从下到上分为坪山组、中和组、黑桥组和林村组）和法洞群下部（戊辰组和古丰组）进行了生物地层学和碳酸盐岩碳和氧同位素分析.生物地层学研究表明,坪山组和中和组分别不早于寒武系第三阶和第四阶.坪山组δ13C值变化范围为0~-3.1‰,中和组为-4.7‰~2.0‰,黑桥组为-1.0‰~2.4‰,林村组为-2.6‰~0.4‰,戊辰组为-1.3‰~0.4‰,古丰组为-1.0‰~2.4‰.综合对比分析,坪山组、中和组和黑桥组大致对应寒武系第三阶-第四阶,林村组大致对应第二统与苗岭统界线附近,古丰组大致对应芙蓉统.中和组上部-黑桥组（正漂移）、林村组下部（负漂移）和古丰组中部（正漂移）记录的3个碳同位素漂移事件可能分别对应MICE（mIngxinsi carbon isotope excursion）、ROECE（redlichiid-olenellid extinction carbon isotope excursion）和SPICE（steptoean positive carbon isotope excursion）全球性事件.      

山东莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世牙形石组合及寒武系与奥陶系界线的确定

通过实测莱芜黄羊山晚寒武世地层剖面,利用牙形石确定了寒武系与奥陶系的界线;对长山阶的碳氧同位素曲线特征进行了分析,并与我国华南及哈萨克斯坦等国的寒武系芙蓉统底部的碳同位素曲线进行对比,建立了莱芜地区上寒武统与华南以及国外上寒武统的对比关系。     

Organic Carbon Isotopic Evolution during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition Interval in Eastern Guizhou, South China： Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications

Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Guizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow shelf to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.     

四川乌依铅矿床成矿物质来源:硫、铅同位素和方铅矿稀土元素地球化学制约

四川布托县乌依铅矿床是川滇黔相邻区赋存于奥陶系大箐组地层中的典型密西西比河谷型矿床之一,其成矿物质来源仍不清楚。本文开展了方铅矿和石膏硫同位素及方铅矿稀土元素地球化学研究,获得方铅矿硫同位素δ~(34)S平均值为-4.04‰(n=31),石膏δ~(34)S平均值为29‰(n=15)。方铅矿稀土元素地球化学表明,轻稀土富集,重稀土明显亏损,稀土配分模式曲线大致向右倾,Eu正异常和Ce负异常。结合前人的硫、铅同位素数据,认为乌依铅矿床硫来源于细菌还原地层中硫酸盐所产生的硫,矿石铅来自上地壳,成矿物质来源为奥陶系大箐组,与峨眉山玄武岩无关。     

Primary aragonite and high‐Mg calcite in the late Cambrian (Furongian). Potential evidence from marine carbonates in Oman

Transient aragonite seas occurred in the early Cambrian but several models suggest the late Cambrian was a time of calcite seas. Here, evidence is presented from the Andam Group, Huqf High, Oman (Gondwana) that suggests a transient Furongian (late Cambrian) aragonite sea, characterized by the precipitation of aragonite and high‐Mg calcite ooids and aragonite isopachous, fibrous, cements. Stable carbon isotope data suggest that precipitation occurred just before and during the SPICE (Steptoean Positive Carbonate Isotope Excursion). Aragonite and high‐Mg calcite precipitation can be accounted for if mMg:Ca ratios were around 1.2 given the very high atmospheric CO₂ at that time and if precipitation occurred in warm waters associated with the SPICE. This, together with reported occurrences of early Furongian aragonite ooids from various locations in North America (Laurentia), suggests that aragonite and high‐Mg calcite precipitation from seawater may have been more than just a local phenomenon.     

浙西下寒武统大陈岭组沉积异常及其海啸成因初探

前人对浙西下寒武统大陈岭组沉积相分析一直存在半深水相和浅水相两种观点。大陈岭组化石极少,仅中上部产营漂浮或游泳生活的节头虫类Arthicocephalus, Arthricocephalites和Changaspis,不见底栖类化石。对大陈岭组碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素分析显示,对应于产半深水相生物化石的层位存在碳同位素正漂移,表明此处水体较深;但该组大量发育碳酸盐岩台坪相的沉积标志-鸟眼构造,与较深水相生物和碳同位素正漂移的解释结果相悖。作者在对浙西开化、常山、江山寒武系野外调查时发现大陈岭组存在一套地震-海啸沉积岩系,且海啸岩的产出层位与江山较深水相化石、碳同位素正漂移层位相当。研究认为,海啸作用可以使不同环境的沉积物相互混合,造成沉积异常,浙西下寒武统大陈岭期沉积异常是海啸事件的反映,海啸作用把较深水生物和沉积物带到浅水区沉积下来,并造成碳氧同位素短暂、急剧的正漂移。     

