黑风暴天气的研究和探讨

黑风暴是强风和强沙尘暴相结合产生的一种灾害性天气。以影响甘肃、宁夏、内蒙等地的1993年5月5日黑风暴为例,结合历史上黑风暴过程,详细叙述了黑风暴天气事实。从过程前期环流形势演变及物理量场诊断分析,云图及地面要素特征等方面初步研究了黑风暴的成因。对黑风暴中尺度系统进行数值模拟试验,探讨了黑风暴的物理机制、模型以及预报技术。研究认为,黑风暴是在不同尺度天气系统相互作用下,在特定的地理地表环境下形成的内陆强风暴天气,它的发生发展以及影响、危害和其他风暴相比都具有独特性。准确、及时发布黑风暴预报和服务对减灾抗灾有巨大效益。初步研究还指出:黑风暴的物理机制,气溶胶、辐射的作用,湍流效应,中尺度系统的预报和数值模拟等问题还需进一步深入探讨。     

“1993．5．5”黑风暴位涡诊断分析

利用ＭＭ４客观分析资料，对１９９３年５月５日发生在我国西北地区的特大黑风暴天气进行了位涡的中尺度试验研究。研究表明，在７００ｈＰａ冷锋区附近存在着正负位涡偶，与飑暴系统中高低气压偶相类似：在黑风暴发生前冷锋附近的负位涡区及黑风暴强盛期的位涡梯度最大区域为黑风暴区；高层位涡向低层传递是导致气旋加强的重要因子之一；层结热力不稳定是风速加大及正反馈作用的因子。     

“5·5"黑风暴过程初步探讨

利用实测资料,采用有限区数值预报模式计算的物理参数,对1993年5月5日特大黑风暴天气过程形成的物理条件及成因进行了诊断分析研究。探讨了变温梯度、动量下传、地形特征等因子的重要作用,给出了诸物理量的分布特征和黑风暴形成条件的模型及具有预报意义的一些判据。     

“5.5”沙尘暴天气的云图特征

我国西北地区是沙暴多发区。1993年5月发生在甘肃河西地区的强沙暴(黑风暴)天气,给当地人民生命财产造成了巨大损失。该文利用气象卫星提供的资料,对金昌“5.5”黑风暴天气过程进行了初步分析。结果发现,造成这次沙暴的天气系统,是冷锋前的飑线和地面锋面。     

中国西北地区1993年5月5日黑风暴的机理探讨

该文用天气学、诊断分析方法对1993年5月5日我国西部地区黑风暴天气过程的发生发展及形成机理进行研究。结果表明，这次黑风暴是由强寒潮爆发，在特定季节（春季）和裸露、疏松的下垫面（沙漠、戈壁）条件下形成的中尺度现象。在对流层中低层垂直方向上存在很强的风切变，利于湍流发展；非地转强迫作用对次级环流贡献大于地转强迫作用；黑风暴前后显著的辐射加热不均匀分布所形成的热力正反馈作用，造成近地层局地锋生，并使热力正环流大大加强。     

甘肃河西“5.5”黑风天气系统结构特征及其成因分析

该文对甘肃河西走廊“5.5”黑风天气过程的环流形势演变和主要影响系统进行了阐述,着重分析了直接造成黑风的次级环流和金昌附近飑中系统的结构特征及其成因。此外,对黑风沙暴壁呈现上黄、中红和下黑颜色的现象也给出了科学的解释。     

甘肃省“4.22”特大沙暴分析

本文通过对一次特大沙暴(黑风)天气过程气象要素时空演变的分析,研究了河西黑风与冷空气移动的关系,指出翻越天山经南疆进入河西走廊是引起河西春季黑风的重要冷空气路径。通过对黑风的环流、风速日变化及锋面坡度的分析,并着重研究了热力因子在黑风过程中的重要作用,指出强沙暴在白天提供的正反馈机制,使黑风不断加强;傍晚前后,沙暴提供的负反馈作用则促使黑风迅速减弱。据此,构造了黑风发生发展的正反馈模型,并提出了黑风预报的着眼点。     

武威地区“4.12“黑风天气成因分析

文中对2000年4月12日出现在武威地区的"黑风"天气过程,从天气成因,动力诊断和气候因素等方面进行了分析探讨.分析结果表明,环流的经向度加大是造成这次天气过程的直接原因;不稳定能量的积蓄,为黑风的发生、发展提供了潜在不稳定的环境条件;冷锋前的热低压,爆发性发展加剧了黑风的形成;前期高温少雨是黑风产生不可缺少的气候背景条件.     

甘肃河西走廊“5.18”黑风分析

甘肃省河西走廊继1977年4月22日后,于1983年5月18日又出现了一次黑风天气。“4.22”黑风后,兰州中心气象台把瞬间风速≥25米/秒、能见度<50米的强沙暴天气称为黑风。黑风风头像一排翻滚冲击的滔天黑浪,风头一到,顿时狂风大作,飞沙走石,漆黑一团。黑风实际上是一种特大沙暴天气,它是河西走廊独有的罕见天气现象。黑风的生命史很短,从发生发展到消失不到12个小时。黑风速度快,机械破坏作用特大。 本文主要分析了黑风的地方性特征,并和“4.22”分析所得到的一些预报着眼点进行比较,以期逐步完善黑风预报要点。     

2000年4月12日黑风与1993年5月5日黑风的对比分析

2 0 0 0年 4月 12日 ,青海省北部及甘肃河西走廊出现了一次大风、强沙尘暴天气。文中从天气事实、地面形势、中小尺度天气系统及高空环流形势等方面 ,与 1993年 5月 5日黑风进行了对比分析。分析结果表明 ,①这两次黑风天气均是由强冷空气沿西北路径爆发而引发的 ,但由于两次黑风天气的冷空气强度、锋区南压程度、高低空急流配置等不同 ,因此造成两次黑风天气影响范围、强度也有所不同。②中小尺度低压系统对扬沙、浮尘及沙尘暴天气激化为黑风起了重要的作用。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.