华北寒武系芙蓉统底界附近的碳同位素组成演化特征

为了确定我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶的底界,对豫北沙滩剖面碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成演化趋势进行了研究.结果表明寒武系δ13C演化表现出3次正漂移和2次负漂移,正漂移分布于张夏组下部、中部和炒米店组上部,δ13C分别达到最大值2.0‰、1.0‰和3.0‰;负漂移分布于张夏组底部和中下部,δ13C分别降到最低值-3.4‰和-1.0‰.炒米店组上部的δ13C正漂移起始于三叶虫Chuangia带底部,相当于美国、澳大利亚、西伯利亚及我国华南地区的芙蓉统排碧阶的SPICE正漂移.张夏组底部的δ13C负漂移对应于三叶虫Bailiella-Lioparia带,相当于鼓山阶底部的DICE负漂移.这2次δ13C漂移事件不仅可作为区域地层对比的依据,还可作为我国华北寒武系苗岭统鼓山阶和芙蓉统排碧阶底界确定的标志.寒武纪δ13C漂移事件与海平面变化、古生态环境演化密切相关,因海侵作用导致的古生态环境扩大及海洋初始生产力的繁盛可能是海相碳酸盐岩δ13C正漂移演化的主要原因.      

大兴安岭北段塔河地区晚寒武世中基性火山岩的发现及其地质意义

新林-喜桂图断裂北东段塔河地区发育一套中基性火山岩,岩石类型为玄武安山岩、玄武粗安岩和粗面玄武岩,前人曾将其划归为中-晚侏罗世塔木兰沟组。本次工作区在塔河北瓦拉干林场一带,采用LA-ICP-MS同位素测定方法,在玄武安山岩和粗面玄武岩中分别取得锆石~(206) Pb/~(238) U年龄平均值为(501.1±1.4)Ma(23个数据点)和(500.50±0.95)Ma(14个数据点);首次确定了大兴安岭北段塔河以北寒武系火山地层的存在。中基性火山岩,具有亚碱性岩系列钾玄岩特征,且无任何变质变形;Eu微弱负异常,(La/Yb)_N=16.63~25.91;富集Ba、Rb、Sr、K,亏损Nb、Ta、Ti。岩浆的形成可能与岛弧背景下的拉伸作用有关,同时指出额尔古纳地块塔河以北地区寒武系的存在并非是局部现象,很可能有一定的分布范围。这一研究成果为重新认识大兴安岭北段局部地区中生代火山岩、探讨新林-喜桂图构造带演化历史及西伯利亚南缘额尔古纳地块大陆地壳演化提供了新的资料。     

湖北宜昌滚子坳剖面寒武系幸运阶顶底界线

对湖北宜昌地区滚子坳剖面寒武系纽芬兰统幸运阶顶底界线的位置进行较为细致的研究.通过切片法及酸蚀法对61个样品进行系统处理,获得了大量的小壳化石、疑源类化石及其他分类位置未定化石.系统鉴定和描述了23属44种.根据具刺疑源类化石Asteridium和小壳化石Protohertzina sp.的首现位置以及无机碳同位素BA...     

华北寒武纪苗岭世晚期δ13C演化及生态环境特征

豫北和鲁西地区寒武系苗岭统上部δ¹³C演化表现为下降趋势,芙蓉统下部δ¹³C呈上升趋势,并表现出显著正漂移,这次δ¹³C正漂移出现在三叶虫Chuangia带内,可与世界各地芙蓉统排碧阶的δ¹³C正漂移(SPICE)对比。δ¹³C演化趋势与三叶虫、牙形石、浮游植物的繁盛与萧条表现出一定的耦合关系。苗岭世晚期三叶虫大规模绝灭时期,δ¹³C呈逐渐降低趋势,苗岭世末期新的三叶虫科大量出现时期,δ¹³C呈上升趋势。另外,海平面升降对δ¹³C演化具有明显的影响,海侵时期沉积的碳酸盐岩其δ¹³C呈逐渐增大趋势,高水位早期沉积的碳酸盐岩具有较高的δ¹³C值,高水位晚期或海平面下降期沉积的碳酸盐岩的δ¹³C呈逐渐下降趋势。海平面变化是导致生态环境变化、生物群落演化、碳同位素组成演化的关键因素。     

塔东地区古城4井上寒武统—中、上奥陶统流体地球化学示踪

通过对塔东地区古城4井上寒武统和中、上奥陶统碳酸盐岩围岩及充填物的碳、氧、锶同位素地球化学和流体包裹体成分的对比研究表明,充填于中、上奥陶统和上寒武统的流体分属于2个不同来源的流体体系。充填于中、上奥陶统灰岩裂缝中方解石脉的w(87Sr)/w(86Sr)介于0.7084~0.7088,它与早奥陶世海水的w(87Sr)/w(86Sr)相近;流体体系为CH4-H2O体系;充填物与围岩间具有明显的碳、氧同位素差异,表明上部流体体系中的流体来自于奥陶系地层本身。上寒武统白云岩裂缝中方解石脉的w(87Sr)/w(86Sr)为0.7138,明显地高于同时代海水的锶同位素值;流体体系为CO2-H2O体系;下部流体体系中的流体为外来富锶流体。上、下流体体系间互不连通暗示着上寒武统地层具有相对较好的保存条件。     

陕南天台山、茶店一带磷块岩的时代和成因特征

陕西南部汉中天台山、勉县茶店和略阳何家岩、金家河一带磷块岩的时代,目前有三种看法,即:泥盆纪、震旦纪和寒武纪。这一带磷块岩的成因也比较复杂。在磷酸盐沉积、成岩以后,又受到变质、褶皱、断裂和水溶液活动影响。本文对天台山、茶店一带的磷块岩的成矿时代和生成特点提出一些初步意见。     

Evolution of Carbon Isotope Composition in Potential Global Stratotype Section and Point at Luoyixi, South China, for the Base of the Unnamed Global Seventh Stage of Cambrian System

This work deals with the evolution of carbon isotope composition in the Luoyixi (罗依溪) Section, a candidate of the Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP), defining the base of the as-yet-undefined seventh stage of Cambrian System at the first appearance of the cosmopolitan agnostoid Lejopyge laevigata. This level is favored in a vote of International Subcommission on Cambrian Stratigraphy (ISCS) as the biohorizon for defining the base of a global stage. Two hundred and sixty-four samples for carbon and oxygen isotope analysis have been collected from the carbonate successions at an interval of 0.25 to 0.5 m in this section. Results of the carbon isotope data exhibit a remarkable disciplinarian trend. The pattern of the carbon isotope evolution is gently undulant with a relatively long period during the underlying Drumian Stage, and then the values of δ13C fluctuate sharply with a short period in provisional seventh stage. The onset of sharp fluctuation in the δ13C values begins at the proposed GSSP level, defining the base of the global seventh stage, where δ13C values change from a gentle trend to a sharp trend. Distinct covariant-relationships among δ13C, δ13O, and sea level fluctuations suggest that a warming change in paleoclimate took place during the early global seventh stage, which led to a positive shift in δ13C values.     

巴楚—麦盖提斜坡区油、气、水成因分析及其勘探意义

针对巴楚—麦盖提斜坡区油气田的油、气、水特征存在较大差异性的现象,在对比油、气、地层水地球化学特征的基础之上,探讨分析了它们的成因。研究认为,和田河气田原油裂解气和干酪根裂解气的混合气在中—下寒武统膏岩封闭作用下发生硫酸盐热还原反应以后,以水溶气的方式运移至上覆奥陶系—石炭系圈闭中,形成了现今高干燥系数、重碳同位素特征的气藏,以及奥陶系风化壳顶面附近低矿化度、高变质系数的Na2SO4型地层水。中—下寒武统膏岩层对巴楚—麦盖提斜坡区油气形成、演化和分布有重要影响,膏岩层之下可以作为一个潜在的勘探领域。     

Nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy of the Ediacaran and Early Cambrian platform sequence at Three Gorges,South China

The appearance of multicellular animals and subsequent radiation during the Ediacaran/Cambrian transition may have significantly changed the oceanic ecosystem. Nitrogen cycling is essential for primary productivity and thus its connection to animal evolution is important for understanding the co-evolution of the Earth's environment and life. Here, we first report on coupled organic carbon and nitrogen isotope chemostratigraphy from the entire Ediacaran to Early Cambrian period by using drill core samples from the Yangtze Platform, South China. The results show that δ¹⁵N_TN values were high (~ + 6‰) until middle Ediacaran, gradually dropping down to − 1‰ at the earliest Cambrian, then rising back to + 4‰ in the end of the Early Cambrian. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents widely varied with a relatively constant C/N ratio in each stratigraphic unit, and do not apparently control the carbon and nitrogen isotopic trends. These observations suggest that the δ¹⁵N_TN and C/N trends mainly reflect secular changes in nitrogen cycling in the Yangtze Platform. Onset of the observed negative N isotope excursion coincided with a global carbon isotope excursion event (Shuram excursion). Before the Shuram event, the high δ¹⁵N probably reflects denitrification in a nitrate-limited oceanic condition. Also, degradation of dissolved and particulate organic matter could be an additional mechanism for the ¹⁵N-enrichment, and may have been significant when the ocean was rich in organic matter. At the time of the Shuram event, both δ¹³C_carb and δ¹⁵N_TN values were dropped probably due to massive re-mineralization of organic matter. This scenario is supported by an anomalously low C/N ratio, implying that enhanced respiration resulted in selective loss of carbon as CO₂ with recycled organic nitrogen. After the Shuram event, the δ¹⁵N value continued to decrease despite that δ¹³C_carb rose back to + 4‰. The continued δ¹⁵N drop appears to have coincided with a decreasing phosphorus content in carbonate. This suggests that ocean oxygenation may have generated a more nitrate-rich condition with respect to phosphorus as a limiting nutrient. Similar to the Shuram event, another negative δ¹³C_carb event in the Canglanpuan stage of the Early Cambrian is also characterized by carbon isotopic decoupling as well as the low C/N ratio. The results strongly support that the two stages of the decoupled negative δ¹³C_carb excursions reflect a disappearance of a large organic carbon pool in the ocean. The two events appear to relate with the appearance of new metazoan taxa with novel feeding strategies, suggesting a link between ocean oxygenation, nutrient cycling and the appearance and adaptation of metazoans. The nitrogen isotope geochemistry is very useful to understand the link between the environmental, ecological and biological evolutions.